OPINION
GAWTHROP, District Judge.
On February 22, 1989, I dismissed all of plaintiff’s claims in this employment discrimination suit. Defendants have now filed a Motion for the Award of Attorneys’ Fees and Costs under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k), 28 U.S.C. § 1927, and Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Upon the following reasoning, the motion will be granted, and attorneys’ fees and costs will be assessed, but against plaintiff’s attorney, Steven M. Kramer, Esquire, only, and not, either directly or indirectly, against plaintiff herself. In addition, attorney Kramer will be referred to the Disciplinary Board of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania for such further proceedings as the Board may deem appropriate.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff, a black woman, filed the complaint commencing this action on April 14, 1988, alleging that her former employer, defendant McCormick, Taylor & Co., Inc., [196]*196acting through plaintiffs immediate supervisor, defendant Darryl Freedman, violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. by discriminating against her on the basis of sex and race. Plaintiff also asserted independent claims directly under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, as well as a variety of pendent state law claims.
On June 10, 1988, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety for failure to state any claims upon which relief could be granted. With respect to plaintiffs Title VII claims, defendants asserted that plaintiff had (1) failed to file her administrative charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) within the requisite statutory time period, and (2) failed to initiate her Title VII lawsuit within 90 days after receiving her right-to-sue letter from the EEOC, as required by 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(l). With respect to the constitutional claims, defendants argued that plaintiff had no cause of action under the Fourteenth Amendment, there being no allegation of state action, nor under the Thirteenth Amendment, there being no allegation of involuntary servitude or slavery.
Before filing their motion, however, defendants’ counsel had tried on several occasions, by letter and by telephone, to obtain a voluntary dismissal from plaintiff. For example, on May 18, 1988, defendants’ counsel sent plaintiff’s counsel, attorney Kramer, a letter which outlined the above-mentioned arguments, and which advised Kramer that unless the lawsuit was not withdrawn defendants would file both a motion to dismiss and a Rule 11 motion. Letter from defendants’ counsel to Steven Kramer, dated 5/18/88; see also Letter from defendants’ counsel to Kramer, dated 5/5/88. Attorney Kramer declined to dismiss the suit, and defendants responded by filing their motion to dismiss.
One month after it was due, Mr. Kramer filed plaintiff’s memorandum in opposition to the motion to dismiss. [A copy of plaintiff's memorandum is attached as Appendix A to this opinion]. This memorandum, consisting of less than two pages, addressed none of defendants’ contentions concerning the untimeliness of plaintiff’s Title VII claims; nor did it rebut defendants’ contention that the Fourteenth Amendment claims should be dismissed for lack of state action. Instead, plaintiff’s counsel chose to address but one issue: that of the Thirteenth Amendment. Argued Mr. Kramer: “[i]t has long been established that a victim of racial discrimination has a claim under the Thirteenth Amendment. . . .” Plaintiff’s Memorandum re motion to dismiss. In support of this “long-established” proposition, he cited one case, Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 95 S.Ct. 1716, 44 L.Ed.2d 295 (1975) — an opinion of the Supreme Court which stands for the inapposite proposition that a plaintiff may pursue Title VII claims simultaneously with independent claims under the Civil Rights Act of 1866, 42 U.S.C. § 1981.1
On August 25, 1988, this court, upon its own initiative, heard oral argument on defendants’ motion to dismiss. It was there uncontested that the EEOC had issued the right-to-sue letter on August 12, 1987; it was also uncontested that attorney Kramer had asked the EEOC to send the letter directly to his offices. Attorney Kramer, however, offered no explanation regarding his failure to file his client’s Title VII claims until April 14, 1988 — eight (8) months after the issuance of the right-to-sue letter and five (5) months after the expiration of the ninety (90) day filing period under § 2000e-5(f)(l). Instead, attorney Kramer professed his inability to advise the court of the date when he received the letter from the EEOC. I therefore orally, from the bench, directed attorney Kramer forthwith to submit a letter to the court setting forth the date of his receipt of the right-to-sue letter.
After more than a month had passed without receiving any response to the court’s request, on September 28, 1988, I signed an order directing attorney Kramer to provide a notarized affidavit within seven (7) days stating when he received the right-to-sue letter. The order also warned [197]*197that I would consider his refusal to comply with the order to be grounds for holding him in contempt of court. Thirty (30) days later, on October 28, 1988, attorney Kramer filed his affidavit, wherein he stated that he “most likely received the Notice of Right to Sue Letter, dated August 12,1987, within a month of its date.” Kramer Affidavit, dated 10/27/88.
