SMITH, P. J.
The plaintiff sued upon a judgment obtained by one Alfred Gulick against defendant on the 20th day of April, 1878, in the circuit court of Champaign county, Illinois. It is alleged in the petition that said Alfred Gulick in April, 1878, assigned said judgment to Jesse R. Gulick; that said Jesse R. Gulick on the 17th' day of July, 1883, assigned the same to Francis M. W. Price; that said Francis M. W. Price on the 12th day of July, 1885, made an assignment thereof to plaintiff, Frederick E. Price; that defendant had notice of all of said assignments, and that said judgment has not been paid.
The parties differ as to what construction should be put upon the answer, which is as follows:
[540]*540“Now comes defendant and for answer to the petition of plaintiff, admits that the circuit court of Champaign county, Illinois, is a court of general jurisdiction, and on April 20,1878, one Alfred G-uliek obtained judgment against this defendant in said court. For further answer, defendant denies each and every allegation of said petition. Further answering, defendant says that the cause of action herein sued upon is a judgment, and that the same accrued more than ■ ten years prior to the date of the institution of this suit, and more than ten years after the date of the last credit thereon, or payment of any part thereof. ’ ’
The cause was tried.before a jury. The defendant objected to the introduction of the-transcript of the judgment of the Illinois court for several reasons, viz.: That it was not attested as required by law, and that it did not show that the court had jurisdiction. There were other objections which will further along be considered. It is claimed by the plaintiff that the admission or rejection of the transcript, so far as it went to establish the fact that a judgment, such as declared upon, had been rendered by a court of competent authority, was immaterial, as that fact was admitted by the defendant’s answer. This claim, we think, should be conceded for the answer admits the rendition of a judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction, and the defendant will not be heard to say that his admission only went to the extent of admitting a judgment had been rendered, but not the one declared on, which would be equivalent to no admission. The courts will not tolerate such quibbling. The law presumes that when defendant stated that he was admitting a fact, it was a fact which was in issue, and not the admission of one that was not in the case. And we are further satisfied that the defendant, by his answer, not only admitted that the judgment sued on had been rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction, but that pleaded had been so rendered. That part of the answer pleading the statute [541]*541of limitations uses these words: “That the cause of action herein sued upon, ip a judgment, and that the same accrued more than ten years, ’ ’ etc. If the cause of action sued upon is a judgment, we suppose that it is good for all that is included within its four corners. It was not therefore necessary for the plaintiff to introduce said record to- prove the amount of his judgment, as he thought he was compelled to- do, and it follows that the admission of such record, whether it was competent evidence or not, was immaterial, as the judgment as pleaded stood confessed by the defendant’s answer.
It is next contended by defendant that there was error in the admission of the- various assignments, as they were not properly proved. The first ¡assignment was that of Alfred Gfulick, the plaintiff in the judgment, to Jesse R. Gfulick. To- prove said assignment plaintiff offered in evidence a copy of the records of said Illinois court, which is as follows, to-wit:
“State of Illinois, Champaign county, ss. In the Circuit Court, March Term, 1878. Alfred Gfulick v. J, M. Clevenger: For value received I hereby sell, assign and set over to J. R. Gfulick all my right and interest in and to the judgment rendered in the above case in my favor and against the said J.' M. Clevenger, this 19th day of April, A. D., 1878. Alfred Gfulick.”
The assignment shows that it was made on the 19th of April, whereas the judgment was not rendered until the 20th of said month; but it was shown that this was a mistake, as the paper was in fact executed on the day of rendition of the judgment.
The objection made to this paper was that it is not the best evidence; that the law required the production of the original. The answer to this objection was that it was on file in records of the Illinois court, and not in the power of the plaintiff to produce it. As it is conceded that in equity, though not in common law, a judgment may be assigned, the question arises, in what way can such an assignment be proved? In equity, the suit [542]*542would have to be in the name of the assignor; but under our statute we have no. doubt but what the assignee may prosecute the action in his own name. Bartlett v. Eddy, 49 Mo. App. 32.
