Meta Platforms, Inc. v. BrandTotal Ltd.

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 FACEBOOK, INC., Case No. 20-cv-07182-JCS

8 Plaintiff, ORDER REGARDING MOTION FOR LEAVE TO AMEND AND MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COUNTERCLAIMS 10 BRANDTOTAL LTD., et al., Re: Dkt. Nos. 161, 169 Defendants. 11

12 I. INTRODUCTION 13 Plaintiff Facebook, Inc. brought this action asserting that Defendants BrandTotal Ltd. and 14 Unimania, Inc. (collectively, “BrandTotal”) improperly collected data from Facebook’s social 15 networks. BrandTotal, which is in the business of analyzing advertising data collected from social 16 media websites, asserts counterclaims based on Facebook’s efforts to block its collection of data. 17 The Court previously dismissed some of BrandTotal’s counterclaims, including a counterclaim 18 under the “unfair” prong of California’s Unfair Competition Law (the “UCL”), which the Court 19 dismissed with leave to amend. BrandTotal has amended that counterclaim and seeks leave to 20 assert a new counterclaim for defamation. Facebook opposes adding the new defamation 21 counterclaim and moves again to dismiss the amended UCL “unfairness” counterclaim. The Court 22 held a hearing on August 27, 2021. For the reasons discussed below, BrandTotal’s motion for 23 leave to add a defamation counterclaim is DENIED, and Facebook’s motion to dismiss the 24 “unfairness” counterclaim is GRANTED. Facebook shall answer the surviving counterclaims, 25 which are not affected by this order, no later than September 14, 2021.1 26 27 1 II. BACKGROUND 2 This order assumes the parties’ familiarity with the background of the case, which is set 3 forth at greater length in the Court’s previous orders denying BrandTotal’s motion for a temporary 4 restraining order, Order Denying TRO (dkt. 63),2 granting Facebook’s motion to dismiss 5 BrandTotal’s original counterclaims with leave to amend, Order re 1st MTD (dkt. 108),3 and 6 granting in part Facebook’s motion to dismiss BrandTotal’s first amended counterclaims, Order re 7 2d MTD (dkt. 158).4 The factual allegations summarized here are drawn from BrandTotal’s 8 counterclaims, which are taken as true for the purpose of Facebook’s motion to dismiss. Nothing 9 in this order should be construed as resolving any issue of fact that might be disputed at a later 10 stage of the case. 11 A. BrandTotal’s Allegations 12 In brief, and as is relevant to the present motions, Facebook operates social networks with 13 billions of users, including the eponymous Facebook network and Instagram. BrandTotal collects 14 advertising data from various social networks, including Facebook’s, to prepare analysis that it 15 sells to corporate advertisers. One of the means that BrandTotal has used to collect such data is a 16 program called UpVoice, where users whom BrandTotal calls “panelists” voluntarily install a 17 browser extension that tracks and records the advertisements displayed to those users through 18 social media, and in return, BrandTotal provides those panelists gift cards as compensation. The 19 version of UpVoice in use before commencement of this litigation automatically recorded not only 20 data about the ads that users saw, but also users’ demographic information, which the browser 21 extension collected from Facebook. 22 On September 21, 2020, Facebook wrote to Google that UpVoice was “improperly 23 scraping user PII (e.g., gender, relationship status, ad interests, etc.) without proper disclosure.” 24 2d Am. Counterclaim (“SACC,” dkt. 161-2) ¶ 69. Google removed UpVoice from its Chrome 25 2 Facebook, Inc. v. BrandTotal Ltd., 499 F. Supp. 3d 720 (N.D. Cal. 2020). Citations herein to 26 previous orders in this case refer to page numbers of the versions filed in the Court’s ECF docket. 3 Facebook, Inc. v. BrandTotal Ltd., No. 20-cv-07182-JCS, 2021 WL 662168 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 19, 27 2021). 1 web store, significantly limiting UpVoice’s availability and effectiveness, which in turn limited 2 BrandTotal’s ability to gather data for its corporate customers. Id. ¶ 72. Facebook has also 3 removed BrandTotal’s accounts from Facebook’s networks. Id. ¶ 68. 4 During this litigation, BrandTotal modified UpVoice to automatically collect only data 5 about ads and to rely on panelists self-reporting their demographic information, and Facebook has 6 agreed not take action against that modified version of UpVoice pending the outcome of this case 7 without providing advance notice to BrandTotal. See Order Denying as Moot Mot. for Prelim. Inj. 8 (dkt. 160). 9 B. Previous Orders and Relevant Procedural History 10 The Court previously dismissed BrandTotal’s claim for violation of the “unfair” prong of 11 the UCL, with leave to amend, for failure to allege at least a threatened violation of the antitrust 12 laws, or some special circumstances that would allow that a claim to proceed without a clear 13 connection to the antitrust laws. Order re 1st MTD at 16–17; Order re 2d MTD at 24–28. The 14 Court noted that BrandTotal had not alleged either a coherent and plausible product market or an 15 exception to the general rule that a market participant may permissibly refuse to deal with a rival. 16 Order re 2d MTD at 26–28. 