1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 IAFETA MAUIA, Case No. 18-cv-01815-TSH
8 Plaintiff, ORDER RE: MOTION TO DISMISS 9 v. Re: Dkt. No. 77 10 PETROCHEM INSULATION, INC., 11 Defendant.
12 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 This putative class action involves alleged violations of the California Labor Code and Fair 15 Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) by Defendant Petrochem Insulation, Inc. while employing Plaintiff 16 Iafeta Mauia and others on oil platforms on the Outer Continental Shelf (“OCS”). Before the 17 Court is Petrochem’s Amended Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 18 12(b)(6). ECF No. 84. Mauia filed an Opposition (ECF No. 86) and Petrochem filed a Reply 19 (ECF No. 87). Having considered the parties’ positions, relevant legal authority, and the record in 20 this case, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Petrochem’s motion for the 21 following reasons. 22 II. BACKGROUND 23 Mauia worked for Petrochem as an hourly Onsite Project Manager and Superintendent of 24 scaffolding projects on oil platforms off the coast of California. Third Am. Compl. (“TAC”) ¶ 9. 25 He worked for Petrochem until around March 2016. Id. ¶¶ 9-10. On February 20, 2018, he filed 26 an action against Petrochem in state court which Petrochem removed to this Court. 27 In his Third Amended Complaint, Mauia alleges five causes of action against Petrochem 1 California law and therefore is liable for meal period premiums under California Labor Code 2 section 226.7, TAC ¶ 32; (2) it failed to provide rest periods as required by California law and 3 therefore is liable for rest period premiums under California Labor Code section 226.7, TAC ¶ 39; 4 (3) it willfully failed to pay overtime, double-time, and meal and rest period premium wages under 5 California law, which failure constitutes unfair business practices under the California Business 6 and Professions Code section 17200, TAC ¶ 47; (4) it did not pay immediately all meal or rest 7 period premium wages earned and unpaid upon discharge, and that such failure was willful, TAC 8 ¶ 55; and (5) it willfully and in bad faith did not pay proper overtime rates for overtime work, in 9 violation of section 207 of the FLSA, by not including the reasonable cost of meals and lodging 10 when calculating overtime earnings, TAC ¶¶ 61-62. 11 Petrochem moves to dismiss all claims. 12 III. LEGAL STANDARD 13 A complaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 14 pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to 15 dismiss, a complaint must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 16 face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). Plausibility does not mean 17 probability, but it requires “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” 18 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 687 (2009). A complaint must provide a defendant with “fair 19 notice” of the claims against it and the grounds for relief. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (quotations 20 and citation omitted); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) (A complaint must contain a “short and plain 21 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.”). In considering a motion to 22 dismiss, a court accepts factual allegations in the complaint as true and construes the pleadings in 23 the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 24 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008).; Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93-94 (2007). However, 25 “the tenet that a court must accept a complaint’s allegations as true is inapplicable to threadbare 26 recitals of a cause of action’s elements, supported by mere conclusory statements.” Iqbal, 556 27 U.S. at 678. 1 request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly 2 be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en 3 banc) (citations and quotations omitted). However, a court “may exercise its discretion to deny 4 leave to amend due to ‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on part of the movant, repeated 5 failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing 6 party . . ., [and] futility of amendment.’” Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 629 F.3d 876, 7 892-93 (9th Cir. 2010) (alterations in original) (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 8 (1962)). 