Powell, J.
(After stating the foregoing facts.)
Section 5234 of the Civil Code, which provides, “Where a defendant may have a remedy over against another, and vouches him into court, by giving notice of the pendency of the suit, the judgment rendered therein will be conclusive upon the party vouched, as to the amount and right of the plaintiff to recover,” is merely declaratory of the principle announced by the Supreme Court in the case of Western & Atlantic R. Co. v. Atlanta, 74 Ga. 774; and the language of that decision is an almost literal adaptation of what is said by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Chicago v. Robbins, 2 Black, 418 (17 U. S. (L. ed.) 298). This code section, while not exhaustive, states the law governing such eases with fair accuracy. Under it the person vouched into [432]*432court is bound by the judgment rendered, so Ear as the plaintiff’s right to recover and the amount of the recovery are concerned, but before any application of this principle can be made, it must appear that the defendant in that suit is entitled to a remedy over against the person vouched. When the person vouched is sued the initial question arises, “Has the present plaintiff an action over against the present defendant on account of the matter involved in the former suit ?” This question the former judgment has not concluded. To state it in slightly different language, “While a judgment against the person to be indemnified will be conclusive on the person responsible to him, so far as concerns the fact of the rendition of the judgment, its amount and the cause of action on which it was rendered, it will not determine the question whether or not the one person is in fact responsible to the other; nor will it preclude the person responsible over from setting up any defense which, from the nature of the action or the pleadings, he could not have interposed in the first action had he been a formal party to it.” The first judgment conclusively establishes the relationships and liabilities existing between the original parties as to the cause of action asserted in the first .suit, but does not determine the relationships and liabilities between the party vouching and the person vouched, as to that cause of action, except so far as those relationships and liabilities are necessarily involved in the first suit, and in the judgment rendered therein. The relationship between the voucher and the vouchee may arise by contract, express or implied, or by operation of law. When the relationship is contractual it is usually easier of ascertainment than in other cases. For example, the warrantor of the title of a defendant in an ejectment suit bears to the cause of action an express contractual relationship; if the judgment in the ejectment case goes against the defendant, it conclusively establishes against the person vouched as a warrantor that the title of the defendant has failed, but not the fact that the person vouched was a warrantor of it; the contract must be shown, to prove this. The unconditional transferor of a promissory note bears to the transferee and the cause of action asserted by him against the maker, in a suit on the note, an implied contractual relationship. If the transferor is vouched and a successful defense is asserted, the judgment concludes him from asserting that the defense was not meritorious. [433]*433Bullock v. Winter, 10 Ga. 214. In a suit brought against him by the transferee for indemnity on account of a failure to collect the note, he might plead that he did not make the transfer or that the defense arose after he made it — in other words might show that it was not a case in which the voucher had a case over against him. If the sheriff is ruled for the misconduct of a deputy, the latter, if vouched, is precluded by a judgment .against the sheriff from asserting that he was not guilty of the misconduct forming the basis of the rule. Holley v. Wallow, 10 Ga. 158. But in a suit against him by the sheriff on that account he may show that he was not a deputy. In tort cases an action over sometimes exists; and then the rule is the same. See W. & A. R. Co. v. Atlanta, supra. The voucher, notwithstanding the judgment in the first suit, still has the burden of showing that the vouchee bears that necessary relationship to him and to the cause of action, as asserted in the original suit, essential to give an action over; and the vouchee may defend by showing anything which will negative the right of an action over. For example, in addition to a plain denial of the relationship he may show that the relationship, if contractual, was forbidden by.law; as in the case of an agreement to indemnify a person in the doing of an act known to Be criminal or contrary to good morals (see Ives v. Jones, 25 N. C. 538, and notes to the same case as published in 41 Am. Dec. 421); or if the asserted relationship arises out of the facts of the ease and not by contract, he may show that in such relationships the law recognizes no action over; as in ease of joint trespassers. See W. & A. R. Co. v. Atlanta, supra. As in other cases of estoppel by judgment, it is sometimes necessary to resort to parol evidence, to determine whether the cause of action on which the recovery was had in the first suit was the same cause of action (if any such at all exists) to which the vouchee was related. For example, a railway company is sued for negligently setting fire to property; the name of the employee by whom the damage' was done is not stated in the petition; the defendant vouches one of its engineers. If the proof in the first case shows that the alleged negligent act was necessarily done by the particular engineer vouched, and not another, a judgment for the plaintiff in that suit establishes, as between the engineer and the company, the fact that he was negligent, and that the negligence caused the injury, and that the [434]*434damages were the sum.found; and in an action by the company against the engineer for indemnity, this estoppel may be established by parol. If the pleadings and evidence in the first case left it doubtful or issuable as to whether the negligent act upon which the judgment was based was committed by this particular engineer or by another, or by the concurrence of him and another, the judgment would not per se bind him. If the plaintiff’s petition alleged solely an act of negligence of the particular engineer, not concurring with any other alleged negligence of the master or of any other employee, and the case was distinctly and plainly of such a nature that proof on the trial that this particular engineer was not negligent would defeat a recovery, the judgment would preclude inquiry into this question, as between the company and the engineer. The vouchee, not being identified by the pleadings as a party at interest in the first suit, is not to be held so in any subsequent suit in which an attempt to estop him by the. judgment is made, until it aliunde appears that he was in fact a party at interest; but when this fact is established he is bound as far as if he had been named in the pleadings as a party, but no further. In no event is he bound as to matters not necessarily concluded by the judgment in the first suit, as rendered under the pleadings and evidence.
