STONE, Justice.
Action in
quasi
contract for money had and received. Plaintiff had a verdict, and defendant appeals from the order denying its motion for judgment notwithstanding or a new trial.
Plaintiff entered defendant’s employ December 15, 1927, under a written contract. In addition to the terms of employment, it embodied a subscription by plaintiff for 35 shares of a specified class of stock in defendant corporation. That subscription was subject to the condition that if the contract were canceled before the stock was paid for plaintiff was to be refunded all his payments, with interest at six per cent per annum. The payments so made aggregate $854, the amount, with interest, which plaintiff seeks to recover.
February 10, 1931, plaintiff having entered the employment of a competitor, he was paid by defendant over $700, a cash balance to his credit. He also demanded refund of the payments on account of his stock purchase. In lieu thereof the matter was disposed of by Avritten agreement, indorsed on the original contract of December 15, 1927, as follows:
“In lieu of the cancelation of this agreement, Ave mutually agree to the issuance of eleven shares of Class B stock of the Davey Tree
Expert Co. to the Employe [plaintiff] and his reimbursement in the amount of $2.50 in cash as full settlement for the amount of his present investment.”
This contract of “full settlement” was signed by both plaintiff and defendant. The original contract was surrendered by the latter to the former. Plaintiff received a certificate for the 11 shares of stock and $2.50 in cash. Upon the contract of February 10, 1931, rests the defense. It is evidenced not alone by the indorsement on the contract of employment. A certificate had been issued for the 35 shares of stock for which plaintiff originally subscribed. He surrendered that certificate with this memorandum indorsed:
“This certificate canceled by mutual agreement involving the issuance of Certificate #102, being that part of the original purchase now paid in.,?
That memorandum was signed by Mr. Davey for defendant and by plaintiff.
The complaint declares simply for money had and received. The reply admits the contract of settlement, pleaded in bar by the answer, but alleges that it was induced by false and fraudulent representations that stock issued pursuant thereto, with the small item of cash, “had a value equivalent to the amount of money due and owing to plaintiff.” Belatedly, and by amended reply, plaintiff finally took the position upon which his case went to trial. Thereby he repeated his first claim of fraud and gave it eleventh hour amplification by averring that defendant falsely and fraudulently “represented that because of lack of cash at that time defendant did not want to pay plaintiff the money then due on his contract but that if plaintiff would then take said eleven (11) shares of stock and two and 50/100 dollars ($2.50) in cash, that in the late spring of that year or at any time thereafter, defendant would pay plaintiff the amount of his investment as set forth in the complaint and take back said eleven (11) shares of stock. That plaintiff was induced thereby to accept said eleven (11) shares of stock and said sum of two and 50/100 dollars ($2.50) relying upon the representations
then and there made by defendant as aforesaid and believing same to be true.”
The record is devoid of evidence of false representation of the value of the stock. Plaintiff testified to a statement by Mr. Davey that:
“However conditions as they are you know in the spring of the year, we are always more or less hard pressed for funds owing to the fact that we are putting these men into the field with no return.”
The promissory undertaking then made by Mr. Davey, according to plaintiff’s testimony, was this:
“However, I will write out — give you 11 shares of stock and $2.50 now and then later on in the spring or summer we will take .that stock off your hands and give you the money you have coming.”
Plaintiff testified further:
“That is the only reason that I took the stock because he had promised me the money at a later date and I took the stock as a collateral until I received the money and he told me the stock was worth all the money I had coming and I signed the agreement under those conditions. In fact I did not pay much attention to the agreement.”
For defendant, there is explicit denial of plaintiff’s claim. A few letters passing between the parties after February 10, 1931, have implications much more favorable to defendant than himself, but yet leave the question of oral promise by defendant in the realm of fact, if it is relevant, which it is not.
There is no claim for plaintiff that the real contract was but partially integrated in the written memorandum of “settlement.” The case was not tried and so could not be and was not presented here on that theory. No such claim would be tenable. Even where there is but partial integration, a parol, contemporaneous agreement is inoperative to vary or contradict those terms which have been reduced to writing. Horn v. Hansen, 56 Minn. 43, 57 N. W. 315, 22 L. R. A. 617; Shinners v. Ford, 151 Minn. 328, 186 N. W. 704; Merchants Nat. Bank v. Bryngelson, 160 Minn. 205, 199 N. W. 905;
Restatement, Contracts, § 238. Although this point was not presented by argument, it seems appropriate, if not necessary, to establish it as the first premise of a decision leading to an order for judgment
non obstante.