9 IV. DISCUSSION 10 A. Parker Drilling Mgmt. Servs. v. Newton 11 While this case has been pending, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an opinion addressing 12 whether federal law or California law applies to wage and hour claims made by employees who 13 work on drilling platforms on the OCS. Parker Drilling Mgmt. Servs. v. Newton, 139 S. Ct. 1881 14 (2019). That case is especially pertinent here, as it clarified the standard for determining when 15 state law applies on the OCS (and overturned the Ninth Circuit’s decision on that issue). The case 16 involved a former employee, Newton, who had worked on drilling platforms off the California 17 coast. Newton filed a class action which included claims premised on California’s minimum- 18 wage and overtime laws. The issue before the Supreme Court was whether California law could 19 be adopted since the claims arose out of work on the OCS. 20 The Supreme Court noted first that the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (“OCSLA”), 42 21 U.S.C. §§ 1333-56b, “extends federal law to the subsoil and seabed of the [OCS].” 139 S. Ct. at 22 1886. “Under the OCSLA, all law on the OCS is federal law, administered by federal officials.” 23 Id. The OCSLA, the Court wrote, “denies States any interest in or jurisdiction over the OCS, and 24 it deems the adjacent State’s laws to be federal law ‘[t]o the extent that they are applicable and not 25 inconsistent with’ other federal law.” Id. (quoting 43 U.S.C. § 1333). The Court proceeded to 26 address the question of how to determine which state laws meet that requirement and therefore 27 should be adopted as federal law. 1 Fifth Circuit precedent which provides that under the OCSLA, “state law only applies to the extent 2 it is necessary to ‘fill a significant void or gap’ in federal law.” Newton v. Parker Drilling Mgmt. 3 Servs., 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 191899, *6 (quoting Cont’l Oil Co. v. London Steam-Ship Owners’ 4 Mut. Ins. Ass’n, 417 F. 2d 1030, 1036 (1969)). On appeal, the Ninth Circuit vacated and 5 remanded, finding that state law is “‘applicable’” under the OCSLA whenever it “pertains to the 6 subject matter at hand,” and that state laws are “inconsistent” with federal law under the OCSLA 7 only if “they are mutually incompatible, incongruous, or inharmonious.” Newton v. Parker 8 Drilling Mgmt. Servs., 881 F.3d 1078, 1078-93 (2018) (citations omitted). The Supreme Court 9 disagreed. Reaffirming that federal law is the “exclusive law” on the OCS, the Court rejected a 10 pre-emption type analysis to determine if state law is applicable on the OCS. Instead, the Court 11 opined, “the question is whether federal law has already addressed the relevant issue; if so, state 12 law addressing the same issue would necessarily be inconsistent with existing federal law and 13 cannot be adopted as surrogate federal law. Put another way, to the extent federal law applies to a 14 particular issue, state law in inapplicable.” 139 S. Ct. at 1889. State law, the Court wrote, “serves 15 a supporting role, to be adopted only where is a gap in federal law’s coverage.” Id. at 1892. “[I]f 16 a federal law addresses the issue at hand, then state law is not adopted as federal law on the OCS.” 17 Id. 18 Applying that standard, the Supreme Court found that Newton’s claims premised on the 19 adoption of California law requiring payment for time spent on standby failed because federal law 20 already addressed that issue. Id. at 1893 (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 785.23 (2018) (“An employee who 21 resides on his employer’s premises on a permanent basis or for extended periods of time is not 22 considered as working all the time he is on the premises.”)). The Court also found that Newton’s 23 claims relying on the adoption of the California minimum wage failed because the FLSA already 24 provides for a minimum wage, even though the FLSA sets a minimum wage of “‘not less than . . . 25 $7.25 an hour,’ and does not ‘excuse noncompliance with any Federal or State law . . . 26 establishing a [higher] minimum wage.’” 139 S. Ct. at 1893 (quoting 29 U.S.C. §§ 206(a)(1), 27 218). “[W]hatever the import of these provisions in an ordinary pre-emption case,” the Court 1 law addresses the minimum wage on the OCS. It does.” 139 S. Ct. at 1893. 2 After the Supreme Court’s opinion in Parker Drilling, Mauia amended his complaint, 3 dropping his claims premised on California minimum wage and stand-by laws, see Second Am. 4 Compl., ECF No. 22, and adding his FLSA claim. 5 B. Mauia’s Claim for Meal Break Violations under California Law 6 Petrochem asserts that under Parker Drilling, Mauia has no viable claim for meal break 7 violations under California law because federal law already addresses the issue of meal periods. 8 California law requires that a first meal period be given no later than the start of an 9 employee’s sixth hour of work. Brinker Rest. Corp. v. Superior Court, 53 Cal. 4th 1004, 1041-42 10 (2012); 8 Cal. Code Regs. § 11160(10)(A); Cal. Lab. Code § 512(A). A second meal period must 11 be given no later than the start of the eleventh hour of work. Brinker, 53 Cal. 4th at 1042; 8 Cal. 12 Code Regs. § 11160(10)(B); Cal. Lab. Code § 512(A). When an employer fails to comply with 13 these meal period requirements, it must pay an employee one hour of additional pay for each 14 workday a meal period violation occurs. Cal. Lab. Code § 226.7(c). California law therefore 15 provides a minimum number of meal periods that must be given, when they must be given, and a 16 remedy for the employee if they are not. 17 The FLSA does not address meal periods (in fact, the word “meal” does not appear in the 18 Act). Petrochem, arguing otherwise, points to a regulation implementing the FLSA that it asserts 19 does regulate meal periods when employers elect to provide them. 29 C.F.R. § 785.19(a) 20 provides:
