1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CHARLES McCOY, Case No. 3:22-cv-00385-CAB-BGS Inmate #488-128, 12 ORDER DENYING MOTION TO Plaintiff, 13 PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS vs. AS BARRED BY 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) 14 [ECF No. 2]
15 WENDY McMAHON, President, CBS; AND 16 JULIE McNAMARA, Representative,
CBS, 17 DISMISSING CIVIL ACTION Defendants. WITHOUT PREJUDICE FOR 18 FAILURE TO PAY FILING FEE 19 REQUIRED BY 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) 20 21 Plaintiff Charles McCoy, incarcerated at Southeast Correctional Institution (“SCI”) 22 in Lancaster, Ohio, is proceeding pro se and has filed a civil rights Complaint (“Compl.”) 23 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Compl. ECF No. 1. McCoy did not prepay the civil 24 filing fee required to commence a civil action at the time he filed his Complaint; instead, 25 he filed a Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“IFP”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). 26 See ECF No. 2. 27 While his allegations are sparse, it appears McCoy seeks to sue the President and a 28 another representative of CBS Paramount Television for copyright infringement and 1 “plagiarizing [his] pitch” for a CBS sitcom entitled “B Positive.” See Compl. at 2‒4. He 2 seeks injunctive relief preventing “any further rerunning” of the sitcom during the 2022 3 season and $3 million in compensatory damages. Id. at 7. 4 I. Motion to Proceed IFP 5 A. Standard of Review 6 “All persons, not just prisoners, may seek IFP status.” Moore v. Maricopa County 7 Sheriff’s Office, 657 F.3d 890, 892 (9th Cir. 2011). Prisoners like McCoy, however, “face 8 an additional hurdle.” Id. 9 In addition to requiring prisoners to “pay the full amount of a filing fee,” in “monthly 10 installments” or “increments” as provided by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3)(b), the Prison 11 Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) amended section 1915 to preclude the privilege to 12 proceed IFP in cases where the prisoner: 13 . . . has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was 14 dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim 15 upon which relief can be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury. 16 17 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). “This subdivision is commonly known as the ‘three strikes’ 18 provision.” Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1116 n.1 (9th Cir. 2005). “Pursuant to 19 § 1915(g), a prisoner with three strikes or more cannot proceed IFP.” Id.; see also Andrews 20 v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1052 (9th Cir. 2007) (hereafter “Cervantes”) (under the 21 PLRA, “[p]risoners who have repeatedly brought unsuccessful suits may entirely be barred 22 from IFP status under the three strikes rule[.]”). The objective of the PLRA is to further 23 “the congressional goal of reducing frivolous prisoner litigation in federal court.” Tierney 24 v. Kupers, 128 F.3d 1310, 1312 (9th Cir. 1997). 25 “Strikes are prior cases or appeals, brought while the plaintiff was a prisoner, which 26 were dismissed on the ground that they were frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim,” 27 Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1116 n.1 (internal quotations omitted), “even if the district court 28 styles such dismissal as a denial of the prisoner’s application to file the action without 1 prepayment of the full filing fee.” O’Neal v. Price, 531 F.3d 1146, 1153 (9th Cir. 2008). 2 When courts “review a dismissal to determine whether it counts as a strike, the style of the 3 dismissal or the procedural posture is immaterial. Instead, the central question is whether 4 the dismissal ‘rang the PLRA bells of frivolous, malicious, or failure to state a claim.’” El- 5 Shaddai v. Zamora, 833 F.3d 1036, 1042 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Blakely v. Wards, 738 6 F.3d 607, 615 (4th Cir. 2013)). 7 Once a prisoner has accumulated three strikes, section 1915(g) prohibits his pursuit 8 of any subsequent IFP civil action or appeal in federal court unless he “makes a plausible 9 allegation that [he] faced ‘imminent danger of serious physical injury’ at the time of filing.” 10 Cervantes, 493 F.3d at 1051‒52 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)). “[T]he PLRA [also] 11 requires a nexus between the alleged imminent danger and the violations of law alleged in 12 the prisoner’s complaint.” Ray v. Lara, 31 F.4th 692, 700 (9th Cir. 2022). Thus, to qualify 13 for an exception, “a three-strikes prisoner must allege imminent danger of serious physical 14 injury that is both fairly traceable to unlawful conduct alleged in his complaint and 15 redressable by the court.” Id. at 701. 