FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT February 12, 2019 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court MEMC II, LLC; MIKE MCDANIEL,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v. No. 18-6079 (D.C. No. 5:18-CV-00143-C) CANNON STORAGE SYSTEMS, INC., (W.D. Okla.)
Defendant - Appellee. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before MATHESON, PHILLIPS, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
MEMC II, LLC and Mike McDaniel (collectively, “MEMC”) contracted to
have Cannon Storage Systems, Inc. (“Cannon”) build a commercial storage facility in
Dallas, Texas. The contract included precise design specifications and stipulated that
any disputes between the parties would be subject to binding arbitration. During
construction, Cannon deviated from the agreed-upon design specifications. In
response, MEMC withheld payments. The parties submitted their dispute to
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and 10th Circuit Rule 32.1. arbitration, each raising claims for breach of contract. The arbitrator found that
Cannon had breached by varying from the design specifications, that MEMC had
breached by withholding payments, and that MEMC was liable to Cannon for
approximately $230,000 in damages.
MEMC applied for relief from the arbitration award in the United States
District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma. It argued that Cannon’s
deviation from the design specifications constituted material breach and thus excused
MEMC from its payment obligations under the contract. Accordingly, MEMC
requested that the court confirm the arbitrator’s finding of Cannon’s breach and
vacate the award of damages to Cannon. The district court denied MEMC’s
application, and MEMC timely appealed. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§1291, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Contract
On June 17, 2016, MEMC and Cannon entered into a construction industry
“Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor” (“Contract”)
obligating Cannon to build a commercial storage facility in Dallas, Texas. The
Contract incorporated American Institute of Architects (“AIA”) Document
A201-2007, which provided general terms about insurance, tax liabilities, and other
miscellaneous topics. The Contract also listed express performance standards and
mandated Cannon’s compliance with a detailed set of design specifications. In
2 addition, the Contract specified payment terms and provided that MEMC would pay
Cannon in installments on the 15th day of each month.
The Contract also contained a section called “Binding Dispute Resolution,”
which mandated arbitration for any contractual disputes subject to but not resolved
by mediation. Specifically, the Contract incorporated Section 15.4 of AIA Document
A201-2007, which reads:
If the parties have selected arbitration as the method for binding dispute resolution in the Agreement, any Claim subject to, but not resolved by, mediation shall be subject to arbitration which, unless the parties mutually agree otherwise, shall be administered by the American Arbitration Association in accordance with its Construction Industry Arbitration Rules in effect on the date of the Agreement. . . . The award rendered by the arbitrator or arbitrators shall be final, and judgment may be entered upon it in accordance with applicable law in any court having jurisdiction thereof.
Id. at 69.
The parties agreed that Texas law would govern any contractual dispute. They
also agreed that “[p]ending final resolution of a claim, Cannon shall proceed
diligently with performance of the contract and [MEMC] shall continue to make
payments in accordance with payment terms.” Aplt. App. at 25.
B. The Dispute
After starting construction, Cannon decided that the plans specified in the
Contract were “inadequate.” Aplt. App. at 188. Accordingly, Cannon hired a new
engineer and changed the structural plans. When MEMC learned of the changes, it
refused to make further payments, arguing that Cannon had breached the Contract by
3 deviating from the design specifications. Cannon continued construction without
payment for nearly five months. On December 14, 2016, MEMC sent Cannon a
demand letter describing the perceived breach and warning that it planned to
“proceed with initiating the claim process.” Id. at 72. The letter yielded no results,
and Cannon eventually submitted the dispute to arbitration.
C. Arbitration
Cannon brought arbitration claims for breach of contract based on MEMC’s
nonpayment. MEMC responded with an affirmative defense, arguing that Cannon’s
departure from the design specifications was a material breach that discharged
MEMC’s payment obligations. MEMC also counter-claimed for breach of contract,
arguing that “Cannon failed to use the approved plans and specifications and did not
complete the construction in accordance with approved plans and specifications.” Id.
at 76.
The arbitrator issued a decision on January 12, 2018. She found that MEMC
breached the Contract by refusing to pay Cannon, and that Cannon breached the
contract by failing to construct the storage facility according to the agreed-upon
specifications. For both findings of breach, the arbitrator cited Bartush-Schnitzius
Foods Co. v. Cimco Refrigeration, Inc., 518 S.W.3d 432 (Tex. 2017) (“Cimco”),
which outlines the factors that Texas courts use to assess materiality.