17 At a case management conference on February 19, 2021, the Court set a deadline of March 18 22, 2021 for the parties to seek leave to amend their pleadings, adopting the date jointly proposed 19 in the parties’ case management statement. Civil Minute Order (dkt. 106); see Case Mgmt. 20 Statement (dkt. 99) at 12. On March 18, 2021, the Court granted the parties’ stipulation to extend 21 the deadline to amend pleadings from March 22, 2021 to May 21, 2021 to accommodate the time 22 needed for BrandTotal to produce discovery that might be relevant to Facebook amending its 23 complaint. See dkt. 130. As an exception to that deadline, the Court’s June 3, 2021 order on 24 Facebook’s second motion to dismiss allowed BrandTotal to amend certain claims the Court 25 dismissed without prejudice—for interference with BrandTotal’s contracts with investors, for 26 interference with BrandTotal’s prospective economic advantage with respect to potential 27 customers, and for violation of the “unfair” prong of the UCL—no later than June 25, 2021. 1 C. Counterclaims at Issue 2 BrandTotal’s second amended counterclaims include counterclaims the Court previously 3 allowed to proceed (which are not at issue in the present motion), as well as a new counterclaim 4 for defamation, SACC ¶¶ 140–51, and an amended counterclaim for violation of the UCL’s 5 “unfair” prong, see id. ¶¶ 152–77. The latter now rests on an alleged “market for Third-Party 6 Commercial Advertising Information on personal social networking services in the United States,” 7 or in the alternative, such information pertaining to advertising “on the Facebook.com site and 8 Instagram platform.” Id. ¶¶ 155–59. “Third-Party Commercial Advertising Information” is 9 defined as “analytics about non-SIEP advertisements run by third-party business[es].” Id. ¶ 15.5 10 D. The Parties’ Arguments 11 BrandTotal moves for leave to add the new defamation counterclaim, arguing there is good 12 cause to modify the scheduling order under Rule 16(b)(4) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 13 because “facts of this case are unusual and identifying the cause of action that fits and redresses 14 the full harm of this situation, complex.” Defs.’ Mot. (dkt. 161) at 6. BrandTotal also argues that 15 amendment should be allowed under the liberal standard of Rule 15(a)(2). Id. at 6–7. Facebook 16 contends that BrandTotal learned of the relevant facts underlying its defamation counterclaim 17 months before it filed its first amended counterclaims in March of 2021, and thus was not diligent 18 in waiting until well after the May 2021 deadline for amendment to seek to add this new 19 counterclaim. Pl.’s Mot. & Opp’n (dkt. 169) at 5–7. Facebook also argues that leave to amend 20 would be futile because its statement to Google about BrandTotal’s failure to provide sufficient 21 disclosures was true, citing a potential issue with shared computers. Id. at 7–8. 22 Facebook moves to dismiss once again BrandTotal’s counterclaim under the UCL’s 23 “unfair” prong for failure to allege a plausible relevant market, id. at 9–12, failure to allege 24 monopoly power, id. at 12–13, and failure to allege an exception to the rule allowing refusal to 25 26

27 5 “SIEP” refers to “social issues, elections or politics.” Facebook provides more public 1 deal, id. at 13–17.6 BrandTotal argues that it has alleged a violation of the spirit of the antitrust 2 laws because Facebook is unfairly relying on an order the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) to 3 exclude competitors from the market for advertising data. Defs.’ Opp’n & Reply (dkt. 170) at 8– 4 10. BrandTotal also contends that it has sufficiently alleged a product market (or more 5 specifically, two potential product markets in the alternative) and monopoly power. Id. at 10–14. 6 As for refusal to deal, BrandTotal argues that it “is not asking Facebook to authorize BrandTotal’s 7 access” to advertising data, but instead seeking to bar Facebook from using third parties like 8 Google and the FTC to interference with BrandTotal’s business, and challenging Facebook’s 9 removal of BrandTotal’s accounts on Facebook, which eliminated BrandTotal’s ability to 10 advertise its own services on Facebook. Id. at 14–16. BrandTotal contends that Facebook’s 11 reports to Google and the FTC do not implicate the refusal-to-deal rule, and that BrandTotal’s 12 accounts and past course of dealing in advertising on Facebook fall within the exception 13 recognized by Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585 (1985). Defs.’ 14 Opp’n & Reply at 10–14. 15 In a “Notice of Supplemental Event” filed after briefing on the present motions had closed, 16 BrandTotal submitted: (1) an August 3, 2021 press release by Facebook indicating that it had 17 disabled access by certain New York University researchers who had been collecting advertising 18 data in a manner at least arguably similar to BrandTotal, with Facebook having acted purportedly 19 to protect user privacy and comply with an order by the FTC; and (2) an August 5, 2021 letter 20 from an FTC official to Facebook’s CEO asserting that the FTC’s order did not prohibit Facebook 21 allowing the sort of research at issue, that Facebook had failed to comply with a commitment to 22 update the FTC about significant events, and that Facebook’s press release was misleading. See 23 dkt. 173. These developments are not relevant to the Court’s analysis of the present motions. 24 25