16 B. Discussion 17 As noted, McCoy’s factual allegations are bare, but he appears to claim Defendants 18 committed fraud and acts of negligence in violation of the Copyright Act of 1976. See 19 Compl. at 3, 4. His Complaint includes no “plausible allegations” to suggest he “faced 20 ‘imminent danger of serious physical injury’ at the time of filing.” Cervantes, 493 F.3d at 21 1055 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)). Even if he had alleged to face imminent danger at 22 SCI at the time of filing, any such danger could not possibly stem from the violations of 23 law alleged in his Complaint—copyright infringement against representatives of a global 24 media conglomerate, whose counties of residence are alleged to be unknown.1 See Ray, 25
26 27 1 The Court notes that McCoy chose to file this action in the Southern District of California, but does not allege that his claim arose here, or that either Defendant resides or may be 28 1 31 F.3d at 701. 2 Thus, regardless of their questionable merit, McCoy’s copyright infringement 3 allegations clearly do not meet § 1915(g)’s imminent danger exception. See e.g., Ruth v. 4 Warden, 2021 WL 130007, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 14, 2021) (finding allegations that a 5 prisoner’s “personal property and original ideals (patents, copyrights, and trademarks) 6 ha[d] been stolen” insufficient to qualify for § 1915(g)’s imminent danger exception), 7 report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 695050 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 23, 2021). 8 Defendants typically carry the initial burden to produce evidence demonstrating a 9 prisoner is not entitled to proceed IFP, Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1119, but “in some instances, 10 the district court docket may be sufficient to show that a prior dismissal satisfies at least 11 one on the criteria under § 1915(g) and therefore counts as a strike.” Id. at 1120.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CHARLES McCOY, Case No. 3:22-cv-00385-CAB-BGS Inmate #488-128, 12 ORDER DENYING MOTION TO Plaintiff, 13 PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS vs. AS BARRED BY 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) 14 [ECF No. 2]
15 WENDY McMAHON, President, CBS; AND 16 JULIE McNAMARA, Representative,
CBS, 17 DISMISSING CIVIL ACTION Defendants. WITHOUT PREJUDICE FOR 18 FAILURE TO PAY FILING FEE 19 REQUIRED BY 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) 20 21 Plaintiff Charles McCoy, incarcerated at Southeast Correctional Institution (“SCI”) 22 in Lancaster, Ohio, is proceeding pro se and has filed a civil rights Complaint (“Compl.”) 23 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Compl. ECF No. 1. McCoy did not prepay the civil 24 filing fee required to commence a civil action at the time he filed his Complaint; instead, 25 he filed a Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“IFP”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). 26 See ECF No. 2. 27 While his allegations are sparse, it appears McCoy seeks to sue the President and a 28 another representative of CBS Paramount Television for copyright infringement and 1 “plagiarizing [his] pitch” for a CBS sitcom entitled “B Positive.” See Compl. at 2‒4. He 2 seeks injunctive relief preventing “any further rerunning” of the sitcom during the 2022 3 season and $3 million in compensatory damages. Id. at 7. 4 I. Motion to Proceed IFP 5 A. Standard of Review 6 “All persons, not just prisoners, may seek IFP status.” Moore v. Maricopa County 7 Sheriff’s Office, 657 F.3d 890, 892 (9th Cir. 2011). Prisoners like McCoy, however, “face 8 an additional hurdle.” Id. 9 In addition to requiring prisoners to “pay the full amount of a filing fee,” in “monthly 10 installments” or “increments” as provided by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3)(b), the Prison 11 Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) amended section 1915 to preclude the privilege to 12 proceed IFP in cases where the prisoner: 13 . . . has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was 14 dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim 15 upon which relief can be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury. 16 17 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). “This subdivision is commonly known as the ‘three strikes’ 18 provision.” Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1116 n.1 (9th Cir. 2005). “Pursuant to 19 § 1915(g), a prisoner with three strikes or more cannot proceed IFP.” Id.; see also Andrews 20 v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1052 (9th Cir. 2007) (hereafter “Cervantes”) (under the 21 PLRA, “[p]risoners who have repeatedly brought unsuccessful suits may entirely be barred 22 from IFP status under the three strikes rule[.]”). The objective of the PLRA is to further 23 “the congressional goal of reducing frivolous prisoner litigation in federal court.” Tierney 24 v. Kupers, 128 F.3d 1310, 1312 (9th Cir. 1997). 25 “Strikes are prior cases or appeals, brought while the plaintiff was a prisoner, which 26 were dismissed on the ground that they were frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim,” 27 Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1116 n.1 (internal quotations omitted), “even if the district court 28 styles such dismissal as a denial of the prisoner’s application to file the action without 1 prepayment of the full filing fee.” O’Neal v. Price, 531 F.3d 1146, 1153 (9th Cir. 2008). 2 When courts “review a dismissal to determine whether it counts as a strike, the style of the 3 dismissal or the procedural posture is immaterial. Instead, the central question is whether 4 the dismissal ‘rang the PLRA bells of frivolous, malicious, or failure to state a claim.’” El- 5 Shaddai v. Zamora, 833 F.3d 1036, 1042 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Blakely v. Wards, 738 6 F.3d 607, 615 (4th Cir. 2013)). 7 Once a prisoner has accumulated three strikes, section 1915(g) prohibits his pursuit 8 of any subsequent IFP civil action or appeal in federal court unless he “makes a plausible 9 allegation that [he] faced ‘imminent danger of serious physical injury’ at the time of filing.” 10 Cervantes, 493 F.3d at 1051‒52 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)). “[T]he PLRA [also] 11 requires a nexus between the alleged imminent danger and the violations of law alleged in 12 the prisoner’s complaint.” Ray v. Lara, 31 F.4th 692, 700 (9th Cir. 2022). Thus, to qualify 13 for an exception, “a three-strikes prisoner must allege imminent danger of serious physical 14 injury that is both fairly traceable to unlawful conduct alleged in his complaint and 15 redressable by the court.” Id. at 701. 16 B. Discussion 17 As noted, McCoy’s factual allegations are bare, but he appears to claim Defendants 18 committed fraud and acts of negligence in violation of the Copyright Act of 1976. See 19 Compl. at 3, 4. His Complaint includes no “plausible allegations” to suggest he “faced 20 ‘imminent danger of serious physical injury’ at the time of filing.” Cervantes, 493 F.3d at 21 1055 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)). Even if he had alleged to face imminent danger at 22 SCI at the time of filing, any such danger could not possibly stem from the violations of 23 law alleged in his Complaint—copyright infringement against representatives of a global 24 media conglomerate, whose counties of residence are alleged to be unknown.1 See Ray, 25
26 27 1 The Court notes that McCoy chose to file this action in the Southern District of California, but does not allege that his claim arose here, or that either Defendant resides or may be 28 1 31 F.3d at 701. 2 Thus, regardless of their questionable merit, McCoy’s copyright infringement 3 allegations clearly do not meet § 1915(g)’s imminent danger exception. See e.g., Ruth v. 4 Warden, 2021 WL 130007, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 14, 2021) (finding allegations that a 5 prisoner’s “personal property and original ideals (patents, copyrights, and trademarks) 6 ha[d] been stolen” insufficient to qualify for § 1915(g)’s imminent danger exception), 7 report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 695050 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 23, 2021). 8 Defendants typically carry the initial burden to produce evidence demonstrating a 9 prisoner is not entitled to proceed IFP, Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1119, but “in some instances, 10 the district court docket may be sufficient to show that a prior dismissal satisfies at least 11 one on the criteria under § 1915(g) and therefore counts as a strike.” Id. at 1120. Therefore, 12 this Court takes judicial notice of federal court docket proceedings available on PACER2 13 and finds that Plaintiff Charles McCoy, currently identified as Ohio Inmate #488-128, 14 while incarcerated, has had three prior civil actions dismissed on the grounds that they were 15
