UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
YVETTE MCDOWELL, On behalf of Ricardo McDowell,
Plaintiff, v. Civil Action No. 18-1382 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, KBJ/DAR
Defendant.
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
Plaintiff Yvette McDowell commenced this action on behalf of her child, Ricardo
McDowell, pursuant to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. §
1400 et seq., seeking judicial review of a final decision of the District of Columbia Office of the
State Superintendent of Education.1 See Complaint (ECF No. 1). In the complaint, Plaintiff
claims that the Hearing Officer erred as a matter of law when he concluded that Mr. McDowell
was not denied a free and appropriate education (“FAPE”), even though Mr. McDowell did not
receive any services outlined in his Individualized Education Program (“IEP”). See id. ¶¶ 22-28.
Plaintiff requests that the court overturn the Hearing Officer Determination (“HOD”), find that
Defendant denied Mr. McDowell a FAPE, and remand this case to determine the appropriate
amount of compensatory education to remedy the alleged denial of FAPE. Id. at Relief, ¶¶ 1-4.
1 Mr. McDowell is over the age of eighteen but remains a “child” under the IDEA. See 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A) (covering “children” between three and twenty-one); D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 5-E, § 3002.1(a) (covering children between three and twenty-two). For that reason, this Report and Recommendation will refer to Mr. McDowell as a child while using his full name. McDowell v. District of Columbia
I. BACKGROUND
Ricardo McDowell is eligible for special education services as a student who has been
diagnosed with an intellectual disability and Prader-Willi Syndrome. Complaint ¶ 7; see HOD
(ECF No. 8-1) at 6. During the 2017-2018 school year, Mr. McDowell attended Joseph P.
Kennedy, a non-public school. See Complaint ¶ 10; HOD at 6. His IEP provided for “27
hours/week of specialized instruction outside general education, with 120 minutes/month of
behavioral support services (“BSS”) outside general education and a full-time dedicated aide.”
HOD at 6. On February 14, 2018, Mr. McDowell was expelled from Joseph P. Kennedy,
effective March 1, 2018, for an incident that occurred on February 9, 2018. See id. On the day
of the incident, Mr. McDowell attacked and punched another “medically-fragile” student, after
which police had to restrain Mr. McDowell and take him to a hospital. Id. at 10. As a result of
this incident and similar behavior in the past, the principal stated that “[Mr. McDowell] was too
aggressive and volatile for [Joseph P. Kennedy] and could not continue at [the school] whether
or not the behavior was a manifestation of disability.” Id. The District of Columbia
subsequently sent ten referrals to other non-public schools in an effort to locate one which Mr.
McDowell could attend. Id. at 11. By the time of the HOD, three of the schools had declined,
while others had not responded. Id. The Plaintiff filed a due process complaint on February 26,
2018, alleging that Defendant denied Mr. McDowell a FAPE when it failed to identify a location
of services following his expulsion from Joseph P. Kennedy. Id. at 3.
On March 15, 2018, the Hearing Officer issued his HOD. Id. In it, he concluded that
Joseph P. Kennedy erred both substantively and procedurally in its Manifestation Determination
2 McDowell v. District of Columbia
Review (“MDR”).2 See id. at 16-18. The school erred procedurally by not consulting Mr.
McDowell’s Individualized Education Plan (“IEP”) when conducting the MDR. Id. at 16-17.
The school erred substantively by concluding that the conduct was not a manifestation of Mr.
McDowell’s disability. Id. at 15. To remedy these errors, the Hearing Officer ordered the
District “to indicate that Mr. McDowell’s behavior on February 9, 2018 was a manifestation of
[his] disability[,]” and that within 10 school days of Mr. McDowell’s placement in a new school
location, his Behavior Intervention Plan should be modified to address such behavior as a
manifestation of his disability. Id. at 18.
The Hearing Officer also concluded that the District did not fail to provide Mr.
McDowell a FAPE even though the District did not identify a new school location after Mr.
McDowell was expelled from Joseph P. Kennedy.3 See id. at 15-16. According to the Hearing
Officer, the District took “prompt action” by sending referrals to ten non-public schools, and
“[t]he problem is that Student is very difficult to place in a new school location, as everyone
agrees.” See id. The Hearing Officer also ruled on two issues in favor of the District which
Plaintiff does not challenge. See id. at 13-15.