In the absence of proof of the statutes of Illinois, the presumption is that the common law prevails there. McPike v. McPike, 111 Mo. 216; Roll v. St. Louis Min. Co., 52 Mo. App. 60; Benne v. Schnecko, 100 Mo. 250; Burdict v. Railroad, 123 Mo. 221. Such being the case, there could have been no common-law assignment of the judgment in question, but under the rule in Bartlett v. Eddy, supra, it had vitality as an equitable assignment. But the trouble is, the proof of the existence of such assignment. In the absence of proof that the statutes of Illinois provide how the assignment of judgments may be made and authenticated, we are governed by the general rules of evidence regulating the proof of execution of like instruments. It is primary law that the best evidence in such cases' is first to prove the execution of the writing, and then the writing itself must be in troduced, if not lost or destroyed and if in the power ol the party to produce it. If not in the power of the party to produce it, then its contents can be shown by any competent evidence, like any other fact.
J. R. Gnlich deposed to the effect that, “the signature appended at the bottom” of the assignment was that of Alfred Grulich, the plaintiff in the judgment; that he wrote the assignment and was present when he executed it, and that the paper read in evidence at the trial of the present case was a complete copy of it. ’ P. M. W. Price, a witness for plaintiff, deposed that the said assignment was in the custody of the clerk of the circuit court of Champaign county, in the State of Illinois. It is thus seen that the assignment was neither in the custody of the plaintiff nor defendant, but in that of a person who was beyond the jurisdiction of the court, and therefore not within the reach of its writ or subpoena duces tecum. And since it appears that the [543]*543paper received in evidence was a complete copy of the original assignment, and that snch original was executed by the plaintiff in the judgment, no reason is seen why its reception was not proper. Ins. Co. v. Cohen, 9 Mo. 443 (l. c.); Carr v. Carr, 36 Mo. l. c. 412; Lewin v. Dille, 17 Mo. 64. The fact that the copy of the assignment was certified by the clerk of an Illinois court of record did not of itself authorize the admission of that instrument in evidence.
The defendant further objected to the introduction of a copy of the assignment from J. R. Gfulick to Francis M. W. Price.
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SMITH, P. J.
The plaintiff sued upon a judgment obtained by one Alfred Gulick against defendant on the 20th day of April, 1878, in the circuit court of Champaign county, Illinois. It is alleged in the petition that said Alfred Gulick in April, 1878, assigned said judgment to Jesse R. Gulick; that said Jesse R. Gulick on the 17th' day of July, 1883, assigned the same to Francis M. W. Price; that said Francis M. W. Price on the 12th day of July, 1885, made an assignment thereof to plaintiff, Frederick E. Price; that defendant had notice of all of said assignments, and that said judgment has not been paid.
The parties differ as to what construction should be put upon the answer, which is as follows:
[540]*540“Now comes defendant and for answer to the petition of plaintiff, admits that the circuit court of Champaign county, Illinois, is a court of general jurisdiction, and on April 20,1878, one Alfred G-uliek obtained judgment against this defendant in said court. For further answer, defendant denies each and every allegation of said petition. Further answering, defendant says that the cause of action herein sued upon is a judgment, and that the same accrued more than ■ ten years prior to the date of the institution of this suit, and more than ten years after the date of the last credit thereon, or payment of any part thereof. ’ ’
The cause was tried.before a jury. The defendant objected to the introduction of the-transcript of the judgment of the Illinois court for several reasons, viz.: That it was not attested as required by law, and that it did not show that the court had jurisdiction. There were other objections which will further along be considered. It is claimed by the plaintiff that the admission or rejection of the transcript, so far as it went to establish the fact that a judgment, such as declared upon, had been rendered by a court of competent authority, was immaterial, as that fact was admitted by the defendant’s answer. This claim, we think, should be conceded for the answer admits the rendition of a judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction, and the defendant will not be heard to say that his admission only went to the extent of admitting a judgment had been rendered, but not the one declared on, which would be equivalent to no admission. The courts will not tolerate such quibbling. The law presumes that when defendant stated that he was admitting a fact, it was a fact which was in issue, and not the admission of one that was not in the case. And we are further satisfied that the defendant, by his answer, not only admitted that the judgment sued on had been rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction, but that pleaded had been so rendered. That part of the answer pleading the statute [541]*541of limitations uses these words: “That the cause of action herein sued upon, ip a judgment, and that the same accrued more than ten years, ’ ’ etc. If the cause of action sued upon is a judgment, we suppose that it is good for all that is included within its four corners. It was not therefore necessary for the plaintiff to introduce said record to- prove the amount of his judgment, as he thought he was compelled to- do, and it follows that the admission of such record, whether it was competent evidence or not, was immaterial, as the judgment as pleaded stood confessed by the defendant’s answer.