4 Because she found that MEMC breached by withholding payments, the
arbitrator awarded Cannon $143,608.82 owed under the Contract.1 She also noted
that although “[MEMC] established that Cannon breached the contract by not getting
owner approval for several changes to the structural plans, evidence of the cost to
remediate the work related to [Cannon’s design] changes was insufficient.” Id. at
173 n.3. Accordingly, she found that MEMC could “recover nothing from Cannon.”
Id. at 173.
D. District Court Proceedings
On February 13, 2018, MEMC filed an application for relief regarding the
arbitration award in the United States District Court for the Western District of
Oklahoma. MEMC said that under Texas law, “a failure by a contracting party to
comply with expressly defined performance metrics . . . categorically operates as a
‘material’ breach.” Id. at 7. MEMC further argued that “[w]hen one party to a
contract materially breaches the contract, the non-breaching party is discharged or
excused from further performance of its duties.” Id. at 8 (citing Mustang Pipeline
Co., Inc. v. Denver Pipeline Co., Inc., 134 S.W.3d 195, 196 (Tex. 2004)).
Because the arbitrator found that Cannon deviated from express “performance
metrics,”2 MEMC contended that the arbitration decision operated as a finding of
1 The arbitrator also awarded Cannon $28,811.68 in interest, judicial foreclosure of its mechanic liens, $49,016.89 in attorney fees, and $6,914.50 in expert witness fees. 2 MEMC has used this term throughout the matter. See, e.g., Aplt. Br. at 3, 4, 10. 5 material breach. MEMC thus claimed that the arbitrator should not have awarded
damages. It argued that, because Cannon “materially breached the contract first,”
MEMC was excused from, and could not be held liable for, its payment obligations
under the Contract. Id. at 11. MEMC asked the district court to vacate the damages
award but “enforce” the arbitrator’s finding that Cannon had breached the Contract.
Id. at 7.
The district court denied MEMC’s application. It explained “there exists [a]
strong presumption favoring the validation of [arbitration] award[s].” Id. at 214
(quotations omitted). It further explained that vacatur is appropriate only in rare
circumstances, such as “where the arbitrators exceeded their powers.” Id. (citing 9
U.S.C. § 10(a)(4)). The court noted that under Texas law, materiality is a question of
fact that is assessed using a factor-based analysis. Because the arbitrator cited
Cimco, which outlines this factor-based approach, the district court concluded that
she correctly “found that [Cannon’s] initial conduct was a breach, not a material
breach.” Id. at 216. The district court therefore held that “the arbitrator’s
conclusions were well within her purview as the fact finder” and that “the arbitrator
was not exceeding her powers . . . by awarding damages.” Id. at 217.
II. DISCUSSION
Under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), courts “may vacate an arbitrator’s
decision only in very unusual circumstances.” THI of N.M. at Vida Encantada, LLC
v. Lovato, 864 F.3d 1080, 1082 (10th Cir. 2017) (quotations omitted). Section 10(a)
of the FAA identifies four situations where vacatur is appropriate. 9 U.S.C.
6 § 10(a)(4). Here, we consider whether the arbitrator’s decision exceeded her legal
authority under 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4).
Below, we present the highly deferential standard generally used for judicial
review of arbitral decisions. We then describe the FAA rules governing vacatur of
arbitration awards, and we discuss one rare example in which a circuit court vacated
an arbitration award after finding that the arbitrators exceeded their authority under
9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4). Applying this legal background to the present case, we conclude
that the arbitrator did not exceed her authority in issuing an award for Cannon, and
we affirm the district court’s denial of MEMC’s application for relief.
A. Legal Background
1. Standard of Review3
When analyzing a challenge to the district court’s confirmation of an
arbitration award, “we review legal questions de novo and factual findings for clear
error.” CEEG (Shanghai) Solar Sci. & Tech. Co. v. LUMOS LLC, 829 F.3d 1201,
1205 (10th Cir. 2016). We “do not owe deference to the district court’s legal
conclusions,” but we “afford maximum deference to the arbitrator’s decisions.” Id.
