UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
RAYMOND MCGOVERN,
Plaintiff, Civil Action No. 14-215 (BAH) v. Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER Following the D.C. Circuit’s affirmance of the grant of summary judgment to the
remaining defendants in this case, see McGovern v. Brown, 891 F.3d 402 (D.C. Cir. 2018),
George Washington University (“GWU”), as a prevailing party, has renewed its request for costs
from plaintiff Raymond McGovern, GWU’s Renewed Req. For Costs, ECF No. 64. This request
was first filed on April 18, 2017, see GWU’s Verified Bill of Costs and Expenses of Defendant
the George Washington University (“GWU’s April 2017 Bill of Costs”), ECF No. 58, within 21
days of this Court’s grant of summary judgment in GWU’s favor, but stayed pending resolution
of the appeal, Minute Order, dated May 12, 2017. The renewed request for costs is granted in
part and denied in part, for the reasons set out below.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d) provides, in relevant part, that “costs—other than
attorney’s fees—should be allowed to the prevailing party.” FED. R. CIV. P. 54(d)(1). As the
Supreme Court has noted, "liability for costs is a normal incident of defeat." Delta Air Lines,
Inc. v. August, 450 U.S. 346, 352 (1981). Federal law enumerates the costs that may be taxed,
see, e.g., 28 U.S.C. § 1920, with additional guidance set out in the Local Civil Rules of this
Court, see D.D.C. LCvR 54.1. In evaluating motions to tax costs, the court must “determine first
1 which, if any, of the costs requested by the prevailing party are statutorily authorized,” Sun Ship,
Inc. v. Lehman, 655 F.2d 1311, 1318 (D.C. Cir. 1981), with “[a] finding that some or all of the
costs requested are statutorily authorized [] giv[ing] rise to the rule 54(d) presumption favoring
their award,” id. Next, the court is “obliged to determine whether the prevailing party engaged
in any misconduct during the lawsuit ‘rendering the litigation … unnecessarily prolix and
expensive,’" and warranting “a denial or reduction” of the requested costs. Id. at 1318-19
(quoting Chicago Sugar Co. v. American Sugar Refining Co., 176 F.2d 1, 11 (7th Cir. 1949)).
“Finally, whether or not the trial judge finds that the victor engaged in misconduct, he retains
broad discretion under rule 54(d) to disallow any non statutory cost items on the victor's bill
which seem excessive under the circumstances.” Id. at 1319; see also Craig v. District of
Columbia, 197 F. Supp. 3d 268, 285-86 (D.D.C. 2016) (“the district court has discretion in
allowing, disallowing, or apportioning costs” (citing Moore v. Nat'l Ass'n of Secs. Dealers, Inc.,
762 F.2d 1093, 1107 (D.C. Cir. 1985)). Given the presumption favoring the award of statutorily
authorized costs, "a court may neither deny nor reduce a prevailing party's request for costs
without articulating some good reason for doing so." Siegel v. Mazda Motor Corp., 878 F.2d
435, 439 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (quoting Baez v. United States Department of Justice, 684 F.2d 999,
1004 (D.C. Cir. 1982)).
In this case, the plaintiff challenges the Bill of Costs on two grounds. First, while both
parties agree that GWU failed to use the “court-approved form,” as required by LCvR 54.1(a),
when initially filing its Bill of Costs in April 2017, see GWU’s April 2017 Bill of Costs at 1,
ECF No. 58, the parties disagree as to the legal effect of this error. In the plaintiff’s view,
GWU’s failure to use the correct form renders that filing a nullity, Pl.’s Opp’n & Objs. to Def.’s
“Renewed Request For Costs” (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 3, ECF No. 65, with the further consequence
2 that GWU’s filing of an “Amended Bill of Costs,” which uses the correct form, see GWU’s
Renewed Request for Costs, Ex. 1 (“Amended Bill of Costs”), ECF No. 64-1, is “untimely,” Pl.’s
Opp’n at 4. The Court disagrees.
