Gantt, P. J.
Abraham MePike died in January, 1873. Henry 0. MePike was duly appointed administrator of his estate by the probate court of Ralls county, Missouri.
This is an appeal from the judgment of the circuit court of Ralls county, on his final settlement of said estate with Jeremiah MePike, who was appointed administrator de bonis non. On his final settlement in the probate court, the administrator claimed a balance due him from the estate of $5,079, and there was an approval of this settlement. Prom this judgment the administrator de bonis non appealed to the circuit court of Ralls county. The circuit court referred the [222]*222cause to Thos. EL Bacon, Esq., with instructions to take the testimony, hear and determine the matters in dispute and make full report to said circuit court in writing of all the testimony, together with his findings and decisions on the issues of the case.
The referee heard the cause, and the evidence was closed the ninth of March, 1886, when the further hearing was continued to June 22, 1886. At this last date the administrator, Henry C. MePike, filed his motion to strike out of his account certain charges he had made against himself for rents and the proceeds of sale in partition of certain real estate belonging to his intestate in Alton, in the state of Illinois, amounting to $13,990. This motion the referee overruled.'
The referee made his report to the circuit court of Ralls county on the sixth of December, 1886, finding a balance, due the estate from H. C. MePike of $8,425.70. Both sides filed exceptions to thiSjbpcat.
The referee, Thos. H. Bacon, Esq., having been elected judge of the circuit court, by mutual consent, he called Judge W. W. Edwaeds, of the St. Charles circuit court, to hear the exceptions to his report. Judge Edwaeds heard the cause, and rendered judgment for the estate against the administrator, H. C. MePike, for $23,858.78.
I. The first question which arises upon the rulings of the circuit court is the propriety of overruling the administrator’s motion to strike out the objections of the administrator de bonis non to the referee’s report.
The circuit court gave each side leave to file excep- . tions on or before February 1, 1887. The administrator de bonis non filed his exceptions on February 2, 1887. The extension of time was a matter within the discretion of the trial judge, and this motion was properly overruled.
[223]*223II. In Ms final settlement the administrator claimed a credit for $1,246.60, credited July 14, 1873, for the schooling, clothing and moneys laid out for his intestate, in his lifetime, in the education of Ella MePike, now Mrs. Moore. The referee heard this evidence, and allowed this credit. This account was presented in the probate court for allowance. James W. Lear appears to have been appointed administrator ad litem, and waived notice on it. It was sworn to by Ella MePike as correct at .the time, but no formal allowance was made on the record. On the hearing before the referee it appears that Miss Ella made a trip to California in 1872, with the administrator and his family. She testifies he paid her expenses, her dressmakers’ bills in St. Louis; that he paid her school accounts at Monticello, furnished her money, etc. The . administrator ^testified that for five years before her father’s deat^he^tended to placing her in school and paying her bills; that he paid the amount of the voucher “0” for her father. No exception was filed to the referee’s report allowing this credit, but the circuit court disallowed it. The learned judge simply says that the evidence does not seem to justify the credit. This credit was allowed by the probate, court in the annual settlement. It was again allowed by the referee. The evidence is uncontradicted that the administrator paid this money out for his niece in the lifetime of her father. She testifies that her father did not mean to accept it as a gift; that he was amply able to support her. The law would certainly cast on the father the reasonable education of his daughter.
We have been unable to view this charge with any suspicion. The beneficiary of this estate testifies she received the consideration. At the. time this disbursement was first allowed, section 230 of Revised Statutes, 1879, was in force in this state. By that section it was [224]*224not absolutely essential for the administrator to obtain a credit that it should have been allowed according to. law, but he might “produce such proof of the demand as would enable the claimant to recover in a suit at law.” Had the probate court refused to allow him this credit at that time, he could have made his formal proof for his allowance. It seems to us that the subsequent approval of the settlement with this credit was-tantamount to an allowance,' and the evidence before the referee not only did not overturn it, but tended to-strengthen it.
We think the court erred in setting aside this allowance. To drive this administrator into a court to-obtain a judgment now after the statute of limitations has run would work an injustice.