We have discussed this question at some length because it has not been a frequent matter of adjudication in this State, and in no case has 'it been given anything like a full discussion.
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Powell, J.
(After stating the foregoing facts.)
Section 5234 of the Civil Code, which provides, “Where a defendant may have a remedy over against another, and vouches him into court, by giving notice of the pendency of the suit, the judgment rendered therein will be conclusive upon the party vouched, as to the amount and right of the plaintiff to recover,” is merely declaratory of the principle announced by the Supreme Court in the case of Western & Atlantic R. Co. v. Atlanta, 74 Ga. 774; and the language of that decision is an almost literal adaptation of what is said by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Chicago v. Robbins, 2 Black, 418 (17 U. S. (L. ed.) 298). This code section, while not exhaustive, states the law governing such eases with fair accuracy. Under it the person vouched into [432]*432court is bound by the judgment rendered, so Ear as the plaintiff’s right to recover and the amount of the recovery are concerned, but before any application of this principle can be made, it must appear that the defendant in that suit is entitled to a remedy over against the person vouched. When the person vouched is sued the initial question arises, “Has the present plaintiff an action over against the present defendant on account of the matter involved in the former suit ?” This question the former judgment has not concluded. To state it in slightly different language, “While a judgment against the person to be indemnified will be conclusive on the person responsible to him, so far as concerns the fact of the rendition of the judgment, its amount and the cause of action on which it was rendered, it will not determine the question whether or not the one person is in fact responsible to the other; nor will it preclude the person responsible over from setting up any defense which, from the nature of the action or the pleadings, he could not have interposed in the first action had he been a formal party to it.” The first judgment conclusively establishes the relationships and liabilities existing between the original parties as to the cause of action asserted in the first .suit, but does not determine the relationships and liabilities between the party vouching and the person vouched, as to that cause of action, except so far as those relationships and liabilities are necessarily involved in the first suit, and in the judgment rendered therein. The relationship between the voucher and the vouchee may arise by contract, express or implied, or by operation of law. When the relationship is contractual it is usually easier of ascertainment than in other cases. For example, the warrantor of the title of a defendant in an ejectment suit bears to the cause of action an express contractual relationship; if the judgment in the ejectment case goes against the defendant, it conclusively establishes against the person vouched as a warrantor that the title of the defendant has failed, but not the fact that the person vouched was a warrantor of it; the contract must be shown, to prove this. The unconditional transferor of a promissory note bears to the transferee and the cause of action asserted by him against the maker, in a suit on the note, an implied contractual relationship. If the transferor is vouched and a successful defense is asserted, the judgment concludes him from asserting that the defense was not meritorious. [433]*433Bullock v. Winter, 10 Ga. 214. In a suit brought against him by the transferee for indemnity on account of a failure to collect the note, he might plead that he did not make the transfer or that the defense arose after he made it — in other words might show that it was not a case in which the voucher had a case over against him. If the sheriff is ruled for the misconduct of a deputy, the latter, if vouched, is precluded by a judgment .against the sheriff from asserting that he was not guilty of the misconduct forming the basis of the rule. Holley v. Wallow, 10 Ga. 158. But in a suit against him by the sheriff on that account he may show that he was not a deputy. In tort cases an action over sometimes exists; and then the rule is the same. See W. & A. R. Co. v. Atlanta, supra. The voucher, notwithstanding the judgment in the first suit, still has the burden of showing that the vouchee bears that necessary relationship to him and to the cause of action, as asserted in the original suit, essential to give an action over; and the vouchee may defend by showing anything which will negative the right of an action over. For example, in addition to a plain denial of the relationship he may show that the relationship, if contractual, was forbidden by.law; as in the case of an agreement to indemnify a person in the doing of an act known to Be criminal or contrary to good morals (see Ives v. Jones, 25 N. C. 538, and notes to the same case as published in 41 Am. Dec. 421); or if the asserted relationship arises out of the facts of the ease and not by contract, he may show that in such relationships the law recognizes no action over; as in ease of joint trespassers. See W. & A. R. Co. v. Atlanta, supra. As in other cases of estoppel by judgment, it is sometimes necessary to resort to parol evidence, to determine whether the cause of action on which the recovery was had in the first suit was the same cause of action (if any