UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF IDAHO
LLOYD HARDIN McNEIL, Case No. 1:19-cv-00406-BLW Petitioner, MEMORANDUM DECISION AND v. ORDER
JOSH TEWALT, Director, Idaho Department of Correction,
Respondent.
Pending before the Court is a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus filed by Idaho state prisoner Lloyd Hardin McNeil (“Petitioner”), challenging Petitioner’s state court convictions. Dkt. 3. Respondent has filed a Motion for Partial Summary Dismissal, arguing that some of Petitioner’s claims are procedurally defaulted without excuse. Dkt. 39. The Motion is now ripe for adjudication. The Court takes judicial notice of the records from Petitioner’s state court proceedings, which have been lodged by Respondent. Dkt. 23, 38, 48; see Fed. R. Evid. 201(b); Dawson v. Mahoney, 451 F.3d 550, 551 n.1 (9th Cir. 2006). Having carefully reviewed the record, including the state court record, the Court finds that oral argument is unnecessary. See D. Idaho L. Civ. R. 7.1(d). Accordingly, the Court enters the following Order granting Respondent’s Motion and dismissing with prejudice Claims B(1) through B(8), B(12), D, and E.
BACKGROUND The facts underlying Petitioner’s convictions are set forth clearly and accurately in State v. McNeil, 313 P.3d 48, 51 (Idaho Ct. App. 2013). The facts
will not be repeated here except as necessary to explain the Court’s decision. After a jury trial in the Fourth Judicial District Court in Ada County, Idaho, Petitioner was convicted of voluntary manslaughter (a lesser-included offense of second-degree murder, of which Petitioner was acquitted), first-degree arson, and
grand theft. Id. He was sentenced to consecutive prison terms of 15 years fixed for manslaughter, 25 years with 10 years fixed for arson, and 14 years for grand theft, for a total of 54 years with 25 years fixed. Id. The trial court denied Petitioner’s
motion for reduction of sentence under Idaho Criminal Rule 35. Petitioner appealed, arguing that insufficient evidence supported the manslaughter conviction, that the prosecutor committed misconduct during closing argument, and that the trial court abused its discretion, under Idaho law, when it
imposed sentence and denied Petitioner’s Rule 35 motion. State’s Lodging B-1. The Idaho Court of Appeals affirmed, and the Idaho Supreme Court denied review. State’s Lodging B-5; B-6; B-7. Before the conclusion of Petitioner’s appeal from his convictions and sentence, he filed another direct appeal, this time from the trial court’s order of
restitution. Petitioner argued that the trial court erred in overruling objections to part of the restitution order. State’s Lodging D-1. The Idaho Court of Appeals agreed, vacated the restitution order, and remanded so the trial court could amend
the order. State’s Lodging D-4. The Idaho Supreme Court initially granted the state’s petition for review, but later dismissed the petition as improvidently granted. State’s Lodging D-9. Petitioner filed a petition for state post-conviction relief and was appointed
counsel. The operative second amended petition asserted, in relevant part, 15 claims of ineffective assistance of counsel—along with one claim of cumulative prejudice from these alleged errors. State’s Lodging E-1 at 169–87. The state
district court summarily dismissed the petition. Id. at 378–383. Petitioner appealed, challenging the dismissal of three claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. State’s Lodging F-3. The Idaho Court of Appeals affirmed, and the Idaho Supreme Court denied review. State’s Lodging F-6; F-9.