III. In his final settlemeht, the administrator-charged himself with the following items:
January 17, 1874 — cask of S. W. Parber & Co., rent ofjfcill... .$ 750 00*
December 29, 1874 — S. W. Parber & Co., mill rent............. 750 00
April 20, 1875 — Parber & Co., mill........................... 2,920 00
May 8, 1875 — mill rent..................................... 750 06
January 1, 1877 — rent Alton mill............................ 750 00-
December 31, 1877 — Parber mill rent........................ 750 00
December, 1878 — Parber mill rent........................... 750 00
May, 1880 — one-fourtk Alton mill............................ 6,570 00
$13,990 00-
He moved the referee to strike these charges from his account. The referee declined to do so, and the circuit court sustained the referee. That this mill was real estate in the state of Illinois seems unquestioned. No administration on it was had in that state. The testimony is that in a partition proceeding in Illinois the mill was sold by a commissioner, and the proceeds of the sale divided among the owners, Abraham MePike’s heirs; one-fourth was paid to Henry C. McPike.
[225]*225The administrator de bonis non claims that, inasmuch as the administrator on his own showing received this money belonging to the heirs, he is chargeable with it. The administrator on the other hand says that he did receive it, but not as administrator; that his bondsmen ought not to be charged with this money, which never was assets in this state.
That the courts have the right, upon final settlement being made, to examine the prior settlements, and rectify all errors or mistakes that have been made by or' against administrators, is now settled in this state. 2 Woerner’s American Law of Administration, secs. 504, 539; In re Davis, Ex’r, 62 Mo. 453.
The mere fact that an administrator has charged himself in an annual settlement with a fund that he has received as trustee, or attorney in fact, for the heirs, and not by virtue of his official character, and to which he would and'pould have no legal right, as administrator, will not estop him from asking to strike the same from his accounts on final settlement, nor prevent the probate court allowing him to do so. 2 Woerner’s American Law of Administration, sec. 513, note 6, and cases cited.
It becomes a question of great importance not only to the administrator and his sureties and the heirs of this estate, but to administrators and beneficiaries of estates generally, as to proper disposition of the rents and proceeds of sale of the Illinois real estate belonging to Abraham MePike. An administrator derives his authority to take and administer the assets of his intestate from the laws of the state in which he is appointed, and these laws of necessity have no extraterritorial sanction. Naylor’s Adm’r v. Moffatt, 29 Mo. 126; Cabanne v. Skinker, 56 Mo. 357; Scudder v. Ames, 89 Mo. 522, par. 4; In re Partnership Est. of [226]*226Ames & Co., 52 Mo. 290; State ex rel. v. Osborn, 71 Mo. 86.
The property of every person who dies in this state, whether citizen or stranger, is subject to the course of administration provided by our statutes, and is regarded as in the custody of the law for the benefit of all persons interested. Bartlett v. Hyde, 3 Mo. 490. And in this respect our laws are in harmony with the laws of administration and succession of the various states of the Union.
The laws of Illinois were not placed in evidence. In the absence of such evidence it will be presumed the common law is in force in that state, and that the title to Abraham McPike’s lands upon his death vested according to the canons of the common law. Young v. People, 35 Ill. App. 363; LeMoyne v. Quimby, 70 Ill. 399; Warren v. Lush, 16 Mo. 102; Houghtaling v. Ball, 19 Mo. 84; Meyer v. McCabe, 73 Mo. 236; Longv. Long, 79 Mo. 651. At common law the administrator had nothing whatever to do with the real estate of his intestate. It descended to the heirs. Accordingly at the common law, and in those states generally where the common law has been adopted, and only modified to the extent of permitting a sale of the lands to pay debts, it has generally been held, that where an administrator came into the possession of rents from the realty or the proceeds of sale, he was chargeable therefor individually as a trustee or trespasser, but not in his character as administrator. Newcomb v. Stebbins, 9 Metc. (Mass.) 540; Wilson v. Unselt’s Adm’r, 12 Bush (Ky.) 215; Head v. Sutton, 31 Kan. 616; Belcher v. Branch, 11 R. I. 226; Walker’s Appeal, 116 Pa. St. 419; Rodman v. Rodman, 54 Ind. 444; Kimball v. Sumner, 62 Me. 305; Calyer v. Calyer, 4 Redf. (N. Y. Sur.) 305; Gregg v. Currier, 36 N. H. 200; Scroggs v. Stevenson, 100 N. C. 354; Byrne v. Hume, 73 Mich. 392.