(quotations omitted). “Our task is to assess whether the district court correctly
3 In articulating the standard of review for challenges to arbitration decisions, this court has relied on cases arising under both the FAA, 9 U.S.C. § 10, and the Labor Management Relations Act (“LMRA”), 29 U.S.C. § 185. See, e.g., THI, 864 F.3d at 1083 (citing FAA case Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, 569 U.S. 564 (2013) and also citing LMRA cases San Juan Coal Co. v. Int’l Union of Operating Eng’rs, Local 953, 672 F.3d 1198 (10th Cir. 2012) and United Paperworkers Int’l Union v. Misco, Inc., 484 U.S. 29 (1987) (“Misco”)). 7 followed the restrictive standard that governs judicial review of an arbitrator’s
award.” THI, 864 F.3d at 1083 (10th Cir. 2017).
“[T]he standard of review of arbitral awards is among the narrowest known to
law.” Brown v. Coleman Co., Inc., 220 F.3d 1180, 1182 (10th Cir. 2000) (emphasis
added) (quotations omitted). Courts “give extreme deference to the determinations of
the [arbitrator].” Id. Courts also “exercis[e] great caution,” Ormsbee Dev. Co. v.
Grace, 668 F.2d 1140, 1147 (10th Cir. 1982), and vacate arbitration awards “only in
extraordinary circumstances.” San Juan Coal Co. v. Int’l Union of Operating Eng’rs,
Local 953, 672 F.3d 1198, 1201 (10th Cir. 2012).
The Supreme Court has said that such extraordinary circumstances exist only
when the arbitrator “strays from interpretation and application of the agreement and
effectively dispenses his own brand of industrial justice.” Major League Baseball
Players Ass’n v. Garvey, 532 U.S. 504, 509 (2001) (quotations omitted). “[E]rrors in
either the arbitrator’s factual findings or his interpretation of the law (unless that
interpretation shows a manifest disregard of controlling law) do not justify review or
reversal on the merits of the controversy.” Dish Network LLC v. Ray, 900 F.3d 1240,
1243 (10th Cir. 2018). Rather, if an arbitrator “is even arguably construing or
applying the contract and acting within the scope of his authority,” the arbitral award
should be upheld. Major League Baseball Players Ass’n, 532 U.S. at 509 (quotations
omitted).
In practice, this deferential standard means that courts “are not authorized to
reconsider the merits of an award even though the parties may allege that the award
8 rests on errors of fact or on misinterpretation of the contract.” CEEG, 829 F.3d
at 1206 (quotations omitted). Instead, a court’s “sole question” is “whether the
arbitrator (even arguably) interpreted the parties’ contract, not whether he got its
meaning right or wrong.” Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, 569 U.S. 564, 569
(2013). “As long as the arbitrator [was] even arguably construing or applying the
contract,” United Paperworkers Int’l Union v. Misco, Inc., 484 U.S. 29, 30 (1987)
(“Misco”), courts remain “highly deferential” to the arbitrator’s decisions. THI, 864
F.3d at 1084.
2. Vacating Arbitration Awards Under the FAA
Section 10(a) of the Federal Arbitration Act provides four statutory grounds
for vacating arbitration awards:
(1) where the award was procured by corruption, fraud, or undue means;
(2) where there was evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators, or either of them;
(3) where the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in refusing to postpone the hearing, upon sufficient cause shown, or in refusing to hear evidence pertinent and material to the controversy; or of any other misbehavior by which the rights of any party have been prejudiced; or
(4) where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not made.
9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(1)-(4).
MEMC seeks relief from the arbitrator’s award under 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4). As
described above, federal courts strongly defer to an arbitrator’s decisions. Because
9 of this, “a party seeking relief under § 10(a)(4) bears a heavy burden.” Oxford
Health Plans LLC, 569 U.S. at 564 (quotations omitted). “[C]onvincing a court of an
arbitrator’s error—even his grave error—is not enough” to warrant vacatur under
§ 10(a)(4). Id. at 572. “Because the parties ‘bargained for the arbitrator’s
construction of their agreement,’ an arbitral decision ‘even arguably construing or
applying the contract’ must stand, regardless of a court’s view of its (de)merits.” Id.
at 569 (quoting E. Associated Coal Corp. v. Mine Workers of Am., Dist. 17, 531 U.S.
57, 62 (2000)).