21 Bona fide meal periods are not worktime. Bona fide meal periods do not include coffee breaks or time for snacks. These are rest periods. 22 The employee must be completely relieved from duty for the purposes of eating regular meals. Ordinarily 30 minutes or more is long enough 23 for a bona fide meal period. 24 Petrochem also points to 29 C.F.R. § 785.19(b), which provides that employees need not be 25 permitted to leave work premises during a meal period if otherwise freed from duties. It argues 26 that while the FLSA does not require meal periods, because the regulations do regulate the periods 27 once they are given, federal law addresses the issue of meal periods and there is no gap in federal 1 Part 785, relating to “hours worked.” The regulation itself provides that “[t]his part [Part 785] 2 discusses the principles involved in determining what constitutes working time.” 29 C.F.R. § 3 785.1. It’s clear that the regulation concerns the computation of hours worked for purposes of 4 determining overtime pay, rather than regulating meal or rest periods. And again, the FLSA itself, 5 including the portion to which Petrochem cites, 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1), makes no mention of meal 6 or rest periods (section 207(a)(1) merely provides that employers must pay overtime). 7 Petrochem also argues that “there is an entire body of federal case law determining what 8 constitutes a ‘bona fide meal period’ under the regulations and when meal break time must be 9 compensated.” Mot. at 14 (citing White v. Baptist Memorial Health Care Corp., 699 F.3d 869, 10 876 (6th Cir. 2012) (holding that employee is not entitled to compensation for time spent working 11 during a meal period where employer had no knowledge of the work); Sepulveda v. Allen Family 12 Foods, Inc., 591 F.3d 209, 216, n.4 (4th Cir. 2009) (holding that time spent donning and doffing 13 during meal periods is excluded from compensable work time under the FLSA); Bernard v. IBP, 14 Inc. of Nebraska, 154 F.3d 259, 265 (5th Cir. 1998) (finding evidence that employees had to keep 15 radios and tools on and were often interrupted during lunch supported jury’s verdict that they were 16 not bona fide meal periods and therefore compensable under the FLSA); Avery v. City of 17 Talladega, Ala., 24 F.3d 1337, 1347 (11th Cir. 1994) (finding evidence that employees sometimes 18 had to cut their break short or miss the break altogether supported that employees did not receive 19 bona fide meal periods)). That is to be expected, as the regulation requires that non-bona fide 20 meal periods be included in hours worked. But those courts were determining what constitutes a 21 “bona fide meal period,” which the regulation defines for purposes of determining whether a 22 period should be counted in “worktime.” The regulation doesn’t say anything about whether those 23 periods must be provided, or when. Instead, it seems clear that the regulation was intended to 24 prevent employers from using pseudo-meal periods to shave hours off the clock. 25 Nor does the Court find particularly persuasive Petrochem’s reference to 29 CFR § 785.19, 26 which provides that, “[i]t is not necessary that an employee be permitted to leave the premises if 27 he is otherwise completely freed from duties during the meal period.” This also relates— 1 meal period, a period that is “not worktime,” even if the employee must stay on premises to eat the 2 meal. In short, the Court reads nothing in 29 C.F.R. § 785.19 or the Act which could be 3 interpreted as saying, “Employers are not required to provide meal periods,” as Petrochem 4 contends. 