II. CONTENTIONS OF THE PARTIES
Plaintiff alleges that the Hearing Officer erred in determining that Mr. McDowell was not
denied a FAPE where Defendant, after Mr. McDowell was expelled from Joseph P. Kennedy,
2 After a child violates a student code of conduct, a local educational agency (“LEA”) must conduct a MDR to determine whether the conduct was a manifestation of the child’s disability, and, if so, provide a “behavioral intervention plan” to address the conduct. 20 U.S.C. § 1415. 3 While the parties and the Hearing Officer sometimes use “placement” and “location” interchangeably, the terms are distinct in the IDEA context. See D.K. v. District of Columbia, 983 F. Supp. 2d 138, 145 (D.D.C. 2013). A child’s placement means “the classes, individualized attention and additional services a child will receive—rather than the ‘bricks and mortar’ of the specific school.” Id. (quoting T.Y. v. N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ., 584 F.3d 412, 419 (2d Cir. 2009)). As no issue concerning Mr. McDowell’s “placement” is presented, the undersigned utilizes the term “location of services.” See id.
3 McDowell v. District of Columbia
neither provided another school at which his IEP could be implemented nor otherwise provided
the services prescribed by his IEP. See Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of
Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment”) (ECF
No. 10-1) at 5. Plaintiff contends that Mr. McDowell’s actions which led to his removal from
Joseph P. Kennedy were a manifestation of his disability. See id. at 4. As a result, Plaintiff
claims that “the IEP team must return [Mr. McDowell] to an educational placement that can
implement [his] IEP.” Id. Plaintiff further contends that the Hearing Officer “offered no
explanation [of] how a total and complete failure to implement any aspect of Mr. McDowell’s
IEP does not constitute a denial of FAPE.” Id. at 5. Plaintiff contends that the Hearing Officer’s
finding that she “did not point to anything that DCPS could have done or should have done that it
had not done to find a new school” erroneously places the burden on Plaintiff to “determine a
remedy for a denial of FAPE.” Id. at 5.
Defendant contends that it is entitled to summary judgment in its favor. See generally
Defendant’s Cross Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 13). Defendant offers two
arguments: (1) finding a placement for Mr. McDowell is impossible, which means that the
District’s failure to provide a FAPE is excused, and (2) Mr. McDowell has “unclean hands” in
causing his FAPE to remain unfulfilled, so Mr. McDowell cannot now seek relief in equity to
pursue his FAPE. See Defendant’s Memorandum in Support of Defendant’s Cross Motion for
Summary Judgment (ECF No. 13) at 8-12. Defendant first argues that, since principles of
contract interpretation may sometimes be relevant to the IDEA, it follows that contract
“performance” under the IDEA should be excused when performance is impossible. See id. at 8-
10. Defendant points to the fact that the District has no adequate facilities, and that eight schools
rejected referrals for Mr. McDowell as evidence that it is impossible to provide Mr. McDowell a
4 McDowell v. District of Columbia
FAPE. See id. at 10-11. Defendant maintains that it satisfied the IDEA because the statute only
requires that a FAPE “is available” to all children with disabilities, not that “every potentially
eligible child receive a FAPE.” Id. at 9. Defendant’s second argument is that “[t]he doctrine of
unclean hands forecloses any right to a remedy here.” Id. at 11. Defendant essentially argues
that Mr. McDowell’s behavior is the cause of the District’s inability to locate an alternative
school, and thus, Mr. McDowell is not entitled to “equitable relief.” Id. at 11-12.
In reply to Defendant’s Opposition to her Motion and in opposition to Defendant’s
Motion, Plaintiff argues that Defendant conceded that Mr. McDowell has been—and continues
to be—denied a FAPE. Plaintiff’s Reply and Opposition to Defendant’s Opposition and Cross
Motion for Summary Judgment (“Plaintiff’s Reply”) (ECF No. 15) at 2-3. Plaintiff therefore
asks that this case be remanded for a hearing officer to determine the appropriate remedy. Id.
