335 F.2d 709
118 U.S.App.D.C. 287
MEAT AND HIGHWAY DRIVERS, DOCKMEN, HELPERS AND MISCELLANEOUS
TRUCK TERMINAL EMPLOYEES, LOCAL UNION NO. 710, INTERNATIONAL
BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS, CHAUFFEURS, WAREHOUSEMEN AND
HELPERS OF AMERICA, Petitioner,
v.
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Respondent.
No. 18091.
United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued Feb. 13, 1964.
Decided June 25, 1964.
Mr. Bernard Dunau, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Mr. Melvin J. Welles, Attorney, National Labor Relations Board, with whom Messrs. Arnold Ordman, General Counsel, Dominick L. Manoli, Associate General Counsel, Marcel Mallet-Prevost, Asst. General Counsel, and Mrs. Janet Kohn, Attorney, National Labor Relations Board, were on the brief, for respondent.
Messrs. Earl G. Spiker and P. Gordon Stafford, Washington, D.C., filed a brief on behalf of Swift & Company, as amicus curiae.
Mr. Sidney A. Diamond, New York City, filed a brief on behalf of Armour & Co., as amicus curiae.
Before BAZELON, Chief Judge, and WASHINGTON and WRIGHT, Circuit judges.
WRIGHT, Circuit Judge:
The National Labor Relations Board has found that certain subcontracting clauses of petitioner's bargaining agreements and proposals are void under 8(e) of the Labor Act, and that economic action to obtain their provisions violated 8(b)(4)(i)(ii)(A) and (B). The subcontracting clauses involved will be referred to as the work allocation clause, the union standards clause, and the union signatory clauses. By votes of 3-2, 4-1, and 5-0, respectively, the Board found these clauses to be secondary, and thus unlawful. The union petitions to review and set aside the Board's decison, and the Board cross-petitions for enforcement.
The union here represents truck drivers employed by Wilson, Armour, Swift, and other Chicago packing companies who deliver meat and meat products in the Chicago area. The factual background of the dispute, as to which there is general agreement, is well stated in the separate opinion of Chairman McCulloch of the Board:
'For at least 20 years, meat packers in Chicago have agreed with (the union) that deliveries of meat products by truck within the Chicago area would be made directly by the packers, using their own equipment driven by employees represented by (the union). During most of this period, deliveries to customers in the Chicago area originated from the packers' plant in Chicago. Toward the end of the last decade, extensive changes in the distribution of meat products were effected as the major packers moved much of their slaughtering and processing operations outside of Chicago. The relocation of Swift, Armour, and Wilson, the three major packers, caused a sharp reduction in employment both of inside plant workers and of local drivers. Of about 330 truckdrivers employed by Swift, Armour, and Wilson at the beginning of the prior contract term in May 1958, only 80 were still employed 3 years later when negotiations began for a new agreement. Drivers employed by the packers continued to make deliveries from the remaining plant facilities in Chicago to customers within a 50 mile radius, but deliveries to customers within the same area were increasingly being made by over-the-road drivers whose runs originated from the packers' facilities outside the Chicago area. It was to the problem of recovering the jobs lost by the local drivers in the Chicago area and retaining those still performed there that the Union addressed itself in the 1961 negotiations.'
I.
The union proposals for the bargaining agreement, which were found by the Board to violate 8(e), include the work allocation clause which requires that all deliveries in Chicago, whether from within the city or from out of state, be made by local employees covered by the agreement. Under this provision the packing companies would be required to divide into two stages their shipments from out of state to Chicago consignees, terminating the interstate segment at the Chicago terminal.
The Board found that the delivery of out-of-state shipments to Chicago consignees was work historically performed, not by local drivers who were members of the bargaining unit, but by over-the-road drivers employed by interstate carriers. Thus, according to the Board, since such deliveries were not bargaining unit work, they could not be the subject of a clause which would allocate that work to the bargaining unit; to do so would require the packers to cease doing business, at least in part, with the interstate carriers, violating 8(e). In short, the Board says that the work allocation clause here provides for 'work acquisition,' not 'work preservation,' and consequently it is secondary in nature, falling outside the ambit of the cases declaring certain subcontracting clauses primary.