GWU’s initial failure to use the correct form, while unfortunate, is an error that can be
cured and therefore does not render the amended Bill of Costs on the correct form untimely.
Accord In re Ellipso, Inc., No. 09-00148, 2010 Bankr. LEXIS 635, at *2 (Bankr. D.D.C. Mar. 5,
2010) (finding that failure to “verify the bill of costs as required by 28 U.S.C. § 1924…can be
cured,” and therefore granting leave to file an amended bill of costs). Amendments to Bills of
Costs occur regularly and, in fact, such amendments are appropriate to address legitimate
objections raised by opposing parties, without forcing judicial intervention. See, e.g., Flythe v.
District of Columbia, 317 F.R.D. 596 (D.D.C. 2016) (approving amended Bill of Costs); Butera
v. District of Columbia, 83 F. Supp. 2d 25, 40 (D.D.C. 1999) (denying Bill of Costs without
prejudice pending resubmission of an amended Bill of Costs that does not include certain costs).
Indeed, in addition to using the correct form, GWU’s Amended Bill of Costs also “reduces the
amount requested in accordance with various objections previously lodged by the Plaintiff,”
GWU’s Reply to Pl.’s Opp’n & Objs. To GWU’s Renewed Req. for Costs (“GWU’s Reply”) at
2, ECF No. 66, by reducing “the amount requested for Christopher Brown’s deposition, and
remov[ing] requests for CD/Flash Drive reproduction and in-house copying costs.” GWU
Renewed Req. for Costs, at 1.
The plaintiff cites as support for its position two cases that are inapposite. See Pl.’s
Opp’n at 2. For example, in Mason v. Belieu, 543 F.2d 215, 222 (D.C. Cir. 1976), the D.C.
Circuit reversed the award of costs to a party, which had failed to file any Bill of Costs at all, in
violation of the statutory requirement and causing prejudice to the counter party. In the instant
3 case, by contrast, use of the court-approved form is neither mandated by statute nor by federal
rule, but rather by LCvR 54.1(a) alone. This defect of GWU’s otherwise timely filing of a Bill
of Costs has been cured to comport with LCvR 54.1(a). In addition, the plaintiff cites Laffey v.
Nw. Airlines, Inc., 587 F.2d 1223, 1224 (D.C. Cir. 1978), where the Bill of Costs was denied due
to an untimely filing without good cause, and stresses that the time limit requirements for the
award of costs under the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
RAYMOND MCGOVERN,
Plaintiff, Civil Action No. 14-215 (BAH) v. Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER Following the D.C. Circuit’s affirmance of the grant of summary judgment to the
remaining defendants in this case, see McGovern v. Brown, 891 F.3d 402 (D.C. Cir. 2018),
George Washington University (“GWU”), as a prevailing party, has renewed its request for costs
from plaintiff Raymond McGovern, GWU’s Renewed Req. For Costs, ECF No. 64. This request
was first filed on April 18, 2017, see GWU’s Verified Bill of Costs and Expenses of Defendant
the George Washington University (“GWU’s April 2017 Bill of Costs”), ECF No. 58, within 21
days of this Court’s grant of summary judgment in GWU’s favor, but stayed pending resolution
of the appeal, Minute Order, dated May 12, 2017. The renewed request for costs is granted in
part and denied in part, for the reasons set out below.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d) provides, in relevant part, that “costs—other than
attorney’s fees—should be allowed to the prevailing party.” FED. R. CIV. P. 54(d)(1). As the
Supreme Court has noted, "liability for costs is a normal incident of defeat." Delta Air Lines,
Inc. v. August, 450 U.S. 346, 352 (1981). Federal law enumerates the costs that may be taxed,
see, e.g., 28 U.S.C. § 1920, with additional guidance set out in the Local Civil Rules of this
Court, see D.D.C. LCvR 54.1. In evaluating motions to tax costs, the court must “determine first
1 which, if any, of the costs requested by the prevailing party are statutorily authorized,” Sun Ship,
Inc. v. Lehman, 655 F.2d 1311, 1318 (D.C. Cir. 1981), with “[a] finding that some or all of the
costs requested are statutorily authorized [] giv[ing] rise to the rule 54(d) presumption favoring
their award,” id. Next, the court is “obliged to determine whether the prevailing party engaged
in any misconduct during the lawsuit ‘rendering the litigation … unnecessarily prolix and
expensive,’" and warranting “a denial or reduction” of the requested costs. Id. at 1318-19
(quoting Chicago Sugar Co. v. American Sugar Refining Co., 176 F.2d 1, 11 (7th Cir. 1949)).