[227]*227In this state, however, onr statutes require the administrator to inventory' the real estate, and under the orders of the probate court he is authorized to lease the real estate, collect the rents, prosecute actions for the recovery of possession, discharge mortgages and other liens, and deliver the property to those entitled thereto, when not needed for the payment of debts. Ch. 1, art. 4, sec. 69; art. 5, secs. 93, 94; art. 7, secs. 129, 130; art. 8, sec. 145, et seq.; Lewis v. Carson, 93 Mo. 591; Gamble v. Gibson, 59 Mo. 592; Dix v. Morris, 66 Mo. 514. In this last case, the action was against the sureties on the executor’s bond. The condition of the bond was “that he should well and faithfully execute the last will and testament,” etc. “It was expressly provided in the will that the executor should have authority to sell all, or any part, of the estate, real or personal.” This unquestionably made the real estate assets in his hands, for which he and his sureties were liable.
In State to use v. Scholl, 47 Mo. 84, the real-estate interest was merely a leasehold of a saloon, a chattel. The administratrix sold it with the fixtures, and her ■sureties were liable. In holding an administrator chargeable with rents and the proceeds of sale of real estate, received by him in this state, by color of his office, this court has acted with reference to the duties •and powers conferred and enjoined by our administration law.
The underlying principle of these cases so holding is that the receiving of rents and sale of realty are clearly within the scope of a lawful exercise of his authority as administrator under certain circumstances, •and if, without an order of court, he assumes to and takes the rents or proceeds of sale by color of his office, at most it is but a wrongful or irregular exercise of a power delegated* to him by law, and he is estopped from [228]*228pleading his own failure to perform the conditions precedent to the exercise of the grant. The collection of rents and proceeds of sale of realty are within the scope of his duties as administrator. His sureties are presumed to have executed his bond with the knowledge that the due administration of the estate and the law would cast this upon him. In other words, they ■ contract with reference to just such a contingency, and bind themselves to see that he performs the conditions which would render it lawful to take these moneys as assets, and they are liable, if he really does so take them as administrator, but neglects to obtain the sanction of the courts in advance. To this extent there is no difference of opinion in the courts of this state. All agree that the administrator and his sureties are responsible for rents and proceeds of realty, received by him in this state, by color of his authority as administrator. Lewis v. Carson, 93 Mo. 587.
But, assuming as we do, that the common law obtains in Illinois, and it being clear that at common law an administrator had nothing to do with real estate, and it being equally well determined and conceded that the statutes of this state have no extraterritorial force, and that the letters of administration granted in Ralls county, Missouri, would not, under any state of case, authorize the administrator to proceed into the state of Illinois, sell real estate there situated or intermeddle with it, in any manner, by virtue of his office, if he should go there, and obtain it, it cannot be referable to his position as administrator, nor has he any official responsibility or liability with respect to the moneys so obtained, though chargeable as trustee or trespasser. Woerner’s American Law of Administration, sec. 308, note 1, and cases cited. And his sureties cannot be held liable for property acquired or acts done by him in a distinct capacity. [229]*2297 American & English Encyclopedia of Law, sec. 6, pp. 217, 218, and cases cited; Gregg v. Currier, 36 N. H. 200; McCoy v. Scott, 2 Rawle, 222; Gibson v. Farley, 16 Mass. 280. And, in determining this responsibility to account, this court must keep in mind the effect of charging or crediting the ¡administrator with the proceeds of the real estate in Illinois, on the sureties of the administrator; for this court has invariably held the judgments of the county or probate courts in administration conclusive on the sureties except in cases where fraud or collusion is shown. State v. Holt, 27 Mo. 340; Dix v. Morris, 66 Mo. 514.
If then the sureties cannot be held for the rents and proceeds of the Illinois real estate, it is because it is not a proper charge against Henry C. MePike as administrator; for they are responsible for all sums with which he is legally chargeable as such administrator. But the liability of a surety is always to be measured by his covenant, and the accounting for the proceeds of lands in a foreign state is not within the spirit or letter of his obligation. Grimes v. Commonwealth, 1 Litt. (Ky.) 6; Oldham v. Collins, 4 J. J. Marsh. 49; Neely v. Merrit, 9 Bush, 346; Speed’s Ex’r v. Nelson’s Ex’r, 8 B. Mon. 503. The evidence of the administrator is that he did not receive these rents or proceeds of the real estate in Illinois as administrator. The heirs were necessary parties to the partition case. It certainly seems reasonable that he received it as their attorney in fact or guardian ad litem, and not as administrator.