Resolution of the difficult issue of primary versus secondary activity, as it relates to this case, involves consideration of two factors: (1) jobs fairly claimable by the bargaining unit, and (2) preservation of those jobs for the bargaining unit. If the jobs are fairly claimable by the unit, they may, without violating either 8(e) or 8(b)(4)(A) (B), be protected by provision for, and implementation of, no-subcontracting or union standards clauses in the bargaining agreements. Activity and agreement which directly protect fairly claimable jobs are primary under the Act. Incidental secondary effects of such activity and agreement do not render them illegal. Thus the 'cease doing business' language in 8(e) cannot be read literally because inherent in all subcontracting clauses, even those admittedly primary, is refusal to deal with at least some contractors.
Applying these principles to the work allocation clause here, we find that delivery in the Chicago area, irrespective of origin of the shipment, is work fairly claimable by the union. It has been said 'that a union has always been free to bargain for the expansion of the employment opportunities within the bargaining unit.' Comment, 62 MICH.L.REV. 1176, 1190 (1964). The work here claimed is of a type which the men in the bargaining unit have the skills and experience to do. It would be difficult to deny that '(a) clause covering non-traditional work may be just as consecrated to the primary objective of bettering the lot of the bargaining unit employees and just as foreign to the congressional purpose for section 8(e) as those clauses involving only the work traditionally done within the bargaining unit.' Id. at 1189.
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335 F.2d 709
118 U.S.App.D.C. 287
MEAT AND HIGHWAY DRIVERS, DOCKMEN, HELPERS AND MISCELLANEOUS
TRUCK TERMINAL EMPLOYEES, LOCAL UNION NO. 710, INTERNATIONAL
BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS, CHAUFFEURS, WAREHOUSEMEN AND
HELPERS OF AMERICA, Petitioner,
v.
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Respondent.
No. 18091.
United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued Feb. 13, 1964.
Decided June 25, 1964.
Mr. Bernard Dunau, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Mr. Melvin J. Welles, Attorney, National Labor Relations Board, with whom Messrs. Arnold Ordman, General Counsel, Dominick L. Manoli, Associate General Counsel, Marcel Mallet-Prevost, Asst. General Counsel, and Mrs. Janet Kohn, Attorney, National Labor Relations Board, were on the brief, for respondent.
Messrs. Earl G. Spiker and P. Gordon Stafford, Washington, D.C., filed a brief on behalf of Swift & Company, as amicus curiae.
Mr. Sidney A. Diamond, New York City, filed a brief on behalf of Armour & Co., as amicus curiae.
Before BAZELON, Chief Judge, and WASHINGTON and WRIGHT, Circuit judges.
WRIGHT, Circuit Judge:
The National Labor Relations Board has found that certain subcontracting clauses of petitioner's bargaining agreements and proposals are void under 8(e) of the Labor Act, and that economic action to obtain their provisions violated 8(b)(4)(i)(ii)(A) and (B). The subcontracting clauses involved will be referred to as the work allocation clause, the union standards clause, and the union signatory clauses. By votes of 3-2, 4-1, and 5-0, respectively, the Board found these clauses to be secondary, and thus unlawful. The union petitions to review and set aside the Board's decison, and the Board cross-petitions for enforcement.