26 6 Facebook also moves to dismiss BrandTotal’s counterclaim under the “unlawful” prong of the UCL to the extent that it rests on the new defamation counterclaim. The parties agree that to the 27 extent that counterclaim is based on the defamation counterclaim (as opposed to the tortious 1 III. ANALYSIS 2 A. Motion for Leave to Amend 3 1. Legal Standard 4 Deviations from scheduling orders, including with respect to amendment of pleadings, are 5 governed by Rule 16 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides that such orders 6 “may be modified only for good cause and with the judge's consent.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4). 7 BrandTotal concedes that Rule 16(b)(4) governs its motion in this case. See Defs.’ Opp’n & 8 Reply at 3–4. 9 The Ninth Circuit has established a standard for such modification that focuses on the 10 diligence of the party seeking relief from a deadline:

11 Unlike Rule 15(a)’s liberal amendment policy . . . , Rule 16(b)’s “good cause” standard primarily considers the diligence of the party 12 seeking the amendment. The district court may modify the pretrial schedule “if it cannot reasonably be met despite the diligence of the 13 party seeking the extension.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16 advisory committee’s notes (1983 amendment). Moreover, carelessness is not compatible 14 with a finding of diligence and offers no reason for a grant of relief. Although the existence or degree of prejudice to the party opposing 15 the modification might supply additional reasons to deny a motion, the focus of the inquiry is upon the moving party’s reasons for seeking 16 modification. If that party was not diligent, the inquiry should end. 17 Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 609 (9th Cir. 1992) (citations omitted). 18 Courts look to a party’s diligence not only in complying with the scheduling order after it has been 19 issued, but also “in creating a workable Rule 16 scheduling order,” as well as “in seeking 20 amendment of the Rule 16 order, once it became apparent that [the party] could not comply with 21 the order.” Jackson v. Laureate, Inc., 186 F.R.D. 605, 607 (E.D. Cal. 1999). 22 2. BrandTotal Has Not Shown Diligence 23 “BrandTotal does not dispute that it learned of Facebook’s false statement to Google 24 through discovery in the December 2020–January 2021 timeframe and then sought to amend in 25 June 2021,” but argues that the complexity of factual and legal issues in this case, and its good 26 faith attempt to assert a related claim under the “fraudulent” prong of the UCL in the first instance, 27 demonstrate good cause for delay. Defs.’ Opp’n & Reply at 4–5. 1 purportedly false statement about BrandTotal that harmed BrandTotal’s business interests might 2 support a defamation claim is not among them. BrandTotal has identified no complexity with 3 respect to that counterclaim that would have prevented BrandTotal from including it in 4 BrandTotal’s March 5, 2021 first amended counterclaims (which included all of the factual 5 allegations on which BrandTotal now rests its defamation counterclaim)—much less anything that 6 prevented BrandTotal from at least raising the possibility of amendment and seeking an extension 7 of the amendment deadline before it expired on May 21, 2021, several months after BrandTotal 8 discovered the facts at issue. 9 District courts have rejected motions to amend a scheduling order to permit amendment 10 based on facts previously alleged:

11 In sum, the allegations Plaintiff seeks to add to the complaint are not comprised of newly discovered facts, but facts that have already been 12 known and pled by Plaintiff in the FAC or facts that Plaintiff has known, or should have known since the inception of the lawsuit or at 13 the time he amended his complaint in 2012, but failed to raise. Thus, the basis for amendment does not establish Plaintiff’s diligence in 14 seeking to amend the complaint to include these allegations. 15 Bever v. CitiMortgage, Inc., No. 1:11-cv-01584-AWI, 2014 WL 1577250, at *9 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 16 18, 2014), aff’d on other grounds, 708 F. App’x 341 (9th Cir. 2017). BrandTotal identifies no 17 case holding a party’s failure to recognize a legal theory implicated by the facts it has already 18 alleged to be consistent with diligence under Rule 16(b)(4). Instead, the cases BrandTotal cites 19 that permitted comparable amendments were decided under Rule 15’s liberal standard for 20 amendment, not the more stringent standard applicable to modifying a scheduling order. See 21 Defs.’ Opp’n & Reply at 5–6 (citing Eminence Cap., LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1053 22 (9th Cir. 2003); Ill. Tool Works, Inc. v. MOC Prod. Co., No. 09CV1887 JLS (AJB), 2010 WL 23 4314296 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 26, 2010)). 24 In the first amended counterclaims that BrandTotal filed before the amendment deadline, it 25 chose to pursue a relatively complex claim under the “fraudulent” prong of the UCL based on 26 Facebook’s purported misrepresentation to Google. It is not clear why BrandTotal chose that 27 claim over a relatively more straightforward defamation claim, or why it did not bring both 1 (almost all of which pre-date the Internet age).” Defs.’ Opp’n & Reply at 4. If BrandTotal made a 2 tactical choice to pursue only the UCL claim in the first instance, it did so knowing the risk that 3 the amendment deadline would expire before the Court assessed that claim’s viability. If 4 BrandTotal merely overlooked its potential defamation claim, “carelessness is not compatible with 5 a finding of diligence and offers no reason for a grant of relief.” Johnson, 975 F.2d at 609. 