While Petitioner’s post-conviction appeal was still pending, Petitioner filed several motions in the state district court. State’s Lodging G-1. Among them was a motion for relief from judgment under Rule 60(b)(6) of the Idaho Rules of Civil
Procedure. Id. at 9–15. The motion alleged that Petitioner’s post-conviction counsel “disregarded” twelve claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Id. at 14–15. The trial court denied the motion, concluding (1) that the motion was
untimely, and (2) that it failed on the merits in any event. Id. at 38–40. Petitioner appealed the denial of his Rule 60(b) motion. The Idaho Court of Appeals affirmed on the same alternate bases as the trial court: that the motion was
both untimely and subject to dismissal on the merits. State’s Lodging H-4. The Idaho Supreme Court denied review. State’s Lodging H-7. In this federal habeas corpus petition, Petitioner asserts the following claims: Claim A: Insufficient evidence to support (1) the manslaughter conviction, (2) the arson conviction, and (3) the grand theft conviction. Claim B: Ineffective assistance of counsel based on the following twelve grounds: (1) Counsel stipulated to the admission of an exhibit that had previously been excluded; (2) Counsel failed to call a fire investigation expert; (3) Counsel failed to object to Exhibit 295 on the grounds that it violated Petitioner’s right to be free from compelled self-incrimination; (4) Counsel failed to investigate the origin of State’s Exhibit 3; (5) Counsel failed to object to State’s Exhibit 110; (6) Counsel failed “to investigate inconsistencies as regards the timing of alleged events”; (7) Counsel failed to call Joseph R. Riso as a witness; (8) Counsel failed “to secure DNA testing of cigarette butts”; (9) Counsel failed to request a mistrial after a juror had seen Petitioner when he was in the back seat of a sheriff’s vehicle; (10) Counsel failed to request a mistrial “after improper juror communication with [a] third party”; (11) Counsel failed to investigate a defense to the charge of grand theft; and (12) Counsel failed “to engage [in] plea negotiations.” Claim C: Prosecutorial misconduct based on (1) commenting on Petitioner’s silence, (2) appealing to the passions and prejudices of the jury, (3) stating falsely that the defense had conceded guilt on the theft charge, and (4) insulting and denigrating defense counsel. Claim D: Cumulative error. Claim E: Judicial bias. See Suppl. Pet., Dkt. 14, at 11–39; see also Succ. Rev. Order, Dkt. 17, at 1–2. The Court previously reviewed the Petition and allowed Petitioner to proceed on his claims to the extent those claims “(1) are cognizable in a federal habeas corpus action, (2) were timely filed in this Court, and (3) were either properly exhausted in state court or subject to a legal excuse for any failure to exhaust in a proper manner.” Succ. Rev. Order at 2. Respondent now argues that the following claims are procedurally defaulted
without excuse: Claims B(1) through B(8), Claim B(12), Claim D, and Claim E. For the reasons that follow, the Court agrees and will dismiss those claims with prejudice.1
DISCUSSION 1. Standard of Law Governing Summary Dismissal The Rules Governing § 2254 Cases (“Habeas Rules”) authorize the Court to summarily dismiss a petition for writ of habeas corpus when “it plainly appears
from the face of the petition and any attached exhibits,” as well as those records subject to judicial notice, “that the petitioner is not entitled to relief in the district court.” Habeas Rule 4. Where appropriate, as here, a respondent may file a motion
for summary dismissal, rather than an answer. White v. Lewis, 874 F.2d 599, 602 (9th Cir. 1989). 2. Claims B(1) through B(8), B(12), D, and E Are Procedurally Defaulted Without Excuse A. Procedural Default Standards of Law A habeas petitioner must exhaust his or her remedies in the state courts before a federal court can grant relief on constitutional claims. O’Sullivan v.
Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 842 (1999). To do so, the petitioner must invoke one
1 It appears as though Claims A(2) and A(3) may also be procedurally defaulted. Compare Suppl. to Pet., Dkt. 14, at ECF pp.11–16 (petition arguing insufficient evidence for manslaughter, arson, and theft), with State’s Lodging B-1 at 5–13 (state appellate brief arguing insufficient evidence for manslaughter only). However, because Respondent did not argue procedural default as to Claims A(2) or A(3), the Court will not consider the issue at this time, but may revisit it at a later date. complete round of the state’s established appellate review process, fairly presenting all constitutional claims to the state courts so that they have a full and
fair opportunity to correct alleged constitutional errors at each level of appellate review. Id. at 845. In a state that has the possibility of discretionary review in the highest appellate court, like Idaho, the petitioner must have presented all of his
federal claims at least in a petition seeking review before that court. Id. at 847. “Fair presentation” requires a petitioner to describe both the operative facts and the legal theories upon which the federal claim is based. Gray v. Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 162–63 (1996).