Thus, “in considering whether the arbitrator exceeded [her] powers, we
consider one question: whether the arbitrator arguably interpreted the parties’
contract, regardless of whether that interpretation was correct.” THI, 864 F.3d
at 1084. If the court finds that the arbitrator “strayed from his delegated task of
interpreting a contract,” vacatur under § 10(a)(4) is appropriate. Id. at 1088 (citing
Oxford Health Plans LLC, 569 U.S. at 572). If, however, the arbitrator’s decision
“has any contractual basis, it should not be overturned under the deferential standard
of review afforded to arbitration awards.” Id. (quotations omitted); see also San Juan
Coal Co., 672 F.3d at 1201.
Given this highly deferential approach, courts do not often find that an
arbitrator “exceeded his powers” under § 10(a)(4). In cases involving § 10(a)(4)
challenges, this circuit has generally affirmed the arbitration award. See, e.g., THI,
864 F.3d 1080 at 1088 (affirming an arbitrator’s award of costs and interests because
the award “[found] support in the terms of the Arbitration Agreement” and was a
10 “defensible construction[] of the agreement”); San Juan Coal Co., 672 F.3d at 1201
(reversing a district court’s vacatur of an arbitration award because the award “had at
least some foundation in the text of the controlling agreements”); Brown, 220 F.3d
at 1183 (reversing a district court’s vacatur of an arbitration award that, though
possibly erroneous, “was based on the contract”).
Tenth Circuit case law thus provides few examples that might warrant vacatur
of an arbitration award under § 10(a)(4),4 but one example from the Ninth Circuit is
instructive. In Coast Trading Co., Inc. v. Pac. Molasses Co., 681 F.2d 1195 (9th Cir.
1982), a buyer sued after a seller cancelled a contract for a bulk sale of peas. The
arbitrators found that the buyer improperly changed shipping instructions. Id. at
1197. The arbitrators also found that the seller was negligent in communicating with
the buyer about the problem with the shipping instructions. Rather than award
monetary relief, however, the arbitrators extended the contract and designated a new
delivery date well beyond the date specified in the original agreement. Id.
The district court vacated the arbitration award, holding that it went “beyond
the scope of the submission and [was] an arbitrary and irrational finding.” Id. at
1197. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit affirmed. The court acknowledged that it owed
significant deference to the arbitrator’s decision, and it noted that arbitration
decisions generally “will not be set aside by a court for error either in law or fact.”
Id. at 1198 (quotations omitted). But because the arbitrators’ decision exceeded the
4 MEMC has not cited any case where an arbitrator’s reading of the law was deemed so wayward as to warrant vacatur under 9 U.S.C. §10(a)(4). 11 scope of the contract and did not “draw[] its essence from the agreement,” the court
deemed the award invalid under 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4). Id. at 1197. It held:
Because the inherent nature of arbitration as a method of dispute resolution involves the agreement of the parties, we vacate this arbitration award as being contrary to remedies provided in the contract and as beyond the authority of the arbitrators under the submission. We emphasize it is not for the courts to examine the merits of an award, but the award will not be shielded from judicial scrutiny intended to insure [sic] that the award is grounded on the agreement of the parties and the issues they present for resolution.
Id. at 1198.
Coast Trading Co. is thus a rare example of an award vacated under 9 U.S.C.
§ 10(a)(4). The Ninth Circuit did not vacate the award because it was legally or
factually unsound—in fact, the court noted that it generally upholds awards even if
the “arbitrators’ view of the law [was] open to serious question.” Id. But because
the arbitrators crafted a remedy that was not contemplated in the contract, the court
determined that the arbitration award “exceeded the authority given them by the
consent of the parties” and warranted vacatur under § 10(a)(4). Id.
B. Analysis
MEMC argues that the arbitrator exceeded her authority under 9 U.S.C.
§ 10(a)(4) because her ruling was “manifestly at odds with Texas law.” Aplt. Br. at
11.5 According to MEMC, Cannon’s breach—the failure to adhere to explicit “strict
5 MEMC argues that under Texas law, any deviation from a specified “performance metric” is necessarily a material breach. Aplt. Br. at 11. Because our deferential approach does not second guess the soundness of an arbitrator’s 12 performance[] metrics”—was “material” as a matter of law. Aplt. Br. at 11-12, 15-16.