Second, Plaintiff argues that Defendant’s impossibility defense fails because (1) Defendant failed
to prove the elements of an impossibility defense and (2) characterizing Mr. McDowell as
“aggressive and violent” does not create an impossibility where Defendant “has not tried to
provide educational services that approximate [Mr. McDowell’s] IEP[.]” Id. at 3-7. In response
to Defendant’s argument that Plaintiff has “unclean hands,” Plaintiff argues that the doctrine
does not apply to students in the IDEA context because the manifestation of a disability cannot
be the basis for the deprivation of a FAPE. Id. at 7-9.
In support of its Cross Motion for Summary Judgment, Defendant reiterates that it is
“actually impossible” for the District to provide a FAPE and that Plaintiff fails to meet her
burden to show otherwise. See District of Columbia’s Reply in Support of its Cross Motion for
Summary Judgment (ECF No. 17) at 2-3. Defendant also reiterates that this impossibility was
5 McDowell v. District of Columbia
caused by Mr. McDowell’s behavior and, in such circumstances, Plaintiff must be denied relief
in equity because of the doctrine of unclean hands. See id. at 6.
III. STATUTORY FRAMEWORK
The purpose of the IDEA is to “ensure that all children with disabilities have available to
them a free and appropriate public education that emphasizes special education and related
services designed to meet their unique needs and prepare them for further education,
employment, and independent living.” M.G. v. District of Columbia, 246 F. Supp. 3d 1, 7
(D.D.C. 2017) (citing 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1)(A)). To meet this purpose, the federal government
provides funding to States for specialized education of children with disabilities on the condition
that States provide a FAPE to eligible children. See Brown v. District of Columbia, No. 17-cv-
348, 2019 WL 3423208, at *6 (D.D.C. July 8, 2019).
The District of Columbia is considered a State within the meaning of the IDEA. See 20
U.S.C. § 1401(31). As a result, “DCPS has a fundamental obligation to provide FAPE to a child
with a disability residing in the District of Columbia.” District of Columbia v. Abramson, 493 F.
Supp. 2d 80, 84 (D.D.C. 2014). Under the IDEA, eligible children between the ages of three and
twenty-one must receive “special education and related services that—(A) have been provided at
public expense, under public supervision and direction, and without charge; (B) meet the
standards of the State educational agency; (C) include an appropriate . . . secondary school
education in the State involved; and (D) are provided in conformity with the individualized
education program required[.]” See 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A); 20 U.S.C. § 1401(9). The
District goes beyond the requirements of the IDEA by covering students until the age of 22. See
D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 5-E, § 3002.1(a).
6 McDowell v. District of Columbia
The District provides an adequate FAPE if it substantially implements a child’s IEP
through an appropriate educational placement and plan for instruction. See 20 U.S.C. §
1414(d)(1)(A, B), § 1414(e). An IEP must determine specific educational goals in light of a
student’s disability and match the child with a placement which can meet those goals. See
Endrew F. ex rel. Joseph F. v. Douglas Cty. Sch. Dist. RE-1, 137 S. Ct. 988, 999 (2017). This
assessment must be “reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress appropriate in light
of the child's circumstances.” Id. Once an IEP is in place, the IDEA is violated if there is a
“material failure” to implement the IEP. James v. District of Columbia, 194 F. Supp. 3d 131,
139 (D.D.C. 2016). The District need not demonstrate “perfect compliance” with a student’s
IEP, but there must not be “more than a minor discrepancy between the services a school
provides to a disabled child and the services required by that child’s IEP.” Johnson v. District of
Columbia, 962 F. Supp. 2d 263, 268 (D.D.C. 2013).
To ensure these requirements are followed, the IDEA’s procedural safeguards allow a
parent to seek judicial review of a HOD. See Middleton v. District of Columbia, 312 F. Supp. 3d
113, 122 (D.D.C. 2018). Section 1415(f)(1)(A) provides “the parents or the local education
agency involved in such a complaint shall have an opportunity for an impartial due process
hearing . . . .” Following a due process hearing, Section 1415 (i)(2)(A) provides that an
aggrieved party may bring a civil action in federal court.
While the District has a “fundamental obligation to provide FAPE to a child with a
disability” within the District, the IDEA relieves the obligation in some circumstances.
Abramson, 493 F. Supp. 2d at 84. Some children are not covered. The District, for example,
does not have to implement an IEP if a child’s parents do not consent. See 34 C.F.R. § 300.300.