Our conclusion is that the circuit court erred in charging him with said rents that accrued after the death of Abraham MePike, and the proceeds of the sale of one-fourth interest in said mill, and the referee and the circuit court should have sustained the motion to strike out said charges except as to the charge of [230]*230$2,920, April 20, 1875, which, we think was properly chargeable against the administrator under his own evidence. His evidence precludes the idea that this was rent accruing after the death of Abraham McPike, and he says “he thinks it was due in some other way than rent.” “I think it was an account due A. McPike’s estate.” Being a mere personal debt he had a right to receive it, even in a foreign state, and as he did so it became assets with which he was chargeable. The exception to this last item was properly overruled.
IY. The next charge made by the referee and sustained by the circuit court is the sum of $4,007 as follows:
Pasturing plantation mules...................................$ 405 00
MePike and Johnson 1-2..................................... 2,237 00
Pasturing and feeding 53 young mules......................... 1,365 00
$4,007 00
The referee charged no interest on the amount, but the court did.
Both the referee and the learned circuit judge, who tried the case below, were impressed with the unsatisfactory evidence upon which they sustained this charge against the administrator. The referee was aided in reaching his conclusion by adopting this rule, that “in such a case whatever doubts arise must be prima facie against the administrator.” Whereas the learned circuit judge says: “It is not very plainly seen how, from this evidence, the conclusions have been reached, as to the accounts charged under this debit.” “The testimony on the subject seems to be quite speculative and uncertain.” “The theory or process by which the respective amounts were (reached) is not stated in the report, but the presumption is that the referee found that the value of the feed and pasturage obtained by the administrator from the lands of the estate was the aggregate stated.”
[231]*231The basis of this charge against the administrator is found in an exception made in writing in the probate court, and is as follows: The administrator de bonis non “also objects because the administrator has not charged himself with the amount of corn and hay, raised on the estate lands in Ralls county, township 55, range 5, and fed to the mules and cattle of said administrator for the individual use and benefit and profit of said administrator and to the injury and loss of said estate, and further that he fails to charge himself with the pasturage of the pasture lands of said estate, which were grazed upon and used by said administrator in fattening his individual stock, for his individual benefit, and to the loss of the estate during the years 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879 and 1880, and of the value of $10,000.”
From the testimony it appears that Abraham McPike died in January, 1873, and Henry McPike was appointed administrator. When Abraham died, Mrs. Lucy Yardeman and Jerry B. Yardeman were living on the Yardeman land in her house. Jerry Yardeman was A. McPike’s brother-in-law.
All of A. McPike’s children, except his daughter, Miss Ella, who was at school, remained with their grandmother, Mrs. Yardeman. Their mother was dead. Mrs. Yardeman had six hundred acres, Á. McPike eight hundred to one thousand acres and Jerry two hundred and eighty-nine acres, all adjoining. In the evidence all the lands of the three are called the “home place.” They were all run under one management.
At various times between 1874 and 1880, Henry McPike sent to this farm mules of his own and of the firm of Johnson & McPike. These mules were partly pastured, and partly fed with grain, and to some extent with hay. They were watered and well cared for [232]*232by Jerry Yardeman. It is for this feeding and care, that this charge is made.
Henry McPike is quite positive in his testimony that he bought the grain from the tenants on the farms of the three owners, and paid them for their grain, and that he paid Jerry Yardeman for the hay. He does not claim that he paid for the pasturage or - for the services rendered to him by Yardeman in feeding and watering. The administrator de bonis non, who is a son' of A. McPike, admits that his uncle Henry did buy some of the tenants’ corn that was fed to the mules; and one-half of the cost of pasturage, feed and value of the care of the mules of Johnson & McPike was paid to Jerry Yardeman for the heirs of A. McPike; and that he, Yardeman, used this money for the support and maintenance of the entire family, Mrs. Y., Jerry Y."1 and the heirs, and in the payment of taxes; and that' all the other products of the home place, except what was fed to the mules, were used by the family.
Now it is clear that these lands were not rented by order or direction of the probate- court. Prima facie then, the administrator had nothing to do with these lands unless they should be required to pay debts. His own testimony is unqualified that he never took charge of them as administrator, nor assumed to do so; that he gave Mr. Yardeman friendly advice in the interest of the children because they were his kinsmen. The administrator de bonis non is equally clear that it was understood by all the family that “this home place was excluded from the control of the administrator.” All agree that Jerry Yardeman had absolute management of it, and Jerry Yardeman admits that he never accounted to the administrator for rents or products received from the farm. Johnson paid him one-half for keeping the mules, and he says, Henry asked him what he owed him, and he said nothing. He does [233]*233say lie made no charge, because he thought the mules belonged to his deceased brother-in-law, but he also says that Henry McPike did not tell him, they did.