6 Because BrandTotal has not shown diligence in seeking to comply with the scheduling 7 order, the motion for leave to amend to add a defamation counterclaim, and to expand 8 BrandTotal’s counterclaim under the “unlawful” prong of the UCL to encompass defamation as a 9 predicate, is DENIED. The Court does not reach the parties’ arguments as to whether amendment 10 would be futile. 11 B. Motion to Dismiss 12 1. Legal Standard 13 A complaint may be dismissed for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted 14 under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. “The purpose of a motion to dismiss 15 under Rule 12(b)(6) is to test the legal sufficiency of the complaint.” N. Star Int’l v. Ariz. Corp. 16 Comm’n, 720 F.2d 578, 581 (9th Cir. 1983). Generally, a claimant’s burden at the pleading stage 17 is relatively light. Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure states that a “pleading which 18 sets forth a claim for relief . . . shall contain . . . a short and plain statement of the claim showing 19 that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). 20 In ruling on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court takes “all allegations of 21 material fact as true and construe[s] them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” 22 Parks Sch. of Bus. v. Symington, 51 F.3d 1480, 1484 (9th Cir. 1995). Dismissal may be based on a 23 lack of a cognizable legal theory or on the absence of facts that would support a valid theory. 24 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). A pleading must “contain 25 either direct or inferential allegations respecting all the material elements necessary to sustain 26 recovery under some viable legal theory.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 562 (2007) 27 (citing Car Carriers, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 745 F.2d 1101, 1106 (7th Cir. 1984)). “A pleading 1 will not do.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). 2 “[C]ourts ‘are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.’” 3 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (quoting Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). “Nor does a 4 complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Iqbal, 5 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Rather, the claim must be “‘plausible on its 6 face,’” meaning that the claimant must plead sufficient factual allegations to “allow the court to 7 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (quoting 8 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). 9 2. The UCL 10 California’s UCL broadly prohibits unlawful, unfair, and fraudulent business acts. Korea 11 Supply, 29 Cal. 4th at 1143. “Unlawful acts are anything that can properly be called a business 12 practice and that at the same time is forbidden by law . . . be it civil, criminal, federal, state, or 13 municipal, statutory, regulatory, or court-made, where court-made law is, for example a violation 14 of a prior court order.” Sybersound Records, Inc. v. UAV Corp., 517 F.3d 1137, 1151 (9th Cir. 15 2008) (ellipsis in original) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “Unfair acts among 16 competitors means ‘conduct that threatens an incipient violation of an antitrust law, or violates the 17 spirit or policy of those laws because its effects are comparable to or the same as a violation of the 18 law, or otherwise significantly threatens or harms competition.’” Id. at 1152 (quoting Cel-Tech 19 Commc’ns, Inc. v. L.A. Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal. 4th 163, 187 (1999)). “Finally, fraudulent acts 20 are ones where members of the public are likely to be deceived.” Id. 21 An “unfair” claim by a competitor under the UCL generally must implicate the antitrust 22 laws. See Sybersound, 517 F.3d at 1152. “When a plaintiff who claims to have suffered injury 23 from a direct competitor’s ‘unfair’ act or practice invokes section 17200, the word ‘unfair’ in that 24 section means conduct that threatens an incipient violation of an antitrust law, or violates the 25 policy or spirit of one of those laws because its effects are comparable to or the same as a violation 26 of the law, or otherwise significantly threatens or harms competition.” Cel-Tech, 20 Cal. 4th at 27 187. Courts have dismissed competitors’ claims under this prong of the statute where plaintiffs 1 something that violates the ‘policy and spirit’ of the antitrust laws without violating the actual 2 laws themselves,” comparable to the Cel-Tech defendant’s “‘privileged status as one of two 3 holders of a lucrative government-licensed duopoly.’” Synopsys, Inc. v. ATopTech, Inc., No. C 4 13-2965 MMC, 2015 WL 4719048, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 7, 2015) (quoting Cel-Tech, 20 Cal. 5 4th at 190); see also Creative Mobile Techs., LLC v. Flywheel Software, Inc., No. 16-cv-02560-SI, 6 2017 WL 679496, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 21, 2017). 7 3. BrandTotal’s Theories of Unfair Competition 8 BrandTotal primarily pursues three theories of unfair competition: (1) the theory that 9 “Facebook’s failure to give permission to any entities to collect Third-Party Commercial 10 Advertising Information . . . allows Facebook to shirk its legal obligations under the FTC Order by 11 failing to establish a Privacy Program,” violating the spirit of the antitrust laws, see SACC ¶ 155;7 12 (2) the theory that Facebook has “has refused to deal with [BrandTotal] by terminating both the 13 business and personal Facebook accounts of [BrandTotal] and [its] principals and by refusing to 14 accept advertising from [BrandTotal],” id. ¶ 168; and (3) the theory that “Facebook interjects itself 15 into the marketplace and takes active steps to destroy competitors” by, for example, having 16 “contacted Google and made false and misleading statements about the operation of UpVoice and 17 another of [BrandTotal’s] applications, knowing that Google would remove those applications 18 from the Google Chrome Store,” id. ¶ 163. 19 a. Failure to Grant Permission 20 BrandTotal contends that Facebook’s refusal to grant BrandTotal and others permission to 21