Accordingly, absent any rebuttal by plaintiff or her attorney as to the untimeliness of the filing of plaintiff’s Title VII action, as well as the untimeliness of the filing of her administrative charge with the EEOC, on February 22, 1989, I dismissed her Title VII claims; finding no merit in her federal constitutional claims, I dismissed these as well. See Matthews v. Freedman, C.A. No. 88-3127, Order dated February 22, 1989 (E.D.Pa.). Lastly, I dismissed her remaining pendent state law claims for lack of jurisdiction. Id. Defendants, having prevailed on their motion to dismiss, have now moved for counsel fees and costs.
DISCUSSION
Defendants contend that they are entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees and costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k), and Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, asserting that plaintiff’s federal claims lacked colorable merit and that plaintiff’s counsel never offered any reasonable factual or legal grounds for denial of defendants’ motion to dismiss said claims.
A. RULE 11
By signing a pleading, motion, or other filing, under Rule 11 an attorney certifies
that he has read the pleading, motion, or other paper; that to the best of his knowledge, information and belief formed after reasonable inquiry it is well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law, and that it is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation ...
Fed.R.Civ.P. 11. The Rule further provides that if a pleading, motion, or other paper is signed in violation of the rule, the court
shall impose upon the person who signed it ... an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay to the other party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing ... including a reasonable attorney’s fee.
Id. The purpose of the rule is simple: to discourage pleadings that are frivolous, legally unreasonable, or without factual foundation. Lieb v. Topstone Industries, Inc., 788 F.2d 151, 157 (3d Cir.1986); Napier v. Thirty or More Unidentified Agents, 855 F.2d 1080, 1090-91 (3d Cir.1988).
The Third Circuit applies an objective test of “reasonableness under the circumstances” to determine whether a pleading or paper has been filed in contravention of Rule 11. Napier, 855 F.2d at 1091; Teamsters Local Union No. 430 v. Cement Express, Inc., 841 F.2d 66, 68 (3d Cir.1988). Four factors must be considered in determining the reasonableness of an attorney’s pre-filing inquiry:
(1) the amount of time available to the signer for conducting relevant factual and legal investigation;
(2) the necessity for reliance on a client for underlying factual information;
(3) whether the case was referred to the signer by another member of the bar; and
(4) the plausibility of the legal position advocated.
Mary Ann Pensiero, Inc. v. Lingle, 847 F.2d 90, 95 (3d Cir.1988); Fed.R.Civ.P. 11, Notes of the Advisory Committee. In addition, when evaluating these factors, the Third Circuit has cautioned that district courts should avoid using the wisdom of hindsight and should test the signer’s conduct by asking what was reasonable to believe at the time the pleading was submitted. Teamsters Local, 841 F.2d at 68. I will consider the Lingle criteria seriatim.
[198]*1981. The First Lingle Factor: Available Time
As for the first factor, I conclude that attorney Kramer had ample time to investigate the pertinent facts and law. For example, at least four months before he filed the complaint, attorney Kramer knew, or should have known, that it was no longer possible to file the complaint within the statutorily mandated ninety (90) day period.
2. The Second Lingle Factor: Reliance on Client
As for the second factor — need to rely on the client to learn the underlying facts— that was not here present, since the EEOC sent the right-to-sue letter not to, or through, the client, but directly to attorney Kramer. Indeed, all that Mr. Kramer had to do was read the right-to-sue letter (and, if that was not satisfactory to him, conduct the most rudimentary legal research) to learn that a Title VII action not filed within ninety days after receipt of the right-to-sue letter is time-barred. See Seredinski v. Clifton Precision Products Co., 116 F.2d 56, 61 (3rd Cir.1985); Mosel v. Hills Department Store, 789 F.2d 251, 253 at n. 2 (3rd Cir.1986) (per curiam) (affirming dismissal of complaint filed on the ninety-first day after receipt of notice of right-to-sue letter).
3. The Third lAngle Factor: Referred Cases
The third factor — whether the attorney took the case on referral — is not here relevant.