5 Petrochem also points to the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) website, which says 6 “[f]ederal law does not require lunch or coffee breaks.” Breaks and Meal Periods, 7 https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/breaks (last visited January 16, 2020). From this it 8 concludes that because the FLSA does not require meal periods be provided, “federal law 9 necessarily addresses when they must be given (never), how many must be given (zero), and the 10 remedy for not being provided a meal period (nothing).” Mot. at 14. The Court is not persuaded 11 by this argument. For one, the Court questions the probative weight of something posted on a 12 DOL website designed as a guide to “help employees and employers learn their rights and 13 responsibilities under Federal employment laws.” elaws – employment laws assistance for 14 workers and small businesses, https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/ (last visited January 16, 2020). 15 Second, to the extent the DOL website is probative, Mauia points out that the DOL website also 16 states: “There are a number of employment practices which the FLSA does not regulate. For 17 example, the FLSA does not require . . . (2) meal or rest periods, holidays off, or vacations . . . .” 18 elaws – Fair Labor Standards Act Advisor, https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/whd/flsa/screen6.asp 19 (last visited January 16, 2020) (emphasis added). And that page later adds, “some states do have 20 laws covering some of these issues, such as meal or rest periods,” an apparent acknowledgement 21 that while states may have such laws, the FLSA does not. And then again the page says “[t]he 22 above matters,” including meal or periods, “which are not covered by the FLSA, are generally for 23 agreement between the employer and the employees or their authorized representatives.” 24 (emphasis added). Thus, the DOL website could reasonably be read as stating that the FLSA does 25 not address meal periods. 26 Petrochem also asserts that, when comparing the California Labor Code and the FLSA, the 27 Ninth Circuit has “recognized that ‘the purpose of these statutes are [sic] identical, i.e., to ensure 1 Dairies, Inc. v. RSUI Indem. Co., 617 F. Supp. 2d 1023, 1043 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 20, 2009)). 2 However, Petrochem misreads Cal. Dairies. In that case, the District Court wrote that, 3 “[defendant] argues that these two bodies of law should be deemed ‘similar’ because ‘[t]he 4 purpose of these statutes are identical, i.e., to ensure that employers provide their employees with 5 meal and rest breaks,’” id.; the court did not find as much. This Court does not find the purposes 6 of the statutes are identical. And even if they were, that wouldn’t necessarily mean there were no 7 gaps in the FLSA for California law to fill. 8 Finally, Petrochem points out that, since Parker Drilling, three decisions from the Central 9 District of California have addressed the applicability of California meal-and-rest-breaks law and 10 final pay on the OCS and have found state law does not apply. Jensen v. Safety Equip. Corp., 11 2019 WL 4942052 (Sept. 4, 2019); Hockison v. Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations, 2019 U.S. 12 Dist. LEXIS 187704 (Oct. 25, 2019); Newton v. Parker Drilling Mgmt. Services, Inc., et al., No. 13 15-cv-2517 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2019). The Court has reviewed those opinions and, respectfully, 14 differs in its analysis.1 Petrochem’s arguments, understandably, mirror the Central District’s 15 analysis (largely identical) in Jensen, Hockison, and Newton. The Court has already discussed 16 why it finds those arguments unpersuasive. Additionally, the Central District in each of those 17 opinions found no “significant void or gap” in the FLSA that warranted applying California law. 18 The standard of a “significant void or gap” apparently comes from Fifth Circuit precedent. See 19 Newton v. Parker Drilling Mgmt. Servs., 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 191899, *6 (quoting Cont’l Oil 20 Co. v. London S.S. Owners’ Mut. Ins. Ass’n., 417 F.2d 1030, 1036 (5th Cir. 1969)). While the 21 Supreme Court noted in Parker Drilling that its interpretation of the OCSLA “accords with the 22 standard long applied by the Fifth Circuit,” 139 S. Ct. at 1889, this Court cannot find in Supreme 23 Court (or Ninth Circuit) precedent use of a standard of a “significant” void or gap.2 The Supreme 24 1 Nonetheless, the Court agrees with the Jensen court’s conclusion that the meal-break claim in 25 that case was barred. The Jensen plaintiffs alleged that because they could not leave the platforms during meal periods, those periods counted as worktime for which they should have been paid. 26 Federal law explicitly addresses that issue, see 29 C.F.R. § 785.19(b), so California law on that point is inapplicable. 27 2 The Supreme Court in Gulf Shore discussed state law filling “the substantial ‘gaps’ in the 1 Court in Parker Drilling, similar to in its earlier opinions,3 referred only to a “gap in federal law’s 2 coverage,” not a ‘significant void or gap’ in federal law. While the difference might seem trivial, 3 the Court finds it—fittingly—significant: identifying a “significant gap” in federal law is a higher 4 burden than pointing to a “gap in federal law’s coverage.” 