MEMC contends that it was therefore excused from its payment obligations under the
Contract. It further argues that the arbitrator exceeded her authority in awarding
damages to Cannon and requests that we vacate the award in favor of Cannon, enforce
the arbitrator’s finding of Cannon’s breach, and designate MEMC as the prevailing
party so that it may seek fees and costs upon remand.
As discussed above, we give “extreme deference” to an arbitrator’s
determinations. Brown, 220 F.3d at 1182. Accordingly, we vacate arbitral awards only
in narrow, rare circumstances—when an arbitrator “exceed[s] [her] powers,”
9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4), or “dispenses [her] own brand of industrial justice.” Major League
Baseball Player’s Ass’n, 532 U.S. 509.
Here, the arbitrator held a three-day arbitration hearing, reviewed nearly 100
exhibits, and heard arguments and evidence from both parties. She also cited the
governing Texas law on material breach and analyzed the facts using the cases the parties
interpretation of the contract or the law, we do not address this issue. But even if we did consider MEMC’s Texas law argument, our holding would remain the same. The Texas Supreme Court has stated that “materiality is an issue to be determined by the trier of facts” and should be assessed using a series of factors from the Restatement (Second) of Contracts. Cimco, 518 S.W.3d at 436 (Tex. 2017) (quotations omitted); see also Mustang Pipeline Co., 134 S.W.3d at 199 (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 241 (Am. Law Inst. 1981)). Texas courts also have specified that “materiality may be decided as a matter of law only if reasonable jurors could reach only one verdict,” Cimco, 518 S.W.3d at 436, which is not the case here. Given this precedent, MEMC’s argument is without merit. We thus summarily deny MEMC’s motion to certify the question of whether disregard of “an express, contractual performance metric” constitutes material breach as a matter of Texas state law. Aplt. Opposed Mot. Certify Questions State Law at 5. We also deny as moot MEMC’s request for leave to file a reply in support of that motion. 13 cited in their briefs (including Cimco). Based on her assessment of the facts, the
Contract, and the relevant law, the arbitrator found that MEMC breached by withholding
the payments it owed under the Contract. She also found that Cannon breached the
Contract by deviating from the design specifications.
By citing Cimco in her decision, the arbitrator demonstrated her awareness of
Texas law governing material breach. And as the district court noted, she correctly
“relied on [the Cimco] factors . . . and did not find conclusive evidence that a material
breach occurred by [Cannon].” Id. at 216. Because she determined that Cannon’s breach
was not material, and because MEMC did not sufficiently establish evidence of damages,
the arbitrator ordered MEMC to complete its payments and did not allow it to recover
damages.
We are limited to assessing whether the arbitrator interpreted the Contract and do
not consider the substance of her legal or factual conclusions. See Oxford Health Plans
LLC, 569 U.S. at 569; Misco, 484 U.S. at 38. Nothing in the arbitrator’s decision
suggests that she did not interpret the Contract. In fact, the award indicates just the
opposite. The arbitrator considered the respective clauses using relevant case law,
weighed the evidence, and decided that, even though Cannon breached, its breach did not
excuse MEMC from payment obligations. See Aplt. App. at 172-73, 172 n.1. Unlike in
Coast Trading Co., where the arbitrators created a remedy not contemplated by either
party, this arbitrator ordered MEMC to pay the money it owed under the agreement. Her
decision was thus comparable to awards we have upheld in other cases. It had “at least
some foundation in the text of the controlling agreements” and was based on a
14 “defensible construction[] of the [Contract].” San Juan Coal Co., 672 F.3d at 1201; see
also THI, 864 F.3d at 1088 (upholding an arbitral award that had “‘any’ contractual
basis”).
Because the arbitrator interpreted the Contract and applied the law of the
jurisdiction selected by the parties, she did not “dispense[] [her] own brand of industrial
justice” or exceed her authority under the agreement. Major League Baseball Players
Ass’n, 532 U.S. at 509 (quotations omitted). Vacatur is not appropriate under 9 U.S.C.
§ 10(a)(4).
III. CONCLUSION
Applying one of the narrowest standards of review known to law, we hold that the
arbitrator did not exceed her authority when she issued an arbitration award in favor of
Cannon. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of MEMC’s motion.
Entered for the Court
Scott M. Matheson, Jr. Circuit Judge