The mere similarity between a federal claim and a state law claim, without more, does not satisfy the requirement of fair presentation. See Duncan v. Henry, 513 U.S. 364, 365-66 (1995) (per curiam). General references in state court to
“broad constitutional principles, such as due process, equal protection, [or] the right to a fair trial,” are likewise insufficient. See Hiivala v. Wood, 195 F.3d 1098, 1106 (9th Cir. 1999). For proper exhaustion, a petitioner must bring his federal claim before the state court by “explicitly” citing the federal legal basis for his
claim. Lyons v. Crawford, 232 F.3d 666, 669 (9th Cir. 2000), as amended, 247 F.3d 904 (9th Cir. 2001). When a habeas petitioner has not fairly presented a constitutional claim to
the highest state court, and the state court would now refuse to consider it because of the state’s procedural rules, the claim is said to be procedurally defaulted. Gray, 518 U.S. at 161-62. Procedurally defaulted claims include the following: (1) when
a petitioner has completely failed to raise a claim before the Idaho courts; (2) when a petitioner has raised a claim, but has failed to fully and fairly present it as a federal claim to the Idaho courts; and (3) when the Idaho courts have rejected a
claim on an adequate and independent state procedural ground. Id.; Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 32 (2004); Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). B. Claims B(1) through B(8), Claim B(12), Claim D, and Claim E Are Procedurally Defaulted The most straightforward manner in which to resolve the exhaustion and procedural default status of Petitioner’s federal claims is to review which claims were raised and addressed on the merits in the state court appellate proceedings
and compare them to the subject matter of the claims in this action. Petitioner had four state court appeals relevant to this case. In the first appeal, Petitioner asserted claims under Idaho state law and federal law. His
federal claims were that (1) insufficient evidence supported the manslaughter conviction and (2) the prosecutor committed misconduct by commenting on Petitioner’s silence, making inflammatory comments, stating that the defense had
conceded guilt as to grand theft, and denigrating defense counsel. State’s Lodging B-1. These claims correspond to Claim A(1) and Claim C. No other federal claims were presented to the Idaho Supreme Court in this first appeal. In his second appeal, Petitioner argued that a portion of the restitution order was incorrect in violation of Idaho state law. State’s Lodging D-1. Petitioner did
not raise any federal claims in this appeal. On appeal from the dismissal of Petitioner’s post-conviction petition, he asserted three claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Petitioner argued that
counsel unreasonably failed (1) to investigate a defense to the grand theft charge; (2) to inquire of a juror who saw Petitioner in police custody during trial; and (3) to move for a mistrial based on juror communication with the victim’s uncle during trial. State’s Lodging F-3. These claims correspond to Claims B(9), B(10), and
B(11). Petitioner did not raise any other ineffective assistance claims (the other Claim B sub-claims), nor did he raise a claim of cumulative error (Claim D) or judicial bias (Claim E).
In the final state court appeal, Petitioner asserted that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his Rule 60(b) motion as timely and on the merits. Petitioner’s merits-based argument relied on the alleged ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel, which is not an independent basis for federal habeas relief
and which did not serve to fairly present any of Petitioner’s federal claims. See Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 554 (1987) (“Our cases establish that the right to appointed counsel extends to the first appeal of right, and no further.”). Petitioner asserts that he presented his judicial bias claim to the Idaho Supreme Court when he filed a document entitled, “Petition for a Peremptory Writ
of “Mandamus Directing the District Court to Rule on Multiple Motions.” Resp. in Opp. to Mot. Summ. Dismissal, Dkt. 44, at 9. Petitioner filed this mandamus petition on December 9, 2019, while his Rule 60(b) motion was pending. The state
district court issued its decision denying that motion on January 14, 2020, and the Idaho Supreme Court denied the mandamus petition two weeks later State’s Lodging G-1 at 6, 41. But a petition seeking a writ of mandamus cannot be used to raise a claim
that was not included in the post-conviction petition in the first place. Rather, a mandamus petition simply seeks an order compelling a public official to act. See Kolp v. Bd. of Trustees of Butte Cnty. Joint Sch. Dist. No. 111, 629 P.2d 1153,
1156 (1981) (stating that mandamus is appropriate “only when the party seeking the writ has a clear legal right to have an act performed, the officer against whom the writ is sought has a clear duty to act[,] and the act [is] ministerial and [does] not require the exercise of discretion”) (internal quotation marks and alterations
omitted). Thus, Petitioner’s petition for writ of mandamus could not serve to properly and separately exhaust a claim of judicial bias. As seen from the above description of Petitioner’s state appellate
proceedings, Petitioner did not fairly present Claims B(1) through B(8), B(12), D, or E to the Idaho Supreme Court. Therefore, those claims are procedurally defaulted.2
However, that conclusion does not end the inquiry. A federal district court can hear the merits of a procedurally defaulted claim, but only if the petitioner meets one of two exceptions: (1) a showing of adequate legal cause for the default
and prejudice arising from the default, or (2) a showing of actual innocence. Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986), Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 329 (1995). C. Petitioner Has Not Established Cause and Prejudice to Excuse the Default To show “cause” for a procedural default, a petitioner must ordinarily demonstrate that some objective factor external to the defense impeded his or his
counsel’s efforts to comply with the state procedural rule at issue. Murray, 477 U.S. at 488. To show “prejudice,” a petitioner generally bears “the burden of showing not merely that the errors [in his proceeding] constituted a possibility of
prejudice, but that they worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage, infecting his entire [proceeding] with errors of constitutional dimension.” United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 170 (1982).