5 Finally, in Parker Drilling, the state-law claims the Supreme Court addressed had direct 6 counterparts in federal law. For instance, the Court wrote, “some of [Newton’s] claims are 7 premised on the adoption of California law requiring payment for all time that Newton spent on 8 standby.” 139 S. Ct. at 1893 (citing Cal. Lab. Code § 510(a)). The Court found federal law 9 already addressed that issue, specifically 29 C.F.R. § 785.23, which provides, “An employee who 10 resides on his employer’s premises on a permanent basis or for extended periods of time is not 11 considered as working all the time he is on the premises.” “Likewise,” the Court wrote, “to the 12 extent Newton’s OCS-based claims rely on the adoption of the California minimum wage . . . the 13 FLSA already provides for a minimum wage, 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1), so the California minimum 14 wage does not apply.” 139 S. Ct. at 1893. Petrochem insists that the regulation concerning pay 15 for meal breaks is “no different” than the standby-time regulation discussed in Parker Drilling, but 16 the comparison is not on point. The California law in Parker Drilling was one requiring payment 17 for time spent on standby, and the federal law was a direct counterpart addressing the exact same 18 issue. In this case, the California law addresses the availability of meal periods, and the regulation 19 Petrochem relies on concerns computation of hours worked. Petrochem has pointed to no federal 20 counterpart to California’s meal period law.4 It insists nonetheless that under the FLSA, 21 employers are not required to provide meal breaks. But as discussed above, federal law is silent 22
23 Mobil Oil Corp., 453 U.S. 473, 480-81 (citing Rodrigue v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 395 U.S. 352, 355-59 (“Since federal law, because of its limited function in a federal system, might be 24 inadequate to cope with the full range of potential legal problems, the Act supplemented gaps in the federal law with state law through the ‘adoption of State law as the law of the United 25 States.’”). 3 E.g., Rodrigue, supra note 2. 26 4 The Court mentions this distinction not because it necessarily adopts the ‘direct counterpart’ standard Mauia advocates for in determining whether federal law leaves a gap, see Opp’n at 5-6— 27 though that may be an appropriate standard in closer call situations—but to emphasize a difference 1 on the issue.5,6 2 The Court finds the FLSA does not address the issues that form the basis of Mauia’s meal 3 period claim. As such, California law is applicable. 4 C. Mauia’s Claim for Rest Break Violations under California Law 5 Petrochem also asserts that under Parker Drilling, Mauia has no viable claim for rest break 6 violations under California law because federal law already addresses the issue. 7 California law requires that employers permit employees to take a rest period of ten 8 minutes for each four-hour work period. Brinker, 53 Cal. 4th at 1028-29; 8 Cal. Code Regs. § 9 11160(11)(A). When an employer fails to comply with these rest period requirements, it must pay 10 an employee one hour of additional pay for each workday a rest period violation occurs. Cal. Lab. 11 Code § 226.7(c). 12 The FLSA does not address break periods (the word “rest” appears only once in the Act, in 13 reference to “days of rest,” when discussing the definition of “regular rate”). Petrochem’s 14 argument here mirrors that concerning meal periods. It points to a regulation implementing the 15 FLSA which provides:
16 Rest periods of short duration, running from 5 minutes to about 20 minutes, are common in industry. They promote the efficiency of the 17 employee and are customarily paid for as working time. They must be counted as hours worked. Compensable time of rest periods may 18 not be offset against other working time such as compensable waiting time or on-call time. 19 20 29 C.F.R. § 785.18. Petrochem argues that, although federal law does not require employers to 21 provide rest breaks, it does regulate break periods when employers choose to provide them, and 22 thus it addresses the issue. But as the Court discussed earlier, that part of the regulations, Part 23