Nor does the District have to implement an IEP for a child who has graduated from high school
7 McDowell v. District of Columbia
and obtained a high school diploma. See 34 C.F.R. § 300.102. A court may also decline to
provide relief to an otherwise eligible child if the IDEA’s jurisdictional requirements are not met.
See 20 U.S.C. §1415(f)(3)(C) (providing a statute of limitations); 20 U.S.C. § 1415(l) (requiring
administrative exhaustion). Beyond exceptions for children in particular circumstances and for
those who do not meet jurisdictional requirements, however, the IDEA provides no enumerated
“contractual” or “equitable” defenses.
IV. APPLICABLE STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under the IDEA, “the [reviewing] court (i) shall receive the records of the administrative
proceedings; (ii) shall hear additional evidence at the request of a party; and (iii) basing its decision
on the preponderance of the evidence, shall grant such relief as the court determines is
appropriate.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(C); see also 34 C.F.R. § 300.516(c). The IDEA gives the
court “broad discretion” to fashion an appropriate remedy to provide a FAPE. Florence Cty. Sch.
Dist. Four v. Carter, 510 U.S. 7, 16 (1993); Boose v. District of Columbia, 786 F.3d 1054, 1056
(D.C. Cir. 2015).
In civil actions seeking review of a HOD under the IDEA, “a motion for summary
judgment operates as a motion for judgment based on the evidence comprising the record and
any additional evidence the Court may receive.” Q.C-C., et al. v. District of Columbia, 164 F.
Supp. 3d 35, 43-44 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting D.R. ex rel. Robinson v. District of Columbia, 637 F.
Supp. 2d 11,16 (D.D.C. 2009)). This Circuit has explained that “given the district court’s
authority to hear additional evidence . . . and base its decision on the preponderance of the
evidence, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1415(i)(2)(B)(ii), (iii), the IDEA plainly suggests less deference than is
conventional in administrative proceedings.” Reid ex. rel. Reid v. District of Columbia, 401 F.3d
8 McDowell v. District of Columbia
516, 521 (quoting Kerkam v. McKenzie, 862 F.2d 884, 887 (D.C. Cir. 1989)) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Courts must afford “due weight” to the state administrative proceedings and
avoid “substitut[ing] their own notions of sound educational policy for those of the school
authorities they review.” Bd. of Educ. Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S.
176, 206 (1982). However, “a hearing decision without reasoned and specific findings deserves
little deference.” Reid, 401 F.3d at 521 (quoting Kerkam, 931 F.2d at 87) (internal quotation
marks omitted); see also M.O. v. District of Columbia, 20 F. Supp. 3d 31, 40 (D.D.C. 2013)
(“[W]hile a certain amount of deference should be accorded to the knowledge and expertise of
the hearing officer, courts will accord less deference if the hearing officer’s determination lacks
reasoned and specific findings.”). In cases that appeal the Hearing Officer’s interpretation of a
statute, the issue is a pure question of law that is reviewed de novo. See, e.g., Reid, 401 F.3d at
521.
Moreover, “[a] court is obligated by the IDEA to ensure that [the] relief set forth in the
administrative award was appropriate” and the court “may not simply rely on the Hearing
Officer’s exercise of discretion.” Turner v. District of Columbia, 952 F. Supp. 2d 31, 36 (D.D.C.
2013) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The party challenging the hearing
officer’s decision “take[s] on the burden of persuading the court that the hearing officer was
wrong.” Id. at 35 (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Schaffer ex rel. Schaffer v. Weast,
546 U.S. 49, 62 (2005) (finding that the burden of proof in an administrative hearing concerning
an IEP is upon the party seeking relief); see also D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 5-E, § 3030.3.
9 McDowell v. District of Columbia
V. DISCUSSION
The undersigned finds that the Hearing Officer erred as a matter of law in excusing the
District’s failure to provide Mr. McDowell a FAPE. The parties do not dispute that Mr.
McDowell is eligible for a FAPE and that the February incident which led to his expulsion from
Joseph P. Kennedy had no effect on his eligibility. Instead, the District of Columbia asserts two
novel defenses to relieve itself of its obligation to provide a FAPE. Neither defense applies here.