“Finally, whether or not the trial judge finds that the victor engaged in misconduct, he retains
broad discretion under rule 54(d) to disallow any non statutory cost items on the victor's bill
which seem excessive under the circumstances.” Id. at 1319; see also Craig v. District of
Columbia, 197 F. Supp. 3d 268, 285-86 (D.D.C. 2016) (“the district court has discretion in
allowing, disallowing, or apportioning costs” (citing Moore v. Nat'l Ass'n of Secs. Dealers, Inc.,
762 F.2d 1093, 1107 (D.C. Cir. 1985)). Given the presumption favoring the award of statutorily
authorized costs, "a court may neither deny nor reduce a prevailing party's request for costs
without articulating some good reason for doing so." Siegel v. Mazda Motor Corp., 878 F.2d
435, 439 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (quoting Baez v. United States Department of Justice, 684 F.2d 999,
1004 (D.C. Cir. 1982)).
In this case, the plaintiff challenges the Bill of Costs on two grounds. First, while both
parties agree that GWU failed to use the “court-approved form,” as required by LCvR 54.1(a),
when initially filing its Bill of Costs in April 2017, see GWU’s April 2017 Bill of Costs at 1,
ECF No. 58, the parties disagree as to the legal effect of this error. In the plaintiff’s view,
GWU’s failure to use the correct form renders that filing a nullity, Pl.’s Opp’n & Objs. to Def.’s
“Renewed Request For Costs” (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 3, ECF No. 65, with the further consequence
2 that GWU’s filing of an “Amended Bill of Costs,” which uses the correct form, see GWU’s
Renewed Request for Costs, Ex. 1 (“Amended Bill of Costs”), ECF No. 64-1, is “untimely,” Pl.’s
Opp’n at 4. The Court disagrees.
GWU’s initial failure to use the correct form, while unfortunate, is an error that can be
cured and therefore does not render the amended Bill of Costs on the correct form untimely.
Accord In re Ellipso, Inc., No. 09-00148, 2010 Bankr. LEXIS 635, at *2 (Bankr. D.D.C. Mar. 5,
2010) (finding that failure to “verify the bill of costs as required by 28 U.S.C. § 1924…can be
cured,” and therefore granting leave to file an amended bill of costs). Amendments to Bills of
Costs occur regularly and, in fact, such amendments are appropriate to address legitimate
objections raised by opposing parties, without forcing judicial intervention. See, e.g., Flythe v.
District of Columbia, 317 F.R.D. 596 (D.D.C. 2016) (approving amended Bill of Costs); Butera
v. District of Columbia, 83 F. Supp. 2d 25, 40 (D.D.C. 1999) (denying Bill of Costs without
prejudice pending resubmission of an amended Bill of Costs that does not include certain costs).
Indeed, in addition to using the correct form, GWU’s Amended Bill of Costs also “reduces the
amount requested in accordance with various objections previously lodged by the Plaintiff,”
GWU’s Reply to Pl.’s Opp’n & Objs. To GWU’s Renewed Req. for Costs (“GWU’s Reply”) at
2, ECF No. 66, by reducing “the amount requested for Christopher Brown’s deposition, and
remov[ing] requests for CD/Flash Drive reproduction and in-house copying costs.” GWU
Renewed Req. for Costs, at 1.