22 7 The extent to which BrandTotal intends to pursue a theory based on Facebook’s refusal to provide permission to access data is unclear. Compare Defs.’ Opp’n & Reply at 8 (asserting that 23 Facebook violates the spirit of the antitrust laws by “using the FTC Order to gain a competitive advantage by intentionally refusing to provide permission to any entity that seeks to collect Third- 24 Party Commercial Advertising Information from Facebook’s sites”); with id. at 14 (“BrandTotal’s SAC presents two theories under which Facebook’s behavior violates the unfair prong of the UCL. 25 First, BrandTotal alleges Facebook interjects itself into the marketplace by petitioning Google to remove applications and extensions that compete with Facebook’s advertising services. . . . 26 Second, BrandTotal alleges Facebook stifles competition by punishing entities by removing the business and personal account pages of its competition and their principals and employees.”). 27 Despite BrandTotal’s assertion that it “is not asking Facebook to authorize BrandTotal’s access,” 1 access advertising data violates the spirit of the antitrust laws, such that BrandTotal need to track 2 the precise contours of a Sherman Act claim to pursue a claim under the “unfair” prong of the 3 Sherman Act. Defs.’ Opp’n & Reply at 8–9. As described in a decision from this district, the 4 California Supreme Court has recognized “that it is not just conduct that threatens a violation of an 5 actual antitrust law that supports a UCL unfairness claim,” but also “conduct that ‘violates the 6 policy or spirit of one of those laws because its effects are comparable to or the same as a violation 7 of the law, or otherwise significantly threatens or harms competition.’” Diva Limousine, Ltd. v. 8 Uber Techs., Inc., 392 F. Supp. 3d 1074, 1090–91 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (quoting Cel-Tech, 20 Cal. 4th 9 at 187). Such a violation must be “be tethered to some legislatively declared policy or proof of 10 some actual or threatened impact on competition.” Cel-Tech, 20 Cal. 4th at 186–87. 11 As a starting point, the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that a market participant’s right 12 to refuse to deal with competitors generally serves procompetitive purposes, and that restricting 13 that right can have anticompetitive effects:

14 Firms may acquire monopoly power by establishing an infrastructure that renders them uniquely suited to serve their customers. 15 Compelling such firms to share the source of their advantage is in some tension with the underlying purpose of antitrust law, since it 16 may lessen the incentive for the monopolist, the rival, or both to invest in those economically beneficial facilities. Enforced sharing also 17 requires antitrust courts to act as central planners, identifying the proper price, quantity, and other terms of dealing—a role for which 18 they are ill suited. Moreover, compelling negotiation between competitors may facilitate the supreme evil of antitrust: collusion. 19 Thus, as a general matter, the Sherman Act “does not restrict the long recognized right of [a] trader or manufacturer engaged in an entirely 20 private business, freely to exercise his own independent discretion as to parties with whom he will deal.” United States v. Colgate & Co., 21 250 U.S. 300, 307 (1919). 22 Verizon Commc’ns Inc. v. L. Offs. of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 407–08 (2004) 23 (alteration in original). That general rule is subject to “one, limited exception” involving 24 termination of a course of past dealing, which is not applicable to advertising data that Facebook 25 has never authorized anyone to access. See Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Qualcomm Inc., 969 F.3d 974, 26 994–95 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Aspen Skiing, 472 U.S. 585). In light of Supreme Court precedent 27 treating the right to refuse to deal as generally procompetitive, BrandTotal faces an uphill battle to 1 the antitrust laws. 2 The only case BrandTotal cites allowing a UCL unfairness claim to proceed based on the 3 spirit of the antitrust laws is Diva Limousine, 392 F. Supp. 3d 1074, which involved allegations 4 that Uber had misclassified its drivers as independent contractors rather than employees. In 5 holding that the plaintiff stated a claim under the “unfair” prong, Judge Chen cited the California 6 Labor Code’s statement of “‘the policy of this state to vigorously enforce minimum labor 7 standards in order . . . to protect employers who comply with the law from those who attempt to 8 gain a competitive advantage at the expense of their workers by failing to comply with minimum 9 labor standards,’” and the California Supreme Court’s recognition of “‘the unfair competitive 10 advantage the business may obtain over competitors that properly classify similar workers as 11 employees.’” Id. at 1091 (quoting Cal. Lab. Code § 90.5(a); Dynamex Operations W. v. Superior 12 Court, 4 Cal. 5th 903, 913 (2018)) (emphasis omitted). 