4. The Fourth Lingle Factor: The Legal Plausibility of Plaintiffs Claims
Thus, the only remaining Rule 11 issue is the extent to which the claims proffered by attorney Kramer in the complaint were legally plausible. I will discuss the plausibility of each claim separately.
a. The Title VII Claims
The filing of a Title VII claim clearly precluded by the applicable statute of limitations is legally frivolous, is not well grounded in fact, and is without factual or legal justification; the filing of such a claim cannot, therefore, be characterized as “reasonable under the circumstances.” Napier v. Thirty or More Unidentified Agents, 855 F.2d at 1091; Ruffin v. ITT Continental Baking Co., 636 F.Supp. 857, 859-60 (N.D.Miss.1986) (imposing Rule 11 sanctions where Title VII suit was not filed until a year after receipt of right-to-sue letter); see also Fred A. Smith Lumber Co. v. Edidin, 845 F.2d 750 (7th Cir.1988) (reversing district court’s refusal to invoke Rule 11 and imposing sanctions for filing suit that was clearly time-barred); Norris v. Grosvenor Marketing Ltd., 803 F.2d 1281 (2d Cir.1986) (same).
In the response to the motion for attorney’s fees, however, plaintiff's counsel now asserts, for the first time, that the Title VII claim was timely filed: “[0]n appeal [of the February 22 order of dismissal], plaintiff shall present an equitable tolling argument____ All of the factors supporting equitable tolling are present here (lack of surprise, absence of loss of evidence or witnesses, etc.).” Plaintiff’s Brief in Opposition to Award of Counsel Fees [attached as Appendix B to this opinion]. Thus, plaintiff’s counsel contends, in essence, that he should be permitted to use an argument that was not raised before the entry of final judgment to show, nunc pro tunc, that his client actually could have had a valid claim — thereby avoiding the imposition of sanctions. I disagree.
Counsel’s failure to raise an equitable tolling defense before the district court’s entry of final judgment renders this newly asserted defense waived for purposes of avoiding an award of sanctions. As another district court has noted in a case that bears a striking resemblance to the one at bar:
[Plaintiff’s counsel’s argument that his client’s Title VII claim is] subject to waiver, estoppel and equitable tolling ... was never mentioned in plaintiff’s initial brief [in opposition to dismissal]. Plaintiff[’s] [counsel] may not now rely on such post hoc contentions to mask the fact that his [client’s] Title VII claim, as pleaded and supported in his initial [199]*199brief is clearly foreclosed by existing law. The court reaffirms its award of [Rule 11] sanctions [against plaintiffs counsel] with respect to this claim.
Carlos de la Torres v. Gianni Furniture Co., C.A. No. 85-C-9924, slip opinion, 1986 WL 6407 [available on LEXIS] (N.D.Ill., June 4, 1986). See also Morris v. Jenkins, 819 F.2d 678, 681 (7th Cir.1987) (plaintiff’s failure to raise equitable tolling defense in opposition to defendant’s motion to dismiss constitutes waiver of issue); U.S. v. Allen L. Wright Development Corp., 667 F.Supp. 1218 (N.D.Ill.1987) (party’s after-the-fact justifications for its actions are irrelevant as to whether to impose sanctions under Rule 11); cf. Wetzel v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, 511 F.2d 199, 208 (3d Cir.1975) (“[I]t is clear that an issue not raised at the trial and then presented for the first time on the appeal will not be considered by this court”), vacated on other grounds 424 U.S. 737, 96 S.Ct. 1202, 47 L.Ed.2d 435; All Hawaii Tours v. Polynesian Cultural Center, 116 F.R.D. 645 (D.Hawaii 1987) (litigants are not permitted to assert new arguments seriatim, and failure to raise issues in opposition to a dispositive motion operates as a waiver).
Furthermore, even though attorney Kramer opines that his client will present a valid tolling argument on appeal, he fails to cite a single fact or legal authority to buttress his bald assertion that the statute of limitations was tolled. Kramer’s tolling arguments, for the purposes of the instant motion for sanctions, will therefore also be deemed waived for lack of substantiation. See Morris v. Jenkins, 819 F.2d at 681.
b. The Fourteenth Amendment Claim
I also find that, as there were no allegations of state action, there was never any reasonable basis for bringing a Fourteenth Amendment claim. See Atta v. Sun Co., Inc., 596 F.Supp. 103 (E.D.Pa.1984) (collecting cases). Indeed, plaintiff’s brief makes no attempt to rebut defendant’s contention that the Fourteenth Amendment claims were baseless.
c. The Thirteenth Amendment Claim
Under controlling Third Circuit precedent, I have no difficulty in concluding that the filing of plaintiff’s Title VII claims was legally frivolous, and, as noted above, plaintiff’s counsel has conceded that the Fourteenth Amendment claim is merit-less. The issue of whether plaintiff’s Thirteenth Amendment claim is legally plausible under Lingle, however, has not been conceded by plaintiff’s counsel, and, as plaintiff’s counsel correctly observes, there is no controlling Third Circuit precedent which definitively holds that there is no independent cause of action under the Thirteenth Amendment for racially motivated employment discrimination.