A. The District of Columbia is Obligated to Provide Mr. McDowell a FAPE
Where a school disciplines a child with a disability for a violation of a code of student
conduct, the Local Educational Agency (“LEA”) must perform a Manifestation Determination
Review (“MDR”) to determine whether the violation was caused by a child’s disability. 34
C.F.R. 300.530(e)(1). If, after the MDR, the LEA determines that the student’s disability caused
the violation, the IDEA generally provides that the LEA must “return the child to the placement
from which the child was removed, unless the parent and local educational agency agree to a
change of placement as part of the modification of the behavioral intervention plan.” 20 U.S.C.
§ 1415(k)(1)(F)(iii). In special circumstances where a child has “inflicted serious bodily injury”
in school, the LEA may remove the student to an “interim alternative educational setting” for no
more than 45 days. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(1)(G). In both circumstances, an LEA must modify a
child’s behavioral intervention plan to provide a FAPE to a student whose conduct caused by a
disability violates a student code of conduct. See id.
The Hearing Officer erred in resisting the conclusion that the District denied Mr.
McDowell a FAPE. The Hearing Officer found—and the parties do not dispute—that Mr.
McDowell’s disability caused the conduct leading to his expulsion. See HOD at 17. There is
10 McDowell v. District of Columbia
also no question that the District did not “return the child to the placement from which the child
was removed” or provide an “interim alternative educational setting.” See HOD at 13-14; 20
U.S.C. § 1415(k)(1)(F)(iii), § 1415(k)(1)(G). This resulted in a total failure to provide any
services prescribed by Mr. McDowell’s IEP. A total lack of any education is far “more than a
minor discrepancy between the services a school provides to a disabled child and the services
required by that child’s IEP” in violation of the IDEA. Johnson v. District of Columbia, 962 F.
Supp. 2d 263, 268 (D.D.C. 2013).
The Hearing Officer concluded that the District did not violate the IDEA because the
District took “prompt action” to find an alternative location of services and Plaintiff offered no
solution to the problem. HOD at 15-16. Neither the Hearing Officer nor the District point to any
authority holding that an LEA’s diligence shifts the burden to a plaintiff to find a school location
for an eligible child. Yet that is effectively what the Hearing Officer held as a matter of law.
Neither the expulsion, nor Plaintiff’s lack of constructive suggestions, changed the fact that the
District had an obligation to provide a FAPE to Mr. McDowell. The District therefore violated
the IDEA by not providing a FAPE.
B. The Defense of Impossibility Does Not Apply
“[L]egislation enacted pursuant to the spending power is much in the nature of a
contract.” Arlington Cent. Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Murphy, 548 U.S. 291, 296 (2006) (quoting
Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 451 U.S. 1, 2 (1981)). In Arlington, the Supreme
Court held that states must accept conditions on spending related to the IDEA “knowingly and
voluntarily” in the same way that parties “knowingly” agree to terms of a contract. 548 U.S. at
296. Based on the language and structure of the IDEA, the Court found that states did not
11 McDowell v. District of Columbia
knowingly accept the condition that prevailing plaintiffs are entitled to expert costs. See id. at
296-300.
In arguing that the contract defense of impossibility applies here, the District stretches the
Supreme Court’s reasoning in Arlington past its logical breaking point. See Brown v. District of
Columbia., No. 17-cv-348, 2019 WL 3423208, at *16-18 (D.D.C. July 8, 2019) (finding that an
impossibility defense “should be rejected on both legal and factual bases” in the IDEA context).
The Court in Arlington imported a principle of contract law because that principle was helpful to
clarify whether states agreed to pay for certain expert costs to prevailing plaintiffs in IDEA
cases. See Arlington, 548 U.S. at 296. The Court did not purport to import the entirety of
contract law as applicable to statutory schemes based on the Spending Clause. See id. As this
Circuit has noted, “principles of contract law undoubtedly have a role to play” in cases involving
the spending power. Maryland Dep't of Human Res. v. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., 763
F.2d 1441, 1449 (D.C. Cir. 1985). The “role” of contract law is limited to providing helpful
analogies when relevant. In many instances, however, the analogy will not work because
“[u]nlike normal contractual undertakings, federal grant programs originate and remain governed
by statutory provisions expressing the judgment of Congress[.]” Id. (quoting Bennett v. Kentucky
Dep’t of Educ., 470 U.S. 656, 669 (1985)). A court must therefore rely on “the interpretation of
statutes and regulations rather than on the interpretation of an agreement negotiated by the
parties.” Id. (quoting Bennett, 470 U.S. at 669).