13 Here, BrandTotal has not identified any legislatively declared policy related to competition 14 implicated by Facebook’s alleged conduct. In a footnote, BrandTotal cites a provision of the 15 California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) defining “personal information” as including 16 “‘information regarding a consumer’s interaction with an internet website, application, or 17 advertisement.’” Defs.’ Opp’n & Reply at 8 n.4 (quoting Cal. Civ. Code § 1798.140(o)(1)(F)) 18 (emphasis omitted). The Court has previously rejected BrandTotal’s scattershot citations to the 19 CCPA that failed to tie that law’s actual requirements to the conduct at issue in this case. See 20 Order Denying TRO at 22 n.11. So too here. The fact that information about advertising 21 interactions falls within the statute’s definition of “personal information” does not, in itself, say 22 anything about whether Facebook must provide BrandTotal access to such information, nor 23 whether the legislature has identified restrictions of such access as implicating competition. 24 BrandTotal also relies heavily on the FTC’s April 27, 2020 order requiring Facebook to 25 take certain steps to protect user privacy. See SACC Ex. C. Nothing on the face of the FTC’s 26 order requires Facebook to allow BrandTotal the sort of access it seeks. BrandTotal cites the 27 order’s requirement that Facebook create a “Privacy Program,” which it argues Facebook 1 & Reply at 8–9; SACC ¶¶ 40–43, 155. While BrandTotal is correct that the FTC’s order “does not 2 direct Facebook to ban all automated collection of data from its platforms,” SACC ¶ 42, it also 3 does not require Facebook to authorize any such collection. The FTC issued its order to protect 4 user privacy, see SACC ¶ 37, not to facilitate competition, and denying third parties access to user 5 data is consistent with the mandate in section VII of that order (which calls for the establishment 6 of a “Privacy Program”) to “protects the privacy, confidentiality, and Integrity of the Covered 7 Information collected, used, or shared by [Facebook],” SACC Ex. C at 8, § VII. BrandTotal has 8 raised colorable arguments that the order may not have required Facebook to block its access, see 9 Order re 2d MTD at 12–14, but it has not shown that the order required Facebook to provide 10 access, or that it was in any way motivated by protecting competition in the market for advertising 11 analytics. 12 Neither the FTC’s order nor the CCPA resembles the sort of policy specifically linked to 13 competition that supported the decision in Diva Limousines. Even if they did, BrandTotal has not 14 shown a violation of either of those authorities. Having failed to identify any legislatively 15 declared policy related to competition implicated by Facebook’s failure to grant BrandTotal 16 permission to access advertising data, BrandTotal cannot proceed on its counterclaim for a 17 violation of the “spirit” of the antitrust laws. Facebook’s motion to dismiss BrandTotal’s 18 unfairness counterclaim is GRANTED to the extent it rests on that theory. 19 b. Deactivation of Accounts and Advertising; Interference with Google 20 As for BrandTotal’s theories based on Facebook’s deactivation of its accounts, refusal to 21 allow it to advertise on Facebook,8 and successfully petitioning for Google to remove UpVoice 22 8 BrandTotal argues that its claims based on deactivation of accounts and refusal to permit 23 advertising fall within the Aspen Skiing exception to the refusal-to-deal doctrine, which requires three elements: (1) unilateral termination of a voluntary and profitable course of dealing; (2) that 24 could only be intended to sacrifice short-term benefits for long-term monopolist profits; (3) involving products already sold to other similarly situated customers. See Qualcomm, 969 25 F.3d at 994–95. Here, Facebook purportedly terminated BrandTotal’s accounts and advertising based on BrandTotal’s violation of Facebook’s terms of service, including a prohibition of 26 automated data collection without Facebook’s permission. Given a party’s general right to refuse to deal from the outset, it seems likely that a party may set conditions on such dealing and enforce 27 those conditions if violated by terminating the relationship. The parties have not addressed that 1 from its store, BrandTotal asserts that even if it cannot proceed on a violation of the “spirit” of the 2 antitrust laws, it has sufficiently alleged a product market and market power to proceed on a more 3 conventional claim for actual or threatened violation of the antitrust laws. 4 As the Court noted previous in dismissing this claim with leave to amend, an antitrust 5 plaintiff generally must identify a plausible product market. Order re 2d MTD at 26.

6 Plaintiffs must plead a relevant market to state an antitrust claim under the Sherman Act, unless they assert a per se claim. While 7 plaintiffs need not plead a relevant market with specificity, there are some legal principles that govern the definition of an antitrust 8 “relevant market,” and a complaint may be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) if the complaint’s ‘relevant market’ definition is facially 9 unsustainable.