2 The Court reiterates that it has not yet decided the procedural default status of Claim A(2) or A(3). Ineffective assistance of counsel (“IAC”) may constitute cause for a default. For example, the failure on appeal to raise a meritorious claim of trial error—or the
failure at trial to preserve a claim for appeal—may render that claim procedurally defaulted. See Edwards v. Carpenter, 529 U.S. 446, 452 (2000) (“[I]n certain circumstances counsel’s ineffectiveness in failing properly to preserve the claim
for review in state court will suffice.”). However, for IAC—whether at trial or on direct appeal—to serve as cause to excuse a default, that IAC claim must itself have been separately presented to the state appellate courts. Id. (“A claim of ineffective assistance ... generally must be presented to the state courts as an
independent claim before it may be used to establish cause for a procedural default.”) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). In other words, before a federal court can consider ineffective assistance of
trial or direct appeal counsel as cause to excuse the default of an underlying habeas claim, a petitioner generally must have presented the ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a procedurally proper manner to the state courts, such as in a post- conviction relief petition, including through the level of the Idaho Supreme Court.
If the ineffective assistance asserted as cause was not fairly presented to the state courts, a petitioner must show an excuse for that separate default, as well. Id. at 453 (“[A]n ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim asserted as cause for the
procedural default of another claim can itself be procedurally defaulted.”). A petitioner does not have a federal constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel during state post-conviction proceedings. Finley, 481 U.S. at
554; Bonin v. Vasquez, 999 F.2d 425, 430 (9th Cir. 1993). Therefore, the general rule is that any errors of counsel during a post-conviction action cannot serve as cause to excuse a procedural default. Coleman, 501 U.S. at 752.
However, the Supreme Court established an exception to that general rule in Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012). Martinez held that, in limited circumstances, “[i]nadequate assistance of counsel at initial-review collateral proceedings may establish cause for a prisoner’s procedural default of a claim of ineffective
assistance at trial.” Id. at 9. Martinez does not apply to any claims other than ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel (“IATC”) claims. Davila v. Davis, 137 S. Ct. 2058, 2063 (2017); Hunton v. Sinclair, 732 F.3d 1124, 1126–27 (9th Cir. 2013).
The Martinez cause-and-prejudice test consists of four necessary prongs: (1) the underlying IAC claim must be a “substantial” claim; (2) the “cause” for the procedural default consists of there being “no counsel” or only “ineffective” counsel during the state collateral review proceeding; (3) the state collateral review
proceeding was the “initial” collateral review proceeding where the IAC claim could have been brought; and (4) state law requires that an IAC claim be raised in an initial-review collateral proceeding, or by “design and operation” such claims
must be raised that way, rather than on direct appeal. Trevino v. Thaler, 569 U.S. 416, 423, 429 (2013). The failure to meet any of these four prongs means that the Martinez exception is unavailable to excuse the procedural default of a claim.3
Petitioner invokes Martinez v. Ryan to excuse the default of Claims B(1) through B(8) and B(12). He argues that his initial post-conviction counsel was “underwhelming” and that his post-conviction appellate counsel was bound by the
errors of initial post-conviction counsel. However, Petitioner’s initial post-conviction counsel presented Claims B(1) through B(8) and B(12) to the state district court in post-conviction proceedings and, therefore, did not cause the procedural default. See State’s Lodging E-1 at
169–87. Rather, the default occurred when post-conviction appellate counsel failed to challenge the denial of those claims. The Martinez exception applies only to claims that were defaulted in the initial-review collateral proceeding—a petitioner
may not use, as cause to excuse a default, any attorney error that occurred in other proceedings, including “appeals from initial-review collateral proceedings.” Martinez, 566 U.S. at 16. Therefore, the Martinez exception does not apply to excuse the procedural default of these IATC claims.