It is inescapable, on the testimony of plaintiff himself, that the thing which solely induced him to make the settlement of February 10, 1931, was the alleged promise to pay him his money later in the spring. The case is in the much tangled field of the kind of fraud resulting from promissory undertakings. See annotations, 51 A. L. R. 46, 68 A. L. R. 635; 3 Dunnell, Minn. Dig. (2 ed. & Supp.) § 3827. There is authority
contra,
but we are already aligned with the view that “a contractual promise made with the undisclosed intention of not performing it is fraud.” Restatement, Contracts, § 473. That section is self-qualified thus:
“Though a promise that could in no event be binding, or a mere prediction, may involve the same representation of mental attitude as if the promise were made for sufficient consideration, the representation is not fraud unless there is implied * * * an assertion of other facts. One who is informed as to the laAV Avould not be deceived, and the consequences of ignorance of the law are here, as generally, not sufficient basis on which to found legal relief.” (Id. Comment d.)
Apropos of that is this comment from Nelson v. Berkner, 139 Minn. 301, 307, 166 N. W. 347, 349:
“So with a fraudulent promissory representation Avhich is plainly contradicted by the undertaking or the stipulations in the written agreement.
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STONE, Justice.
Action in
quasi
contract for money had and received. Plaintiff had a verdict, and defendant appeals from the order denying its motion for judgment notwithstanding or a new trial.
Plaintiff entered defendant’s employ December 15, 1927, under a written contract. In addition to the terms of employment, it embodied a subscription by plaintiff for 35 shares of a specified class of stock in defendant corporation. That subscription was subject to the condition that if the contract were canceled before the stock was paid for plaintiff was to be refunded all his payments, with interest at six per cent per annum. The payments so made aggregate $854, the amount, with interest, which plaintiff seeks to recover.
February 10, 1931, plaintiff having entered the employment of a competitor, he was paid by defendant over $700, a cash balance to his credit. He also demanded refund of the payments on account of his stock purchase. In lieu thereof the matter was disposed of by Avritten agreement, indorsed on the original contract of December 15, 1927, as follows:
“In lieu of the cancelation of this agreement, Ave mutually agree to the issuance of eleven shares of Class B stock of the Davey Tree
Expert Co. to the Employe [plaintiff] and his reimbursement in the amount of $2.50 in cash as full settlement for the amount of his present investment.”
This contract of “full settlement” was signed by both plaintiff and defendant. The original contract was surrendered by the latter to the former. Plaintiff received a certificate for the 11 shares of stock and $2.50 in cash. Upon the contract of February 10, 1931, rests the defense. It is evidenced not alone by the indorsement on the contract of employment. A certificate had been issued for the 35 shares of stock for which plaintiff originally subscribed. He surrendered that certificate with this memorandum indorsed:
“This certificate canceled by mutual agreement involving the issuance of Certificate #102, being that part of the original purchase now paid in.,?
That memorandum was signed by Mr. Davey for defendant and by plaintiff.
The complaint declares simply for money had and received. The reply admits the contract of settlement, pleaded in bar by the answer, but alleges that it was induced by false and fraudulent representations that stock issued pursuant thereto, with the small item of cash, “had a value equivalent to the amount of money due and owing to plaintiff.” Belatedly, and by amended reply, plaintiff finally took the position upon which his case went to trial. Thereby he repeated his first claim of fraud and gave it eleventh hour amplification by averring that defendant falsely and fraudulently “represented that because of lack of cash at that time defendant did not want to pay plaintiff the money then due on his contract but that if plaintiff would then take said eleven (11) shares of stock and two and 50/100 dollars ($2.50) in cash, that in the late spring of that year or at any time thereafter, defendant would pay plaintiff the amount of his investment as set forth in the complaint and take back said eleven (11) shares of stock. That plaintiff was induced thereby to accept said eleven (11) shares of stock and said sum of two and 50/100 dollars ($2.50) relying upon the representations
then and there made by defendant as aforesaid and believing same to be true.”
The record is devoid of evidence of false representation of the value of the stock. Plaintiff testified to a statement by Mr. Davey that:
“However conditions as they are you know in the spring of the year, we are always more or less hard pressed for funds owing to the fact that we are putting these men into the field with no return.”
The promissory undertaking then made by Mr. Davey, according to plaintiff’s testimony, was this:
“However, I will write out — give you 11 shares of stock and $2.50 now and then later on in the spring or summer we will take .that stock off your hands and give you the money you have coming.”
Plaintiff testified further:
“That is the only reason that I took the stock because he had promised me the money at a later date and I took the stock as a collateral until I received the money and he told me the stock was worth all the money I had coming and I signed the agreement under those conditions. In fact I did not pay much attention to the agreement.”
For defendant, there is explicit denial of plaintiff’s claim. A few letters passing between the parties after February 10, 1931, have implications much more favorable to defendant than himself, but yet leave the question of oral promise by defendant in the realm of fact, if it is relevant, which it is not.