10 The relevant market must include both a geographic market and a product market. The latter . . . must encompass the product at issue as 11 well as all economic substitutes for the product. Economic substitutes have a reasonable interchangeability of use or sufficient cross- 12 elasticity of demand with the relevant product. Including economic substitutes ensures that the relevant product market encompasses the 13 group or groups of sellers or producers who have actual or potential ability to deprive each other of significant levels of business. 14 15 Hicks v. PGA Tour, Inc., 897 F.3d 1109, 1120–21 (9th Cir. 2018) (cleaned up). “[O]ne method of 16 determining whether a proposed market is viable is assessing ‘whether a monopolist in the 17 proposed market could profitably impose a small but significant and nontransitory price increase.” 18 Id. at 1122–23 (quoting Theme Promotions, Inc. v. News Am. Mktg. FSI, 546 F.3d 991, 1002 (9th 19 Cir. 2018)). A complaint that “merely restate[s] a test for market definition without any factual 20 elaboration” is not sufficient. Id. at 1122. That said, “[t]here is no requirement that these 21 elements of the antitrust claim be pled with specificity,” and an “antitrust complaint therefore 22 survives a Rule 12(b)(6) motion unless it is apparent from the face of the complaint that the 23 alleged market suffers a fatal legal defect.” Newcal Indus., Inc. v. Ikon Off. Sol., 513 F.3d 1038, 24 1045 (9th Cir. 2008). 25 BrandTotal’s alleges a market for “Third-Party Commercial Advertising Information,” 26 defined as “analytics about non-SIEP advertisements run by third-party business,” either “on 27 1 personal social networking services in the United States,” or in the alternative, “on the 2 Facebook.com site and Instagram platform.” SACC ¶¶ 15, 155; see also id. ¶¶ 158–59. The 3 second amended counterclaims include few if any factual allegations to support the conclusion 4 that such a market definition meets the criteria for a viable product market in the antitrust context, 5 and the markets proposed in an FTC enforcement action and congressional report that BrandTotal 6 cites are of little value, because both concerned markets for social networking rather than for 7 advertising analytics. Cf. SACC ¶¶ 156–57. 8 Nevertheless, there is some logic to this market, and Facebook’s arguments for dismissal 9 generally miss the mark. Facebook contends that courts have generally been skeptical of markets 10 based on a single form of advertising that fail to treat other forms of advertising as potential 11 substitutes. Pl.’s Mot. & Opp’n at 10–11 (citing Hicks, 897 F.3d at 1123). Here, however, 12 BrandTotal’s proposed market is not for advertising, but instead for analysis of advertising. A 13 company that has chosen to advertise on social media would presumably not consider analysis of, 14 say, billboard advertising to be a substitute for analysis of the advertising it has already placed on 15 Facebook or other social networks. And while single-brand markets are also disfavored, see 16 Apple, Inc. v. Psystar Corp., 586 F. Supp. 2d 1190, 1198 (N.D. Cal. 2008), the market for analysis 17 of advertising on Facebook and Instagram bears at least some resemblance to the sort of 18 “derivative aftermarket” that courts have recognized as an exception to that rule, because a 19 company that has purchased advertising on Facebook might have little to gain from analysis of 20 other platforms where its ads do not appear, see id. at 1196–97 (citing Eastman Kodak Co. v. 21 Image Tech. Servs., Inc., 504 U.S. 451 (1992); Newcal Indus., 513 F.3d at 1049). Neither party’s 22 arguments on this point—BrandTotal’s incomplete sentence that advertising on Facebook “is not 23 interchangeable with Third-Party Commercial Advertising Information on other sites (e.g., 24 YouTube, Twitter, etc.) because,” Defs.’ Opp’n & Reply at 12, or Facebook’s conclusory 25 assertion that “this Facebook-only ‘market’ has none of the features that could even conceivably 26 make it a derivative market,” Pl.’s Reply at 3—are particularly helpful. BrandTotal’s failure to 27 address potential substitutes and to define the market clearly, including its failure to allege any 1 Court determine which platforms fall within the alleged market, raise concerns. The Court 2 nevertheless assumes for the sake of argument that BrandTotal’s alleged markets are sufficiently 3 plausible to survive the limited scrutiny of Rule 12(b)(6). 4 The next issue is market power, which “the Supreme Court has defined . . . as the power to 5 ‘control prices or exclude competition.’” Cost Mgmt. Servs., Inc. v. Wash. Nat. Gas Co., 99 F.3d 6 at 950 (quoting United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563, 571 (1966)). “Whether monopoly 7 power exists depends on a variety of factors,” with market share relevant to that analysis but not 8 the only factor; depending on market conditions, courts have found both market power and a lack 9 of market power when a defendant’s market share is in the sixty to seventy percent range. Hunt- 10 Wesson Foods, Inc. v. Ragu Foods, Inc., 627 F.2d 919, 924 (9th Cir. 1980). The typical way in 11 which an incomplete monopolist—a defendant with less than full control of the market—can 12 nevertheless exert monopoly power is when that party controls enough of the market that “by 13 restricting its own output, it can restrict marketwide output and, hence, increase marketwide 14 prices.” Rebel Oil v. Atl. Richfield Co., 51 F.3d 1421, 1434 (9th Cir. 1995); see also Ohio v. Am. 15 Express Co., 138 S. Ct. 2274, 2288 (2018) (“‘Market power is the ability to raise price profitably 16 by restricting output.’” (quoting a treatise; emphasis added in Am. Express)). “Prices increase 17 marketwide in response to the reduced output because consumers bid more in competing against 18 one another to obtain the smaller quantity available.” Rebel Oil, 51 F.3d at 1434. 