In this circuit, the Court of Appeals has construed the “legal plausibility” test strictly. For example, in Teamsters Local, 841 F.2d at 70, the court overturned the district court’s imposition of sanctions and held that plaintiff’s claim, while novel and unsuccessful, was not “plainly unreasonable.” See also Doering v. Union County Board of Chosen Freeholders, 857 F.2d 191, 194 (3d Cir.1988) (Rule 11 sanctions are reserved for motions or claims that are “patently unmeritorious or frivolous”). In Gaiardo v. Ethyl Corp., 835 F.2d 479, 482 (3d Cir.1987), the Third Circuit emphasized that Rule 11 “[targets] abuse — the Rule must not be used as an automatic penalty against an attorney or a party advocating the losing side of a dispute.” Instead, the court cautioned that the Rule should not be applied to adventuresome, though responsible, lawyering which advocates creative legal theories — and that the Rule must not “be interpreted to inhibit imaginative legal or factual approaches to applicable law or unduly harness good faith calls for reconsideration of settled doctrine.” Gaiardo, 835 F.2d at 483; Lingle, 847 F.2d at 94. However, implicit in these holdings is a recognition that there will be cases when adventuresome legal theories are irresponsible and frivolous; otherwise Rule 11 would be rendered meaningless.
At bar, even under the stringent standards imposed by the Third Circuit, I conclude that plaintiff’s Thirteenth Amendment claim is legally frivolous. However, because I am concerned lest this opinion have a chilling effect on creative and en[200]*200thusiastic advocacy in support of novel constitutional claims, cf. Lingle, 847 F.2d at 94, I will set forth with specificity the factors which I have considered in reaching this conclusion.
In deciding whether plaintiffs Thirteenth Amendment claim is legally implausible and plainly unreasonable, as the Third Circuit requires, I find the analysis of Professor Edward Cavanaugh to be particularly useful. See E.D. Cavanaugh, Developing Standards under Amended Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 14 Hofstra L.Rev. 499 (1986). As a recent study published by the Federal Judicial Center has noted, see T.E. Willging, The Rule 11 Sanctioning Process (Federal Judicial Center 1988), terms such as “plausible,” “frivolous,” and “arguable” are subject to different interpretations; Prof. Cavanaugh has therefore attempted to offer more concrete guidelines for determining whether an attorney’s argument satisfies Rule ll’s “well-grounded in law” requirement. Cavanaugh at 528-29. As the Federal Judicial Center study also observes, efforts such as Cavanaugh’s to create better objective standards for imposition of sanctions has the potential of providing detailed guidance to both bar and bench, and should narrow the zone of discretion under Rule 11 and reduce the potential for chilling effects. Willging at 49-50 (citing Cavanaugh). Moreover, because Prof. Cavanaugh’s analysis also discusses useful distinctions between attorney conduct that is “presumptively unreasonable” and that which is “clearly unreasonable,” I find his approach particular valuable in determining whether attorney Kramer’s conduct in pressing a Thirteenth Amendment claim is “plainly unreasonable” as required under Third Circuit precedents.
On Cavanaugh’s spectrum, a legal argument is “clearly reasonable” in the following situations:
— argument is based on plain meaning of statutes or Supreme Court decisions;
— argument is based on caselaw from within circuit;
— circuit caselaw is unsettled, but case-law from another circuit or district supports argument;
— circuit caselaw is contrary to argument, but another circuit supports it.
— plausible argument in case of first impression;
— argument counter to established caselaw, but compelling facts or values suggest re-examination of settled precedent; or
— settled precedent is factually distinguishable, and argument meets one of the other standards above.
Id. at 543-44. See also Willging at 43-50.
In the middle, “gray area” of his spectrum, Cavanaugh classifies legal arguments according to rebuttable presumptions. An argument is “presumptively reasonable” if it is based on
— novel (plausible) theories based on analogies to unrelated areas of law; or
— plausible theories in a complicated area of the law.
Id. at 545-46. By comparison, an argument is “presumptively unreasonable” if it is founded on
— farfetched analogies that imply an improper purpose; or
— misrepresentations of governing law that suggest an intention to mislead the court.
Id. at 546.
Lastly, Cavanaugh classifies the following types of argument as “clearly unreasonable”:
— fatal, irremediable defect on face of pleading;
— settled law opposes argument and counsel does not confront or attempt to distinguish adverse authority; or
— argument consists of dubious legal propositions unsupported by legal research.