The union here represents truck drivers employed by Wilson, Armour, Swift, and other Chicago packing companies who deliver meat and meat products in the Chicago area. The factual background of the dispute, as to which there is general agreement, is well stated in the separate opinion of Chairman McCulloch of the Board:
'For at least 20 years, meat packers in Chicago have agreed with (the union) that deliveries of meat products by truck within the Chicago area would be made directly by the packers, using their own equipment driven by employees represented by (the union). During most of this period, deliveries to customers in the Chicago area originated from the packers' plant in Chicago. Toward the end of the last decade, extensive changes in the distribution of meat products were effected as the major packers moved much of their slaughtering and processing operations outside of Chicago. The relocation of Swift, Armour, and Wilson, the three major packers, caused a sharp reduction in employment both of inside plant workers and of local drivers. Of about 330 truckdrivers employed by Swift, Armour, and Wilson at the beginning of the prior contract term in May 1958, only 80 were still employed 3 years later when negotiations began for a new agreement. Drivers employed by the packers continued to make deliveries from the remaining plant facilities in Chicago to customers within a 50 mile radius, but deliveries to customers within the same area were increasingly being made by over-the-road drivers whose runs originated from the packers' facilities outside the Chicago area. It was to the problem of recovering the jobs lost by the local drivers in the Chicago area and retaining those still performed there that the Union addressed itself in the 1961 negotiations.'
I.
The union proposals for the bargaining agreement, which were found by the Board to violate 8(e), include the work allocation clause which requires that all deliveries in Chicago, whether from within the city or from out of state, be made by local employees covered by the agreement. Under this provision the packing companies would be required to divide into two stages their shipments from out of state to Chicago consignees, terminating the interstate segment at the Chicago terminal.
The Board found that the delivery of out-of-state shipments to Chicago consignees was work historically performed, not by local drivers who were members of the bargaining unit, but by over-the-road drivers employed by interstate carriers. Thus, according to the Board, since such deliveries were not bargaining unit work, they could not be the subject of a clause which would allocate that work to the bargaining unit; to do so would require the packers to cease doing business, at least in part, with the interstate carriers, violating 8(e). In short, the Board says that the work allocation clause here provides for 'work acquisition,' not 'work preservation,' and consequently it is secondary in nature, falling outside the ambit of the cases declaring certain subcontracting clauses primary.
Resolution of the difficult issue of primary versus secondary activity, as it relates to this case, involves consideration of two factors: (1) jobs fairly claimable by the bargaining unit, and (2) preservation of those jobs for the bargaining unit. If the jobs are fairly claimable by the unit, they may, without violating either 8(e) or 8(b)(4)(A) (B), be protected by provision for, and implementation of, no-subcontracting or union standards clauses in the bargaining agreements. Activity and agreement which directly protect fairly claimable jobs are primary under the Act. Incidental secondary effects of such activity and agreement do not render them illegal. Thus the 'cease doing business' language in 8(e) cannot be read literally because inherent in all subcontracting clauses, even those admittedly primary, is refusal to deal with at least some contractors.
Applying these principles to the work allocation clause here, we find that delivery in the Chicago area, irrespective of origin of the shipment, is work fairly claimable by the union. It has been said 'that a union has always been free to bargain for the expansion of the employment opportunities within the bargaining unit.' Comment, 62 MICH.L.REV. 1176, 1190 (1964). The work here claimed is of a type which the men in the bargaining unit have the skills and experience to do. It would be difficult to deny that '(a) clause covering non-traditional work may be just as consecrated to the primary objective of bettering the lot of the bargaining unit employees and just as foreign to the congressional purpose for section 8(e) as those clauses involving only the work traditionally done within the bargaining unit.' Id. at 1189.
Moreover, in the case before us, we have not work acquisition but work recapture. It is true, as the Board finds, that in the past out-of-state shipments have on occasion been delivered to consignees in the Chicago area by the interstate carrier directly, in spite of the fact that the expiring bargaining agreement with the employers here covered deliveries 'to a distance not exceeding 50 miles from the Chicago Stock Yards * * *.' But when the expiring agreement was originally entered into, practically all of the packing houses from which deliveries to the Chicago area were made were located in Chicago. Consequently, the union had no concern with the occasional shipment into the area via interstate carrier.