The District is correct that a public agency may be relieved of its obligations to provide a
FAPE in some circumstances, but that proposition does not support its defense of impossibility
here. For example, the District will not provide a FAPE to an eligible child without parental
consent, or to a child who has obtained a high school diploma. See 34 C.F.R. § 300.300
12 McDowell v. District of Columbia
(requiring parental consent); 34 C.F.R. § 300.102(a)(3)(i) (providing an exception for children
who have graduated from high school with a diploma). Those exceptions, however, exist
because of “statutory provisions expressing the judgment of Congress,” not a federal common
law of contracts which applies to federal statutory schemes. Maryland Dep’t of Human Res., 763
F.2d at 1449 (quoting Bennett, 470 U.S. at 669). The District can point to no law or regulation
allowing a defense of impossibility here.
The District is also correct that in at least one case, this Circuit excused the District from
providing a FAPE based on contract principles, but that case is not helpful to its argument here.
See Hester v. District of Columbia, 505 F.3d 1283, 1286 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Unlike the case at
hand, Hester involved an actual settlement agreement between the child and the District. See id.
at 1285. There, the Circuit found that an agreement between the District and a child to
implement an IEP in a Maryland prison was made impracticable by Maryland’s refusal to allow
a District of Columbia education provider in the prison. See id. at 1285-86. The District can
point to no contract between itself and Mr. McDowell which would allow a similar defense here.
Even if an impossibility defense could apply here, the District has still not shown that it
has made a requisite showing because there is insufficient evidence of the first and third prongs
of the defense. A party asserting impossibility must show “(1) the unexpected occurrence of an
intervening act; (2) the risk of the unexpected occurrence was not allocated by agreement or
custom; and (3) the occurrence made performance impractical.” E. Capitol View Cmty. Dev.
Corp. v. Robinson, 941 A.2d 1036, 1040 (D.C. 2008) (citations omitted). There must be
“extreme circumstances” demonstrating that “performance is objectively impossible.” Id. It
does not apply when a “party subjectively claims the inability to perform.” Id.
13 McDowell v. District of Columbia
The District has not met the first requirement because the type of conduct shown by Mr.
McDowell was expected by Congress and the District at the time Congress and the District
entered into their purported “contract.” The IDEA specifically mandates that states must still
provide a FAPE to “children with disabilities who have been suspended or expelled from
school.” 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A). The IDEA also contemplates that some children with
disabilities may “inflict[] serious bodily injury” upon others at school. 20 U.S.C. §
1412(k)(1)(G). Knowing that children could inflict bodily injury upon others and be expelled as
a result, Congress still wrote the IDEA expansively to include “all disabled children, regardless
of the severity of their disabilities.” Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 324 (1988) (citation omitted).
Expulsion as a result of violence was thus foreseeable at the time of the “contract” and the
defense of impossibility fails on this requirement alone.
The District has also not met the third requirement because there is insufficient evidence
suggesting that providing a FAPE to Mr. McDowell is actually and objectively impossible. The
undersigned is sympathetic to the challenges associating with finding a location of services for
Mr. McDowell given his needs. The District asked ten schools whether they would accept Mr.
McDowell, which is indeed “prompt” and appropriate action given difficult circumstances.
HOD at 15. That still does not demonstrate that it is “impossible” to provide Mr. McDowell any
education. The IDEA does not require “perfect compliance” in providing services to implement
a child’s IEP. Johnson, 962 F. Supp. 2d at 268. Unless there is some showing that these are
“extreme circumstances” where no education can be provided, the District does not meet its
burden to satisfy the third requirement of the impossibility defense. E. Capitol View, 941 A.2d at
1040 (citations omitted).
14 McDowell v. District of Columbia
C. The Defense of Unclean Hands Does Not Apply
“[H]e who comes into equity must come with clean hands.” Precision Instrument Mfg.