Hiving to all of these witnesses full credence, and imputing to them a desire to tell the truth, and nothing but the truth, which I think this record justifies us in doing, the conclusion is unavoidable that this was simply a private transaction between Henry McPike and McPike & Johnson and Jerry Yardeman. That it lacks the definite business-like arrangement of strangers is true, but that Henry McPike understood that Mrs. Yardeman and Jerry and the children were in the full possession and control of these lands, cannot be disputed on this record. His offer to pay Jerry Yardeman; his assistance in making Johnson pay the money to Jerry instead of collecting it himself; his failure to demand any statement of the rents from Jerry, all point in one direction. As the law did not cast upon him the possession, and he did not by color of his office assume it, and those to whom it lawfully belonged were in the actual possession and reaping the benefit of it, it would be contrary to every principle of justice to hold him and his sureties on the theory of rents received. He owed the heirs and Jerry and Mrs. Yardeman for the pasturage. He offered to pay their agent and manager, and he refused to make any charge. Hranting that in a court of conscience he might have gone farther, and paid the heirs for their share of the pasturage, still it was no part of his duty as administrator, and is not the subject of a charge in his accounts. His liability, for his individual debts should have been settled in another forum.
As said by Judge Woerner in his American Law of Administration, section 513: “On principle, it would seem to follow from the administrator’s liability to the heirs or devisees directly as a wrongdoer or tres[234]*234passer, or as their agent or trustee clehors his official status, that he is not liable in his official capacity, and, therefore, not chargeable in his administration account with the profits, rents or proceeds of sale of real estate; and it is accordingly held in many states that the probate court has no jurisdiction to try the liability of the executor or administrator in respect of real estate not legally in his charge, and that the sureties of the administrator are not bound for the funds so collected.’’ Lucy v. Lucy, 55 N. H. 9; Head v. Sutton, 31 Kan. 616; Calyer v. Calyer, 4 Redf. (N. Y. Sur.) 305. Certainly when the real estate is not legally in his charge, and he does not assume in fact to manage or control it toy virtue of his office, and deals in his individual capacity with those who are lawfully in possession, there is no'foundation for charging him as administrator, or for the probate court assuming jurisdiction to settle their differences.
It follows that, upon the undisputed facts returned by the referee, this charge cannot be sustained.
It was not a contest as to whether Henry C. McPike had collected rents as administrator, nor whether he was in direct possession of the lands on which these mules were fed as administrator, but whether he had paid what it was worth to pasture, feed and care for his individual and firm mules on lands actually occupied and controlled by the heirs, under an arrangement with their uncle and manager, Mr. Vardeman.
No one can doubt that the crops raised on the home place by Vardeman, Mrs. Vardeman and the heirs belonged to them individually. They were not turned over to the administrator to pay debts or liabilities of the estate, but for his individual purposes. To permit him, or the heirs either, to put this- into his administration account and charge his sureties therefor would be unjust and establishing a bad precedent.
[235]*235The remaining objection to the action of the referee and circuit court is the refusal to allow the administrator interest on moneys advanced by him to the estate. In this respect there was no error.
It was his misfortune, if as indorser or surety he was compelled to pay, in advance-of funds of the estate, claims against the estate. "When he paid them, he then became the owner of the demand or allowance, and was authorized to retain payment pro rata with other claims of their class from funds he might receive, and receive the interest they were bearing. The law will not permit any other rule. It follows then that the judgment of the circuit court is reversed, with directions to that court to allow the administrator the items of $1,246.60, paid July 14, 1873, voucher “C,” in his second annual settlement,' approved by the probate court and referee, and disallowed by Judge Edwakds, with interest at the same rate that he is charged on his debits, and to strike from the debits charged against him the sum of $11,070, the amount of rent received on the Alton mill and the proceeds of sale in partition in Illinois of said real estate, and the interest charged on said sum by the court in its accounting with him, and with the further directions to strike from the debits or charges allowed against him the sum of $4,007, charged against him for feeding, caring for and pasturing mules for the administrator, and the firm of Johnson & MePike, and the interest thereon, also, and to strike out and disallow all commissions allowed on said items, if any, in stating the accounting.
Otherwise the judgment of the circuit court is approved. The • administrator is allowed the costs of this appeal.