24 5 The Supreme Court in Parker Drilling acknowledged that there might be situations where “federal law might contain a deliberate gap, making state law inconsistent with the federal 25 scheme.” 139 S. Ct. at 1892 n. 2. The Court finds nothing suggesting Congress intended a deliberate gap here, and there is no federal scheme with which California law will interfere if 26 applied. 6 There’s also a peculiar logic underlying Petrochem’s argument that because the FLSA is silent 27 on meal periods, it necessarily addresses the issue and provides that employers need not provide 1 785, concerns regulating the computation of hours worked for purposes of determining overtime 2 pay, rather than regulating meal or rest periods. 3 Petrochem also points again to the DOL webpage, which states, “Federal law does not 4 require lunch or coffee breaks.” Breaks and Meal Periods, 5 https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/breaks (last visited January 16, 2020). But again, to 6 the extent the DOL is probative, the same DOL webpage that Mauia cites is relevant here. elaws – 7 Fair Labor Standards Act Advisor, https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/whd/flsa/screen6.asp (last 8 visited January 16, 2020) (“There are a number of employment practices which the FLSA does not 9 regulate. For example, the FLSA does not require . . . meal or rest periods . . . . However, some 10 states do have laws covering some of these issues, such as meal or rest periods . . . . [These 11 matters] which are not covered by the FLSA, are generally for agreement between the employer 12 and the employees or their authorized representatives.” (emphasis added)). 13 The rest of the Court’s analysis concerning the meal period claim is equally applicable 14 here, with the same result. The Court finds the FLSA does not address the issues that form the 15 basis of Mauia’s break period claim. As such, California law is applicable. 16 D. Mauia’s Claim for Waiting Time Penalties 17 Plaintiff’s claim for unfair competition under the California Unfair Competition Law, Cal. 18 Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200, is derivative of and predicated on his allegations that Petrochem failed 19 to provide lawful meal and rest periods. Petrochem’s sole argument concerning this claim is that 20 Mauia cannot maintain a standalone claim for unfair competition, and because he fails to state 21 viable meal and rest break claims, the unfair competition claim fails as well. See Price v. 22 Starbucks Corp., 192 Cal. App. 4th 1136, 1147 (2011) (“Because the underlying causes of action 23 fail, the derivative UCL and PAGA claims also fail.”). Because Mauia’s meal and rest break 24 claims survive, this argument is moot. 25 E. Mauia’s Claim for Failure to Timely Pay Final Wages 26 California law requires an employee’s final wages be paid at the time of termination or, in 27 the case of resignation, within 72 hours thereof. Cal. Lab. Code §§ 201-02. If an employer 1 a remedy. 2 Petrochem argues that Mauia’s final wages claim fails for two reasons: (1) federal law 3 already addresses the timing of the payment of wages; and (2) the claim is wholly derivative of 4 Mauia’s meal and rest break claims. Petrochem’s second reason fails right away, as the Court has 5 found Mauia’s meal and rest break claims are viable. The Court turns to Petrochem’s first reason. 6 The Ninth Circuit has held that “under the FLSA wages are ‘unpaid’ unless they are paid 7 on the employees’ regular payday.” Biggs v. Wilson, 1 F.3d 1537, 1538 (9th Cir. 1993). “Section 8 216(b) then provides that an employer who violates § 206,” by not paying wages on time, “is 9 liable to the affected employees ‘in the amount of their unpaid minimum wages, or their unpaid 10 overtime compensation . . . and in an additional equal amount as liquidated damages.’” Id. at 11 1539 (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 216(b)). “The Act also requires employers to pay overtime 12 compensation, 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1), and the provisions for liability apply to overtime as well as” 13 wages. Id. at 1539 n. 7. Thus, the FLSA provides for when wages are due—an employee’s 14 regular payday—and provides a remedy for when they are not paid on time. 15 Mauia argues that Biggs is inapposite, since it does not discuss any requirements of federal 16 law with respect to the timing of an employee’s final paycheck. Opp’n at 14. But the FLSA 17 provides that, “[e]very employer shall pay [wages] to each of his employees . . . who in any 18 workweek . . . is employed in an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for 19 commerce . . . .” 