During the period of the expiring agreement, however, there was a dramatic change in the manner in which the employers here conduct their business. Most of the packing houses have been moved out of Chicago, so that now most of the shipments for the area out-of-state shipment. It is understandable, therefore, that the union, in bargaining for a new agreement, turned its attention to these out-of-state shipments in an effort to require that the last leg thereof be made by local drivers. Thus the union, under its new proposal, is attempting not only to retain jobs for local drivers, but to recapture some of the work lost by the movement of packing houses out of Chicago. Unquestionably, this work is fairly claimable by the local drivers, and their union's efforts in their behalf in that direction fall easily within the legitimate area of collective bargaining. We agree with Chairman McCulloch, joined by Member Brown, in dissenting from the opinion of the Board on this point:
'Deliveries to consignees in the Chicago area, regardless of origin, can justifiably be considered to be work of the employees within (the union's) unit. Even if it had never been customarily performed by unit members when it was part of an interstate haul, it is nevertheless so closely allied-- and is in part identical-- to the local deliveries previously recognized for almost 20 years to be unit work as to make bargaining about it mandatory. To hold otherwise is to say that a union may not seek to bargain with an employer either about the quantum of work, or the qualifications of its members to perform closely related work, whenever technological changes or mere changes in methods of distribution are to be effected.'
Since we view this attempt on the part of the union to maintain and regain the local delivery jobs for members of the bargaining unit as a typical primary activity, we hold the work allocation clause valid under 8(e), and economic activity to obtain it lawful under 8(b)(4).
II.
The union proposal also contained a union standards subcontracting clause which read:
'In the event that the Employer does not have sufficient equipment at any given time to deliver his then current sales or consignments within the Chicago city limits, it may contract with any cartage company whose truckdrivers enjoy the same or greater wages and other benefits as provided in this agreement for the making of such deliveries.'
The Board's basic reason for finding the subcontracting clause illegal is its view that a work standards clause accords 'the Union a veto over the decision as to who may receive the signatory employer's subcontractors' by defining 'the persons with whom the signatory employer may and may not do business.' This view, given primary place in the Board's decision and utilized as the major argument in its brief on this point, follows the distinction that clauses which regulate 'who' may receive subcontracting work are secondary, while only clauses which regulate 'when' subcontracting occurs are primary. This court has rejected that distinction in a line of cases cited in the margin. We have considered the matter once more, and re-adopt the principles of these cases.
An alternative argument advanced in the Board's brief is one stated in a concurring opinion of the Board, though not in its majority opinion. This view assumes that an overflow cause and a work standards clause would each, separately, be lawful, but challenges the combination of the two, as in the clause here, with the following argument: When combined, the work standards clause by definition covers only overflow work that could not be done by unit employees. Thus the clause attempts to regulate the conditions for work which is not in competition with unit work, and therefore could not possibly benefit unit members.
This argument would have more force if the standards clause were combined with a full employment clause rather than an overflow clause. An overflow clause may come into operation due to attrition or obsolescence of trucks, failure to buy or to lease new equipment, or the like. If for any of these reasons the employer should have an equipment shortage, under this contract he could subcontract work which his employees could do, even though some of his employees stood idle. Thus subcontracting of unit work is possible under this clause.
To protect unit work by partially deterring such employer conduct, this clause would at least remove from the employer the temptation of cheap labor through substandard contractors. This is a usual function of a standards clause, as discussed in our prior opinions. We need not assume that an employer would use such a tactic as here discussed; it is enough that the union could fear it, and seek such a clause to prevent it.
An additional reason for the Board's decision, not argued to us in the Board's brief, but given as supporting grounds ('moreover') in the Board's opinion, is that the union's object in bargaining for this clause was to aid union members generally, rather then members of the unit. We agree that such an object is secondary. See Orange Belt District Council of Painters No. 48 v. N.L.R.B., supra Note 10 (Part II).
But a finding as to the object of one party to the contract is insufficient (standing alone) to support the conclusion that the contract itself violates 8(e). Under 8(e), what the Congress has prohibited are certain contract terms, and-- as contrasted with 8(b)(4) -- the union's object is not an element of the unfair labor practice. To conclude that a contract term falling within the letter of 8(e) properly falls within its prohibition, there must be either a finding that both parties understood and acquiesced in a secondary object for the term, or a finding that secondary consequences within 8(e)'s intendment would probably flow from the clause, in view of the economic history and circumstances of the industry, the locality, and the parties.