such at all exists) to which the vouchee was related. For example, a railway company is sued for negligently setting fire to property; the name of the employee by whom the damage' was done is not stated in the petition; the defendant vouches one of its engineers. If the proof in the first case shows that the alleged negligent act was necessarily done by the particular engineer vouched, and not another, a judgment for the plaintiff in that suit establishes, as between the engineer and the company, the fact that he was negligent, and that the negligence caused the injury, and that the [434]*434damages were the sum.found; and in an action by the company against the engineer for indemnity, this estoppel may be established by parol. If the pleadings and evidence in the first case left it doubtful or issuable as to whether the negligent act upon which the judgment was based was committed by this particular engineer or by another, or by the concurrence of him and another, the judgment would not per se bind him. If the plaintiff’s petition alleged solely an act of negligence of the particular engineer, not concurring with any other alleged negligence of the master or of any other employee, and the case was distinctly and plainly of such a nature that proof on the trial that this particular engineer was not negligent would defeat a recovery, the judgment would preclude inquiry into this question, as between the company and the engineer. The vouchee, not being identified by the pleadings as a party at interest in the first suit, is not to be held so in any subsequent suit in which an attempt to estop him by the. judgment is made, until it aliunde appears that he was in fact a party at interest; but when this fact is established he is bound as far as if he had been named in the pleadings as a party, but no further. In no event is he bound as to matters not necessarily concluded by the judgment in the first suit, as rendered under the pleadings and evidence.
We have discussed this question at some length because it has not been a frequent matter of adjudication in this State, and in no case has 'it been given anything like a full discussion. Applying these principles to the case at bar: If it was a case in which the property owners had an action over against McGilvray and Ogletree, the judgment in favor of the tenants concludes the following facts: that in making the improvements to the building in question, and through the negligent manner in which the work was done, the building collapsed and damaged the tenants in the sum fixed by the verdict, and that the relation between the alleged cause and these damages was such that the recovery was lawful and in all respects proper. It is not disputed that McGilvray and Ogletree were regularly touched. It is not disputed that McGilvray was the contractor by whom the work was actually done and that if in fact the building collapsed through negligence in doing the work, it was necessarily the negligence of McGilvray, and not that of another. If as to this point there had been any dispute, [435]*435the judgment would not have settled it; but as to this there was no dispute; for, though McGilvray says that he was not negligent, he does not deny that he was the immediate person responsible for the manner in which the work was done; and, therefore, if there was any negligence; it was his negligence. If the verdict of the jury and the consequent judgment in the original suit, under the pleadings in the ease and the actual details and developments of the trial, could in legal contemplation rest on any theory of fact other than that the damages recovered flowed out of the particular act or thing of which McGilvray was the author,— namely, the method in which the work toward the repairing of the building was done, — It would be issuable in the present suit whether McGilvray was negligent, and whether that negligence caused the injury. Under the copies of the pleadings in the former case, the contract between the parties, the admissions of the present pleadings, and the other facts appearing in the record before us, no issue arose as to this question. It was established, therefore, by the judgment in the former suit, and by the evidence aliunde, that the plaintiffs in the present action were compelled by that judgment to pay out the amount thereof on account of the negligent manner in which McGilvray constructed the work, to the damage of the tenants in the building. Following this, the plaintiffs proved express contractual relationship between themselves and the defendants as to this very exigency. McGilvray had contracted, as this court pointed out in this case when it was previously before us (1 Ga. App. 643, 57 S. E. 1058), so to do the work that the tenant might continue business without injury; also to use proper care to do no injury to the stock or to any other thing the tenants might have in the building; also to indemnify the plaintiffs against any damage or loss they might sustain on account of failure in any of these respects; and for all these things Ogletree became his surety, and contracted to pay if he did not. Certainly this made a prima facie case as to every fact essential to a recovery by the plaintiffs; and so far as the record discloses, the defendants neither proved nor offered to prove anything in contradiction to any of these facts; the court therefore did not err in directing a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs, and did err when he set that verdict aside on the motion for a new trial.
Judgment reversed.