29 U.S.C. § 206(b). The obligation to pay wages “kicks in once an employee 20 has done covered work in any workweek.” Biggs, 1 F.3d at 1539. Although the Act does not 21 explicitly address when an employer must pay a final paycheck, by operation of the Act it must 22 pay whatever wages an employee has earned in a week at the employee’s regular payday. The Act 23 “contemplate[s] a time at which § 206 is violated, or, put another way, when minimum wages 24 become ‘unpaid,’” id.; that time is the employee’s regular pay date, and the Court is aware of no 25 exception for terminated employees. The FLSA might not offer as good protection as California 26 law, but that does help Mauia’s case. See Parker Drilling, 139 S. Ct. at 1893 (California 27 minimum wage law did not apply on OCS even though the FLSA does not “excuse 1 because federal law addresses the minimum wage on the OCS); id. (“[W]hatever the import of 2 these provisions in an ordinary pre-emption case, they do not help Newton here[.]”). The FLSA, 3 as interpreted by the Ninth Circuit, sufficiently addresses the issue of when an employer must pay 4 wages, including final wages, to an employee. California final-wage law is not adopted. Mauia’s 5 final-wage claim is dismissed with prejudice. 6 F. Mauia’s FLSA Claim 7 Mauia asserts his FLSA claim on behalf of what he calls a collective of “each and every 8 current and former hourly employees [sic] of [Petrochem], who, at any time within three years 9 from the date of filing of this lawsuit . . . worked on [sic] over 40 hours in a single workweek on 10 an oil platforms [sic] off the any [sic] coast of the United States . . . .” TAC ¶ 3. Mauia asserts 11 that Petrochem’s violations of the FLSA were willful and in bad faith. Id. ¶ 62. Petrochem asserts 12 that Mauia’s FLSA claim is untimely and thus barred by the statute of limitations. 13 An action under the FLSA “may be commenced within two years after the cause of action 14 accrued, and every such action shall be forever barred unless commenced within two years after 15 the cause of action accrued, except that a cause of action arising out of a willful violation may be 16 commenced within three years after the cause of action accrued[.]” 29 U.S.C. § 255. A collective 17 action under the FLSA commences “on the date when the complaint is filed, if [the individual 18 claimant] is specifically named as a party plaintiff in the complaint and his written consent to 19 become a party plaintiff is filed on such date in the court in which the action is brought.” Id. § 20 256(a). Where a written consent form is not filed with the compliant, the action is deemed 21 commenced “on the subsequent date on which such written consistent is filed in the court in which 22 the action was commenced.” Id. § 256(b). The written consent is key. 23 Here, Mauia belatedly filed a written consent form, thus attempting to properly commence 24 an FLSA action, on January 15, 2020, the day before the hearing on Petrochem’s Motion to 25 Dismiss and nearly four years after the end of his employment in March 2016, the latest his claim 26 could have accrued. Moreover, although Mauia’s original complaint was filed on February 20, 27 2018, he did not assert his FLSA claim until he filed his Third Amended Complaint on September 1 even assert his FLSA claim until approximately six months after the statute of limitations had 2 expired. And in fact, Mauia does not contest that he asserted his FLSA claim outside the statute of 3 limitations. See Opp’n at 19 (“An otherwise time-barred claim in an amended pleading . . . .”). 4 Mauia argues that it would have been “nonsensical to require that [he] to [sic] have 5 presciently filed an FLSA consent form, which would have directly conflicted with, and thereby 6 weakened the theory of his case which relied on the applicability of California law as ‘surrogate 7 federal law’ under the then-controlling opinion of the Ninth Circuit in Newton v. Parker Drilling, 8 under which he was prosecuting five causes of action, years before the exclusive authority for the 9 FLSA was established by the Supreme Court.” Id. at 22. However, litigants routinely plead 10 alternative, even inconsistent, theories of relief, and the Federal Rules expressly permit doing so. 11 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(2) (“A party may set out two or more statements of a claim or defense 12 alternatively or hypothetically, either in a single count or defense or in separate ones.”), (3) (“A 13 party may state as many separate claims or defenses as it has, regardless of consistency.”). And 14 the Ninth Circuit in Newton held that those California’s laws were “applicable and not 15 inconsistent” with the FLSA, not that they replaced federal law on the OCS.7 Finally, Mauia’s 16 excuse for not asserting FLSA claims earlier, even if a legitimate one, would not explain why he 17 did not file a written consent until the day before the hearing. His claim is time-barred. 18 Mauia argues, however, that his FLSA claim relates back to the filing of his original 19 complaint. The relation back doctrine provides that an “otherwise time-barred claim in an 20 amended pleading is deemed timely if it relates back to the date of a timely original pleading.” 