Since, in deciding this case, the Board did not have the benefit of our recently decided cases on work standards clauses, and since it is uncertain whether it would have concluded as it did had it applied the proper standard, we will remand this issue to the Board for reconsideration in the light of the principles announced in this case and the cases herein relied upon.
III.
Certain contracts long in force between the union and some of the Chicago packers contain the following union signatory clause:
'Livestock, meat and meat products for delivery by truck to a distance not exceeding 50 miles from the Chicago Stock Yards, whether to final destination or point of transfer, shall be delivered by the Company in their own equipment except when there is a lack of equipment at individual plants or branches, and than all effort will be made to contract a cartage company who employs members of Local No. 710. * * *'
While the work allocation features of this paragraph are valid, the provision requiring or encouraging a boycott of cartage companies who do not have union contracts is a violation of 8(e). To make the selection of subcontractors turn upon union approval bears only a tenuous relation to the legitimate economic concerns of the employees in the unit, and enables the union to use secondary pressure in its dispute with the subcontractors. We therefore hold this provision void under 8(e).
With reference to this union signatory clause, the union raises the issue of the scope of the ban. The Board found objectionable only the provision 'and then all effort will be made to contract a cartage company who employs members of Local No. 710.' Nevertheless, its order ran against the entire clause. The union argues that the objectionable portion should be excised, leaving the remainder of the clause intact as a viable promise capable of enforcement in keeping with the sense of the contract. Excision of the objectionable language would give the employers greater latitude under the contract. Thus excision should be acceptable to them. And the union, certainly, would rather see the language deleted than lose the benefit of the remainder of the clause. Deletion, then, would leave the total collective bargaining agreement in a state close to the actual agreement of the parties. And deletion would satisfy totally the requirements of 8(e). Accordingly, we hold that the Board should not invalidate more of the contract than is unlawful, 'where the excess may be severed and separately condemned as it can here.' National Labor Relations Board v. Rockaway News Co., 345 U.S. 71, 79, 73 S.Ct. 519, 524, 97 L.Ed. 832 (1953).
IV.
We also note that a temporary agreement in force for a short period between the union and certain packers contained clauses which in terms restricted shipments to firms signatory to collective bargaining agreements with the union or certain affiliated Teamster unions. For the reasons stated above, such clauses are void under 8(e). Subcontracting clauses cannot be used as leverage to require secondary firms to sign union contracts. Requiring them, on pain of boycott, to sign contracts with designated unions compounds the illegality. The power of the nationwide network of Teamster unions cannot be mobilized against an employer in such a manner, for the purpose of the Congress in enacting 8(e) was to outlaw such secondary pressures. Though the clauses in question are not now in force, their validity was fully litigated below, and the imposition of clauses of such flagrant illegality raises the possibility that they may be revived unless enjoined. See Labor Board v. Mexia Textile Mills, 339 U.S. 563, 567, 70 S.Ct. 833, 94 L.Ed. 1067 (1950), and cases there cited. To the extent that the Board decree is so designed, it will be enforced.
V.
The Board also made additional unfair labor practice findings on the basis of the union's strike to achieve the clauses deemed prohibited by 8(e). The Board found that, since the disputed clauses were intended to restrict work to union members, they had the ancillary purpose of requiring the truck drivers who wished to be able to do such work to join the union. In reference to the union signatory clauses discussed above, this conclusion has merit. As limited to those clauses, the Board's decree will be enforced. Whether the union's actions with respect to the work standards clauses constituted an unfair labor practice will be remanded to the Board for decision in light of this opinion. See Part II, supra, especially Notes 18 and 19.
Since we enforce the Board's order only in part, its extension to cover union relations with 'any other employer' is unjustified. The extension to cover pressure to join 'any other labor organization' is justified, however, because the evidence shows that the union's illegal activity was intended, not merely to aid this local, but affiliated Teamster organizations as well.
Enforced in part; set aside in part; remanded in part.