There is no claim for plaintiff that the real contract was but partially integrated in the written memorandum of “settlement.” The case was not tried and so could not be and was not presented here on that theory. No such claim would be tenable. Even where there is but partial integration, a parol, contemporaneous agreement is inoperative to vary or contradict those terms which have been reduced to writing. Horn v. Hansen, 56 Minn. 43, 57 N. W. 315, 22 L. R. A. 617; Shinners v. Ford, 151 Minn. 328, 186 N. W. 704; Merchants Nat. Bank v. Bryngelson, 160 Minn. 205, 199 N. W. 905;
Restatement, Contracts, § 238. Although this point was not presented by argument, it seems appropriate, if not necessary, to establish it as the first premise of a decision leading to an order for judgment
non obstante.
It is inescapable, on the testimony of plaintiff himself, that the thing which solely induced him to make the settlement of February 10, 1931, was the alleged promise to pay him his money later in the spring. The case is in the much tangled field of the kind of fraud resulting from promissory undertakings. See annotations, 51 A. L. R. 46, 68 A. L. R. 635; 3 Dunnell, Minn. Dig. (2 ed. & Supp.) § 3827. There is authority
contra,
but we are already aligned with the view that “a contractual promise made with the undisclosed intention of not performing it is fraud.” Restatement, Contracts, § 473. That section is self-qualified thus:
“Though a promise that could in no event be binding, or a mere prediction, may involve the same representation of mental attitude as if the promise were made for sufficient consideration, the representation is not fraud unless there is implied * * * an assertion of other facts. One who is informed as to the laAV Avould not be deceived, and the consequences of ignorance of the law are here, as generally, not sufficient basis on which to found legal relief.” (Id. Comment d.)
Apropos of that is this comment from Nelson v. Berkner, 139 Minn. 301, 307, 166 N. W. 347, 349:
“So with a fraudulent promissory representation Avhich is plainly contradicted by the undertaking or the stipulations in the written agreement. The promisee Avould then know that the promise was false, or could not be kept, if what was written was to have any effect, and consequently could not rely” on the extraneous oral promise.
Suppose a horse sold by bill of sale with express warranty of soundness “except spavin on right hind leg.” The purchaser’s ignorance of the law that the writing integrates the bargain cannot help him. He is barred from claiming, in an action for the purchase
price, that the seller represented to him, fraudulently or otherwise, that the protuberance on the equine’s right hock was not' a spavin at all. Likewise, the maker of a promissory note cannot claim that the payee fraudulently promised to extend the time of payment or accept something other than money in payment. Were the law otherwise, there would be an absurd futility in written contracts which it is the purpose of the parol evidence rule to prevent. There is here an express contract barring recovery
quasi ex contractu.
Seifert v. Union B. & M. Mfg. Co. 191 Minn. 362, 254 N. W. 273, is not only different but also opposite, because there it was the elimination of the supposed actual contract which permitted recovery.
It may be added that fraud cannot be predicated upon the mere fact that a promise has been broken. Phelps v. Aurora State Bank, 186 Minn. 479, 243 N. W. 682. There must be evidence to justify a trier of fact in concluding that, when the promise was made, there was no intention of performing it. There is no such showing concerning the promise upon which plaintiff relies. Mr. Davey’s testimonial denial of the promise reasonably aids not at all the conclusion that there never was intention of performance. In making such adjustments, especially in periods of financial stress, it is matter of common, experience that, with or without a contract in writing, there are expressions of intention, or even promises,
dehors
the contract, to give more or accept less of performance than the contract calls for. Such expressions or promises are normally made in honesty and generosity, even though not peiv formed later. Many of them are performed to the letter. It would be as wrong morally as legally, as offensive to logic as to law, to hold that mere denial and nonperformance are evidence that, if a promise was made, it was made fraudulently.
The typical defendant in such cases simply denies making the promise. If in any case one is so lacking in both honesty and intelligence as to both deny the promise and also aver intention to perform, it will be time enough to apply the proposition that a defendant cannot “consistently claim both that it did not make the representation,” but yet intended “to carry out or make good such a representation.” Woods-Faulkner & Co. v. Michelson (C. C. A.)
63 F. (2d) 569, 573. Such an impossible straddle would be plain asininity and so not permissible. But this defendant, and all intelligent defendants in similar cases, honest or not, simply deny the promise. Such denial implies not at all that, if the promise were made, there was no intention to perform. And it certainly does not bar the defendant, when the evidence is all in, from saying to the plaintiff: “Even though the trier of fact may believe I made the promise, there is no proof that I did so fraudulently because of an intention not to perform.” Bad indeed would be the case of the honest man who has made no such promise, if when falsely charged with it, he may not deny it without having his truth considered as some evidence either that there was such undertaking or that it was deceitfully made.
The order appealed from will be reversed with directions to enter judgment for defendant notwithstanding the verdict.
So ordered.