21 ASARCO, LLC v. Union Pac. R. Co., 765 F.3d 999, 1004 (9th Cir. 2004). An amendment relates 22 back to the date of the original pleading if, inter alia, “the law that provides the applicable statute 23 of limitations allows relation back,” or, the amendment asserts a claim that “arose out of the 24 conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out . . . in the original pleading[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 25 15(c)(1)(A), (B). The FLSA, by its express terms, provides that an action is commenced “only 26 when the complaint and the plaintiff’s written consent is filed,” that a complaint filed without a 27 1 written consent does not commence an action until the “subsequent date on which such written 2 consent is filed,” and that “every such action shall be forever barred unless commenced within the 3 applicable statute of limitations period.” 29 U.S.C. §§ 255(a), 256. 4 Mauia’s relation-back argument fails. Even though Mauia eventually did file a consent, 5 several district courts in this Circuit and others have held that the written consent required by the 6 FLSA does not relate back to the filing of a complaint. See, e.g., Hockison, 2019 U.S. Dist. 7 LEXIS 187704, at *16; Lemus v. Denny’s Inc., 2014 WL 12772284, at *4 (S.D. Cal. July 14, 8 2014) (granting summary judgment on FLSA claim and writing, “Here, it is undisputed that 9 Plaintiff has not filed a written consent. Moreover, even if he were to file a written consent now, 10 almost four years after the filing of the original complaint, it would not ‘relate back’ to the filing 11 of the original pleading.”) (citing Cancilla v. Ecolab, Inc., 2013 WL 1365939, at *3, n. 5 (N.D. 12 Cal. Apr. 3, 2013) (“collective action claims ‘cannot be rescued by the “relation back” doctrine’”) 13 (quoting Ochoa v. Pearson Educ ., Inc., 2012 WL 95340, at *3 (D.N.J. Jan. 12, 2012)); Ketchum 14 v. City of Vallejo, 2007 WL 4356137, at *2, n. 9 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2007) (“Signed consents filed 15 after the filing of the complaint do not relate back to the date the complaint was filed.”) (citing 16 Kuhn v. Philadelphia Elec. Co., 487 F. Supp. 974, 975 (E.D. Pa. 1980) (“Signed consents filed 17 after the filing of the complaint do not relate back to the date the complaint was filed.”); Lee v. 18 ABC Carpet & Home, 236 F.R.D. 193, 199 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (“Signed consents do not relate back 19 to the original filing date of the complaint.”)); Smith v. Micron Elecs., Inc., 2005 WL 5328543, at 20 *4 (D. Idaho Feb. 4, 2005) (“Courts have held that the statute of limitations stops running on 21 named plaintiffs and later opt-in claimants on the day the notice of consent is filed, and that 22 written consents do not relate back to the date of the filing of the complaint.”) (citing cases from a 23 number of courts). 24 Mauia points to one case, Newton v. Parker Drilling, 2:15CV02517(RGK) (C.D. Cal.), 25 where on remand from the Supreme Court, the Central District found that the plaintiff’s newly 26 added FLSA claims did relate back to the original pleading. Dkt. No. 57. However, in that case 27 the parties apparently proceeded on the premise that the relation back doctrine applies to FLSA 1 presented with the argument that FLSA’s statutory scheme prevented relation back or that it 2 || considered that line of cases which hold that it does. 3 Finally, equitable tolling is not appropriate here. At oral argument, Mauia admitted what 4 || had been apparent: that he “strategically chose” not to asset his FLSA claim earlier in the 5 litigation, and that it was a “judgment call to not plead in the alternative.” That strategic choice, 6 || though yielding unfortunate results for Mauia, is not the type of extraordinary circumstance 7 watranting equitable tolling. See Mishewal Wappo Tribe of Alexander Valley v. Zinke, 688 Fed. 8 || Appx. 480, 482 (Oth Cir. 2017) (equitable tolling appropriate where party ‘diligent pursues’ its 9 || rights or where “extraordinary circumstances prevented it from doing so”) (citing Kwai Fun Wong 10 v. Beebe, 732 F.3d 1030, 1052 (9th Cir. 2013)); Conerly v. United States Postal Service, 1991 US. 11 App. LEXIS 26620, at *3 (“Equitable tolling is appropriate where the complainant was prevented 12 || from asserting a claim due to wrongful conduct of the defendant or where extraordinary 5 13 || circumstances beyond the complainant's control made it impossible to file a timely claim.”) (citing 14 Seattle Audubon Soc. v. Robertson, 931 F.2d 590, 595 (9th Cir. 1991)). 3 15 Mauia’s FLSA claim is time-barred. 16 V. CONCLUSION = 17 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART 18 Defendant Petrochem’s Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff’s Fourth and Fifth Causes of Action are 19 || DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21 22 || Dated: January 16, 2020 23 ALY \ . Lj THOMAS S. HIXSON 24 United States Magistrate Judge 25 26 27 28