Co. v. Auto. Maint. Mach. Co., 324 U.S. 806, 814 (1945). The doctrine of unclean hands “closes
the doors of equity to one who has acted inequitably or with bad faith relative to the matter in
which he seeks relief.” Id. It is within the discretion of a court “to deny equitable relief to a
party who has not acted fairly and without fraud and deceit as to the controversy at issue.”
Armenian Genocide Museum and Memorial, Inc. v. Cafesjian Family Found., Inc., 691 F. Supp.
2d 132, 159 (D.D.C.2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Parties seeking
equitable relief need not lead “blameless lives” to avoid application of the doctrine. Saint-Jean
v. District of Columbia, 846 F. Supp. 2d 247, 258 (D.D.C. 2012). Only conduct related to the
controversy “which technically constitutes fraud, or which is unconscionable” will result in
unclean hands. Cochran v. Burdick, 89 F.2d 831, 834 (D.C. Cir. 1937); see also Saint-Jean, 846
F. Supp. 2d at 258 (describing the standard as “a showing of truly unconscionable and brazen
behavior”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
This defense fails here because applying the unclean hands doctrine would undermine the
IDEA. Taken to its logical conclusion, the District’s position would preclude any relief for a
disabled child whose actions caused a disruption in progress towards goals outlined in the child’s
IEP. Mr. McDowell has a history of violent behavior, which led to difficulty in finding a
location of services. HOD at 10-11. The behavior giving rise to his expulsion appears to be
particularly extreme. See id. at 10. There is no evidence, however, of behavior that “constitutes
fraud” or is “unconscionable,” particularly because the parties do not dispute that Mr.
McDowell’s behavior was caused by his disability. Cochran, 89 F.2d at 834.
15 McDowell v. District of Columbia
The undersigned is not aware of any authority—and the District cites none—supporting
the proposition that disabled children and their parents can be precluded from pursuing their
rights under the IDEA because a disability caused conduct leading to expulsion.4 Finding that
such conduct could preclude relief would effectively contradict the IDEA. A child expelled due
to conduct resulting from a disability is still entitled to a FAPE. Provisions of the IDEA apply to
“all disabled children, regardless of the severity of their disabilities.” Honig, 484 U.S. at 324
(citation omitted). Applying the doctrine of unclean hands in circumstances like these would
mean that children with the most challenging disabilities would often be unable to vindicate their
rights in court. This would run counter to the spirit of, if not the explicit text of, the IDEA.
While the undersigned cannot foreclose the possibility that the doctrine could be applied in the
IDEA context in some circumstances, it is inappropriate here because the purported fraudulent or
unconscionable conduct was caused by Mr. McDowell’s disability.
VI. RECOMMENDATION
For all of the foregoing reasons, the undersigned finds that Plaintiff has met her burden,
by a preponderance of the evidence, to demonstrate that the record as a whole does not support
the HOD. Plaintiff has demonstrated that Mr. McDowell is entitled to a FAPE. The District has
attempted to relieve itself of the obligation to provide a FAPE by presenting two novel defenses,
neither of which find support in the IDEA or in the underlying facts of this case. In accordance
with the applicable standard of review, the undersigned recommends that Plaintiff’s Motion for
4 The District seems to place some weight on the fact that Mr. McDowell is an “adult.” See District of Columbia’s Reply in Support of Its Cross Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 17) at 6. The IDEA generally defines eligible “children” as between the ages of three and twenty-one. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A). Mr. McDowell is therefore a “child” within the meaning of the IDEA.
16 McDowell v. District of Columbia
Summary Judgment be granted, and that Defendant’s Cross Motion for Summary Judgment be
denied.
Thus, for all the foregoing reasons, it is, this 12th day of September, 2019,
RECOMMENDED that the Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 10) be
GRANTED, and that this action be remanded to the District of Columbia Office of the State
Superintendent of Education for determinations in accordance with the instant Report and
Recommendation; it is
FURTHER RECOMMENDED that Defendant’s Cross Motion for Summary Judgment
(ECF No. 13) be DENIED.
. DEBORAH A. ROBINSON United States Magistrate Judge
Within fourteen days, either party may file written objections to this report and recommendation. The objections shall specifically identify the portions of the findings and recommendations to which objection is made and the basis of each objection. In the absence of timely objections, further review of issues addressed may be deemed waived.