It is next contended by defendant that there was error in the admission of the- various assignments, as they were not properly proved. The first ¡assignment was that of Alfred Gfulick, the plaintiff in the judgment, to Jesse R. Gfulick. To- prove said assignment plaintiff offered in evidence a copy of the records of said Illinois court, which is as follows, to-wit:
“State of Illinois, Champaign county, ss. In the Circuit Court, March Term, 1878. Alfred Gfulick v. J, M. Clevenger: For value received I hereby sell, assign and set over to J. R. Gfulick all my right and interest in and to the judgment rendered in the above case in my favor and against the said J.' M. Clevenger, this 19th day of April, A. D., 1878. Alfred Gfulick.”
The assignment shows that it was made on the 19th of April, whereas the judgment was not rendered until the 20th of said month; but it was shown that this was a mistake, as the paper was in fact executed on the day of rendition of the judgment.
The objection made to this paper was that it is not the best evidence; that the law required the production of the original. The answer to this objection was that it was on file in records of the Illinois court, and not in the power of the plaintiff to produce it. As it is conceded that in equity, though not in common law, a judgment may be assigned, the question arises, in what way can such an assignment be proved? In equity, the suit [542]*542would have to be in the name of the assignor; but under our statute we have no. doubt but what the assignee may prosecute the action in his own name. Bartlett v. Eddy, 49 Mo. App. 32.
In the absence of proof of the statutes of Illinois, the presumption is that the common law prevails there. McPike v. McPike, 111 Mo. 216; Roll v. St. Louis Min. Co., 52 Mo. App. 60; Benne v. Schnecko, 100 Mo. 250; Burdict v. Railroad, 123 Mo. 221. Such being the case, there could have been no common-law assignment of the judgment in question, but under the rule in Bartlett v. Eddy, supra, it had vitality as an equitable assignment. But the trouble is, the proof of the existence of such assignment. In the absence of proof that the statutes of Illinois provide how the assignment of judgments may be made and authenticated, we are governed by the general rules of evidence regulating the proof of execution of like instruments. It is primary law that the best evidence in such cases' is first to prove the execution of the writing, and then the writing itself must be in troduced, if not lost or destroyed and if in the power ol the party to produce it. If not in the power of the party to produce it, then its contents can be shown by any competent evidence, like any other fact.
J. R. Gnlich deposed to the effect that, “the signature appended at the bottom” of the assignment was that of Alfred Grulich, the plaintiff in the judgment; that he wrote the assignment and was present when he executed it, and that the paper read in evidence at the trial of the present case was a complete copy of it. ’ P. M. W. Price, a witness for plaintiff, deposed that the said assignment was in the custody of the clerk of the circuit court of Champaign county, in the State of Illinois. It is thus seen that the assignment was neither in the custody of the plaintiff nor defendant, but in that of a person who was beyond the jurisdiction of the court, and therefore not within the reach of its writ or subpoena duces tecum. And since it appears that the [543]*543paper received in evidence was a complete copy of the original assignment, and that snch original was executed by the plaintiff in the judgment, no reason is seen why its reception was not proper. Ins. Co. v. Cohen, 9 Mo. 443 (l. c.); Carr v. Carr, 36 Mo. l. c. 412; Lewin v. Dille, 17 Mo. 64. The fact that the copy of the assignment was certified by the clerk of an Illinois court of record did not of itself authorize the admission of that instrument in evidence.