16 17 comprises the counties of Imperial and San Diego.”). McCoy has used the Court’s form Complaint under the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, see Compl. at 1, but he does not 18 allege either Defendant violated his federal constitutional rights while acting under color 19 of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Naffe v. Frye, 789 F.3d 1030, 1035-36 (9th Cir. 2015). Instead, McCoy alleges violations of the Copyright Act of 1976. 20 See Compl. at 3, 4. In copyright cases, venue is proper “in the district in which the 21 defendant or his agent resides or may be found.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1400(a); Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc., 261 U.S. 174, 176 (1923). 22
23 2 A court may take judicial notice of its own records, see Molus v. Swan, Civil Case No. 3:05-cv-00452-MMA-WMc, 2009 WL 160937, *2 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2009) (citing United 24 States v. Author Services, 804 F.2d 1520, 1523 (9th Cir. 1986)); Gerritsen v. Warner Bros. 25 Entm’t Inc., 112 F. Supp. 3d 1011, 1034 (C.D. Cal. 2015), and “‘may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if those 26 proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.’” Bias v. Moynihan, 508 F.3d 1212, 27 1225 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Bennett v. Medtronic, Inc., 285 F.3d 801, 803 n.2 (9th Cir. 2002)); see also United States ex rel. Robinson Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 28 1 frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. 2 They are: 3 (1) McCoy v. Martin, Civil Case No. 2:06-cv-00915-GCS-MRA (S.D. Ohio, Eastern Division, Nov. 15, 2006) (Report and Recommendation 4 [“R&R”] to Dismiss Complaint “for failure to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. 5 § 1983”) (Doc. No. 3 at 3); id., (S.D. Ohio, Eastern Division, Jan. 30, 2007) (Order Adopting R&R, Overruling Objection, and Directing Clerk to enter 6 Judgment for Defendant) (Doc. No. 8) (strike one); 7 (2) McCoy v. Oswalt, Civil Case No. 2:07-cv-00230-MHW-TPK (S.D. 8 Ohio, Eastern Division, March 22, 2007) (R&R to Dismiss civil action “in its 9 entirety” both for failing to state a claim and as frivolous pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)) (Doc. No. 8 at 5‒6); id., (S.D. Ohio, Eastern Division, June 7, 10 2007) (Order Adopting R&R and Denying Motion to Amend/Correct) (Doc. 11 No. 11) (strike two); and 12 (3) McCoy v. Stokes, Civil Case No. 2:12-cv-00655-JLG-TPK (S.D. Ohio, Eastern Division, Sept. 10, 2012) (R&R to Dismiss Complaint for failing to 13 state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)) (Doc. No. 7); id. (S.D. Ohio, 14 Eastern Division, Oct. 25, 2012) (Opinion and Order Adopting R&R, Overruling Objections, Dismissing Complaint for failing to state a claim, and 15 Denying Motion to Amend) (Doc. No. 10) (strike three). 16 17 Accordingly, because McCoy has, while incarcerated, accumulated three “strikes” 18 pursuant to § 1915(g), and he fails to make any “plausible allegations” that he faced 19 imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time he filed his Complaint, he is not 20 entitled to the privilege of proceeding IFP in this civil action. See Cervantes, 493 F.3d at 21 1055; Rodriguez v. Cook, 169 F.3d 1176, 1180 (9th Cir. 1999) (finding that 28 U.S.C. 22 § 1915(g) “does not prevent all prisoners from accessing the courts; it only precludes 23 prisoners with a history of abusing the legal system from continuing to abuse it while 24 enjoying IFP status”); see also Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1231 (9th Cir. 1984) 25 (“[C]ourt permission to proceed IFP is itself a matter of privilege and not right.”). 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 Conclusion and Order 2 For the reasons discussed, the Court DENIES McCoy’s Motion to Proceed IFP 3 ||(ECF No. 2) as barred by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g¢); DISMISSES this civil action without 4 || prejudice based on McCoy’s failure to pay the full statutory and administrative $402 civil 5 || filing fee required by 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a); CERTIFIES that an IFP appeal from this Order 6 || would be frivolous and not taken in good faith pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3); and 7 || DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to close the case. 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9 Dated: July 20, 2022 <6 10 Hon. Cathy Ann Bencivengo 1 United States District Judge 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 6 oe