The plaintiff cites as support for its position two cases that are inapposite. See Pl.’s
Opp’n at 2. For example, in Mason v. Belieu, 543 F.2d 215, 222 (D.C. Cir. 1976), the D.C.
Circuit reversed the award of costs to a party, which had failed to file any Bill of Costs at all, in
violation of the statutory requirement and causing prejudice to the counter party. In the instant
3 case, by contrast, use of the court-approved form is neither mandated by statute nor by federal
rule, but rather by LCvR 54.1(a) alone. This defect of GWU’s otherwise timely filing of a Bill
of Costs has been cured to comport with LCvR 54.1(a). In addition, the plaintiff cites Laffey v.
Nw. Airlines, Inc., 587 F.2d 1223, 1224 (D.C. Cir. 1978), where the Bill of Costs was denied due
to an untimely filing without good cause, and stresses that the time limit requirements for the
award of costs under the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure must be “scrupulously observed,”
Pl.’s Opp’n at 2 (quoting Laffey, 587 F.2d at 1224). Laffey would only be relevant if the
plaintiff’s novel position were accepted that use of the wrong form rendered GWU’s original
timely filing a nullity. This position has been rejected in favor of the more sensible approach on
these facts to regard the timeliness requirement as satisfied by the GWU’s initial filing, and to
regard the error in use of form as properly corrected in the amended filing.
The plaintiff further challenges a total of $1,001.54 of the $5,987.64 in costs. Pl.’s Opp’n
at 7-11. The plaintiff objects to $152.30 in PACER charges, described by GWU as “Fees of the
Court,” even though such charges are “disallowed online research charges.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 7-8;
see also Osseiran v. Int’l Fin. Corp., 68 F. Supp. 3d 152, 160 (D.D.C. 2014) (removing non-
statutory PACER charges from taxable amount on Bill of Costs). GWU offers no specific
defense to this objection, which is therefore sustained. The plaintiff also objects to $836.59 for
reimbursement of the cost of expedited processing, delivery, and sales tax for deposition
transcripts since such transcripts may only be reimbursed “at the reporter’s standard rate.” Pl.’s
Opp’n at 8 (quoting LCvR 54.1(d)(6)). The D.C. Circuit has explained that the cost of expedited
deposition transcripts is taxable only when expedited processing was “necessarily obtained [] for
use in the case.” Sun Ship, Inc., 655 F.2d at 1318 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1920(2)). GWU has
provided no explanation for why expedited processing was necessary or otherwise offered any
4 defense to this objection, which is therefore sustained. Finally, the plaintiff correctly objects to
reimbursement for a “Search and Retrieval Fee” and for the cost of postage, which GWU claims
as “copying costs.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 11; see also Zdunek v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth.,
100 F.R.D. 689, 692 (D.D.C. 1983) (holding postage not a taxable cost under 28 U.S.C. § 1920);
Moss v. ITT Continental Baking Co., 83 F.R.D. 624, 627 (E.D. Va. 1979) (same); Wahl v.
Carrier Mfg. Co., Inc., 511 F.2d 209, 217 (7th Cir. 1975) (same). Again, GWU offers no specific
response to this objection, which is therefore sustained, thereby reducing GWU’s request for
costs by $12.65.
In sum, GWU’s renewed request for costs totaling $5,987.64 is reduced by $1,001.54,
and the final taxable amount is $4,986.10.
Accordingly, it is hereby
ORDERED that defendant’s Renewed Request for Costs, ECF No. 64, is GRANTED IN
PART and DENIED IN PART; and it is
FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court is directed to tax Plaintiff’s Bill of
Costs in the amount of $4,986.10.
SO ORDERED.
Date: September 7, 2018 __________________________ BERYL A. HOWELL Chief Judge