The defendant further objected to the introduction of a copy of the assignment from J. R. Gfulick to Francis M. W. Price. It appears from the deposition of the said Price, taken in the State of Nebraska, that he was in possession of the original assignment — and that the said copy was made by him and furnished the notary'who took his deposition, to be filed therewith .as an exhibit. He deposed to the execution of the original by J. R. Gulick. The original was not in the possession of either plaintiff-or defendant, but in'that of one who was beyond the jurisdiction of the court, and therefore what was said in respect to the copy of the assignment from Alfred to J. R. Gulick is equally applicable to that from the latter to Price. No error is perceived in the action of the court in admitting, over the obj ections of the defendant, the original assignment from Price to Price, since the same was admitted to be genuine.
After all, the vital question in the case is, whether of not it was essential, in order to impart any efficacy to the several assignments, to give the judgment debtor notice thereof? It will be remembered this judgment was rendered in the State of Illinois where the common law is presumed to exist. At common law, a judgment not being in itself negotiable, could not be assigned so as to vest the legial title in the assignee. He could only take an equitable interest therein, which was subject to every equity and charge which attached to the judgment in the hands of the assignor. Nor could he maintain an action thereon in his own name. But while the as[544]*544signment did not at common law vest the legal title to the judgment in the assignee, it did vest in him the equitable title thereto. Ins. Co. v. Cohen, 9 Mo. l. c. 442-3; Heath v. Powers, 9 Mo. 776; Love v. Fairfield, 13 Mo. 301; Bank v. Bulkley, 68 Mo. App. 327; Bartlett v. Eddy, 49 Mo. App. 38; Hatchett v. Emerson, 73 Mo. App. 282; Black on Judgments (2 Ed.), secs. 940, 948. A parol assignment will vest the equitable- title to the judgment in the assignee. Bank v. Bulkley, ante; Emory v. Joice, 70 Mo. 537; Black on Judgments, sec. 945.
The statutory mode of assigning judgment is cumulative rather than exclusive and does not prevent the judgment creditor from making an equitable assignment in other lawful ways. Burgess v. Cave, 52 Mo. 43; Tutt v. Couzins, 50 Mo. 152; Frybarger v. Andre, 106 Ind. 337; Black on Judgments, sec. 947. But our statute providing for the assignment of judgments refers only to judgments rendered in any of the courts of this State. Baker v. Stonebraker, 34 Mo. l. c. 176.
So far as shown, the law of Illinois did not require the assignments to be of record, and when the plaintiff, as he did, proved the assignments he thereby established his equitable ownership of the judgment and his right to sue thereon in his own name in the courts of this State. Baker v. Stonebraker, ante; Bartlett v. Eddy, ante; Black on Judgments, sec. 951. And this, too, without notice to- the judgment debtor. Undoubtedly, the assignment would not have the effect to vest in the assignee a perfect and indefeasible title to the judgment until notice is given to the judgment debtor. Heath v. Powers, 9 Mo. 775; Murdoch v. Finney, 21 Mo. 138. But it is said by Judge Scott in the last cited case, the law is well settled that £ £ as between the assignor and assignee, the equitable- right will pass without any notice to- the debtor, for the assignor is bound from the moment of the contract.” Until a judgment debtor has notice of the assignment he will be [545]*545protected as against the assignee in respect to any payments he may make to the judgment creditor. The former can not he bound by the assignment until he have notice of it. As was said in Heath v. Powers, ante, “We are thrown back upon the equitable principles which govern courts of law in protecting the rights of the assignee of a chose in action, and that principle requires the assignee to- give notice of his interest, otherwise a payment to the obligor or a discharge of him will defeat it. ’ ’
Prom these considerations it is made to appear that an equitable assignment of a judgment passes a defeasible interest in the judgment which does not become indefeasible until notice is given to the judgment debtor of such assignment. By the failure' to give notice it is the assignee and not the judgment debtor whose rights in consequence thereof are put in jeopardy. Until such notice, the judgment debtor may safely pay the judgment to the judgment plaintiff in satisfaction and discharge thereof; or the latter may assign it to some one else, and if he first give notice his equity will be superior to that of the first assignee, so it is the assignee and not the judgment debtor who is generally to be most injuriously affected by the failure to give notice. It is therefore plain that in no case is the giving of notice to the judgment debtor a condition precedent to the acquisition of a defeasible title or interest in the judgment under an assignment of it.
We are unable to discover that the appeal raises, any objection to the judgment which would justify us in overthrowing it, and it will accordingly be affirmed.
All concur.