19 Here, BrandTotal alleges that a Congressional subcommittee reported that Facebook has 20 claimed to control ninety-five percent of the market for social media. SACC ¶ 157. While market 21 share alone does not determine market power, a share that high could likely support a plausible 22 inference of market power sufficient to survive dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), although 23 BrandTotal’s failure to allege clearly that Facebook actually has that market share or to define 24 how it is measured does not help its cause. Cf. Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Facebook, Inc., __ F. Supp. 25 3d __, 2021 WL 2643627, at *12–13 (“Even accepting that merely alleging market share ‘in 26 excess of 60%’ might sometimes be acceptable, it cannot suffice in this context, where Plaintiff 27 does not even allege what it is measuring.”). The larger problem is that this case is not about the 1 advertising analytics, and BrandTotal’s allegation that by virtue of “[p]ossessing a monopoly in 2 the market of personal social networking services . . . Facebook also necessarily possesses a 3 monopoly market [sic] in Third-Party Commercial Advertising Information on personal social 4 networking services,” id. ¶ 158, is wholly conclusory, and undermined by the fact that BrandTotal 5 holds at least some share of the market for social media advertising analytics without participating 6 in the market for social media. Even to the extent Facebook can regulate control of automated 7 data collection on its platforms, an advertising consulting company could presumably produce at 8 least some degree of analysis of advertising on Facebook based on other methods like surveys and 9 focus groups. BrandTotal has wholly failed to address the degree of competition in the market it 10 has alleged—including the market share Facebook controls, whether there are other competitors 11 besides BrandTotal and Facebook, and whether Facebook has the power to unilaterally restrict 12 marketwide output of the analytical services at issue.9 Facebook’s motion to dismiss BrandTotal’s 13 unfairness claim under the UCL is therefore GRANTED for failure to present plausible allegations 14 of market power. 15 It is at least conceivable that this defect could cured by further amendment. In considering 16 whether to grant leave to amend, the Supreme Court has identified as an incomplete list of relevant 17 factors “‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the [party seeking to amend], 18 repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the 19 opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [and] futility of amendment, etc.’” 20 Eminence Cap., 316 F.3d at 1051–52 (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). 21 Multiple attempts at amendment do not always support a conclusion to deny further leave, and “it 22 is the consideration of prejudice to the opposing party that carries the greatest weight.” Id. at 23 1052. 24 Here, BrandTotal has made three unsuccessful attempts to state a UCL unfairness claim. 25

26 9 At the hearing, BrandTotal cited its allegation that Facebook has taken similar actions against at least six other entities. See SACC ¶ 164. That allegations says nothing about Facebook’s position 27 in the market for the advertising information at issue, or whether other competitors exist that have 1 See Order re 1st MTD at 16-17; Order re 2d MTD at 24-28. Unlike Eminence Capital, this is “a 2 || case where plaintiffs took ‘three bites at the apple’ by alleging and re-alleging the same theories in 3 an attempt to cure pre-existing deficiencies.” 316 F.3d at 1053 (reversing a district court’s 4 || decision to dismiss with prejudice and deny leave to amend, based on the Ninth Circuit’s 5 conclusion that it was not such a case, and the plaintiff had instead sought to present new legal 6 || theories). BrandTotal’s repeated failure to state a viable claim, as well as its failure to identify at 7 || the hearing specific allegations it could add to cure the defects addressed in this order, suggests 8 || that further leave to amend is likely to be futile. Moreover, continuing to litigate the pleadings 9 || would require at least a narrow exception to the scheduling order’s deadline for amendment 10 || (which, as discussed above, expired months ago), and would require extending fact discovery— 11 currently scheduled to close in November of this year—by many months if not much longer. Such 12 || delay would prejudice Facebook not only in delaying a resolution of BrandTotal’s counterclaims 13 against it, but also in delaying resolution of Facebook’s affirmative claims against BrandTotal. 14 The Court therefore denies leave to amend further, and dismisses BrandTotal’s counterclaim under 3 15 || the “unfair” prong of the UCL with prejudice. 16 |) Iv. CONCLUSION 17 For the reasons discussed above, BrandTotal’s motion for leave to amend to add a 18 defamation counterclaim (and to expand its counterclaim under the “unlawful” prong of the UCL 19 || to encompass defamation) is DENIED, and Facebook’s motion to dismiss BrandTotal’s 20 || counterclaim under the “unfair” prong of the UCL with prejudice is GRANTED. 21 For convenience and clarity, BrandTotal is instructed to file its second amended 22 || counterclaims as a separate docket entry no later than September 7, 2021. Facebook shall file its 23 answer to the surviving counterclaims no later than September 14, 2021. 24 IT IS SO ORDERED. 25 || Dated: August 31, 2021 26 i CZ J PH C. SPERO 27 ief Magistrate Judge 28