3 Although Martinez v. Ryan can excuse procedural default and permit a petitioner to raise an IATC claim in federal habeas, it does not permit factual development outside the state court record to prove that claim. Instead, claims that can be raised under Martinez remain subject to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2), which generally does not permit new evidence in federal habeas proceedings unless the petitioner shows actual innocence and the claim relies either on a new, retroactive rule of constitutional law or on a factual predicate that could not previously have been discovered. Shinn v. Ramirez, ___ U.S. ___, 2022 WL 1611786, *4 (U.S. May 23, 2022). D. Petitioner Has Not Established Actual Innocence to Excuse the Default If a petitioner cannot show cause and prejudice for his procedural default, he still can bring the claim in a federal habeas petition if he demonstrates that failure to consider the claim will result in a “fundamental miscarriage of justice.” Murray
v. Carrier, 477 U.S. at 496. This standard requires proof that a constitutional violation has probably resulted in the conviction of someone who is actually innocent. Id. Actual innocence in this context “means factual innocence, not mere
legal insufficiency.” Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623 (1998). In asserting actual innocence, a petitioner must “support his allegations of constitutional error with new reliable evidence—whether it be exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy eyewitness accounts, or critical physical
evidence—that was not presented at trial.” Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 324 (1995). A procedurally defaulted claim may be heard under the miscarriage-of- justice exception only if, “in light of all of the evidence, ‘it is more likely than not
that no reasonable juror would have found [the petitioner] guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v. Avery, 719 F.3d 1080, 1083 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327). Stated another way, the petitioner must show
that, but for the constitutional error, every reasonable juror would vote to acquit. This is a particularly exacting standard, one that will be satisfied “only in the extraordinary case.” House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 538 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, cases where the actual innocence gateway standard has been satisfied have “typically involved dramatic new evidence of innocence.”
Larsen v. Soto, 742 F.3d 1083, 1096 (9th Cir. 2013). Such evidence may include new DNA evidence, or “a detailed third-party confession,” that “undermine[s] the validity of the prosecution’s entire case.” Sistrunk v. Armenakis, 292 F.3d 669, 677
(9th Cir. 2002); see House, 547 U.S. at 540–41. The actual innocence exception is not satisfied by evidence that is merely speculative, collateral, cumulative, or “insufficient to overcome otherwise convincing proof of guilt.” Larsen, 742 F.3d at 1096.
A court determining whether a petitioner has established actual innocence must consider “all the evidence, old and new, incriminating and exculpatory, admissible at trial or not.” Lee v. Lampert, 653 F.3d 929, 938 (9th Cir. 2011) (en
banc) (internal quotation marks omitted). An actual innocence analysis “requires a holistic judgment about all the evidence and its likely effect on reasonable jurors applying the reasonable-doubt standard”; in other words, the federal court must “make a probabilistic determination about what reasonable, properly instructed
jurors would do.” House, 547 U.S. at 538-39 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). In evaluating the actual innocence exception, a court has the discretion to
assess the reliability and probative force of the petitioner’s proffer, including making some credibility determinations, if necessary. Schlup, 513 U.S. at 331–332. Although “habeas petitioners who assert convincing actual-innocence claims [need
not] prove diligence to cross a federal court’s threshold,” a court “‘may consider how the timing of the submission and the likely credibility of a petitioner’s affiants bear on the probable reliability of evidence of actual innocence.’” McQuiggin v.
Perkins, 569 U.S. 383, 399 (2013) (statute of limitations context) (quoting Schlup, 513 U.S. at 332) (alterations omitted). Plaintiff states that he is innocent, but he has not submitted any new, reliable evidence supporting that assertion. Petitioner’s own self-serving statements are not
enough to meet the extraordinarily high threshold required to show actual innocence. Therefore, Petitioner is not excused from default. CONCLUSION
Claims B(1), B(2), B(3), B(4), B(5), B(6), B(7), B(8), B(12), D, and E are procedurally defaulted without excuse. Accordingly, the Court will grant Respondent’s Motion for Partial Summary Dismissal. ORDER
IT IS ORDERED: 1. Respondent’s Motion for Partial Summary Dismissal (Dkt. 39) is GRANTED. Claims B(1) through B(8), B(12), D, and E are
DISMISSED with prejudice. 2. Respondent must file an answer to Petitioner’s remaining claims within 60 days of the date of this Order. Petitioner must file a reply (formerly called a traverse), containing a brief rebutting Respondent’s answer and brief, which must be filed and served within 28 days after service of the answer and brief. Respondent has the option of filing a sur-reply within 14 days after service of the reply. At that point, the
case will be deemed ready for a final decision.
oo DATED: June 3, 2022
alll ) — RE” Us. Distt Court Judge
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 18