Id. at 538, 544-45. Cavanaugh suggests that this type of conduct is not merely suspect: instead, it is conclusively sanction-able under Rule 11 absent a “clear and convincing” justification for the pleader’s conduct. Id. at 538.
[201]*201Under Prof. Cavanaugh’s taxonomy, I note that arguments which involve misuse of legal authorities are classified as “presumptively” unreasonable, but arguments which ignore existing caselaw altogether are considered “conclusively” unreasonable. This distinction, in my view, is both valid and useful. Under Rule 11, if a position is not warranted by existing law, then counsel meets his burden under the rule only if his position is warranted “by a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law.” Fed.R. Civ.P. 11. In applying the “good faith argument” standard there will almost always be some dispute as to whether a particular analogy in support of a position is outlandish, or whether counsel’s faulty analysis of a line of cases is pardonable — in other words, there will invariably be room for some disagreement concerning the precise degree to which an argument is plausible or outrageous. However, where an attorney ignores an unbroken line of contrary authority, and fails to offer even farflung analogies, cites no cases (or only a single, wholly inapposite case) in support of his “argument”, and files only conclusory, one-page briefs, that attorney is engaged in empty posturing, not good faith argument. See U.S. v. Milam, 855 F.2d 739, 745 (11th Cir.1988) (“good faith” argument for reversal or modification of precedent may be based on legislative history, public policy, equity, principles of constitutional law, or analogies, but “argument” for reversal based solely on naked assertions warrants Rule 11 sanctions); see also Black’s Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (defining “argument” as “[a]n effort to establish belief by a course of reasoning.”). I agree that such conduct is “conclusively unreasonable” and hence subject to appropriate sanctions under Rule 11. Cf. Calderon-Ontiveros v. I.N.S., 809 F.2d 1050, 1053 (5th Cir.1986) (appeal was frivolous and sanctionable under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 where constitutional claim was utterly without merit and plaintiff’s substantive argument occupied just one page and cited no supporting case).
At bar, plaintiff’s counsel has now pressed the Thirteenth Amendment claim on this court in two separate briefs, and he has yet to offer a single authority which supports his position. Rather than offer any supporting authorities of his own, Mr. Kramer, like a broken record, simply persists in repeating his assertion that the validity of plaintiff’s independent cause of action for racial discrimination and harassment under the Thirteenth Amendment “is not at all free from doubt.” Brief in Opposition to Award of Counsel Fees. However, had counsel conducted even the most fleeting review of Thirteenth Amendment caselaw, he would have soon discovered an unbroken line of cases to the contrary.2 [202]*202Although this line of cases contains no controlling decisions by the Court of Appeals for this circuit, the sheer volume of uniformly contrary decisions from other courts, as well as dictum from leading Supreme Court opinions, constituted more than adequate authority to put plaintiffs counsel on notice that his Thirteenth Amendment assertions were not well grounded in law and that sanctions would be in order unless counsel bolstered his assertions with at least a modicum of argument for extension, modification, or reversal of existing law. See Lieb v. Topstone Indus., Inc., 788 F.2d at 157 (to meet reasonable-inquiry-into-existing-law requirement of Rule 11, counsel must conduct a “competent level of legal research to support [his argument]”); Doering v. Union County Board, 857 F.2d at 195; Mary Ann Pensiero, Inc. v. Lingle, 847 F.2d at 94; cf. Cabell v. Petty, 810 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.1987) (reversing district court’s refusal to impose Rule 11 sanctions where “weight of existing law overwhelmingly favored defendants” and where record was “devoid of any factual or legal investigation conducted by plaintiff’s counsel ... to formulate a [good faith] argument [for reversal of existing law]”); see also Sanders v. A.J. Canfield Co., 635 F.Supp. 85, 87-88 (N.D.Ill.1986) (imposing Rule 11 sanctions where plaintiff’s attorney brought frivolous Thirteenth Amendment claim in an employment discrimination case).
The record, therefore, leads me to conclude that Mr. Kramer failed to make a reasonable inquiry into any of his client’s federal claims before filing the complaint. Mr. Kramer’s actions in the course of this suit were not, however, limited to filing the complaint, and I find that Mr. Kramer committed two additional violations of Rule 11 when he filed his briefs in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for Attorney’s Fees. In both of these briefs, attorney Kramer propounded a Thirteenth Amendment claim without making any attempt to support this claim with an argument for modification, extension, or reversal of existing law. When attorney Kramer filed the first of these two papers, he was in receipt of defendants’ brief, which included citations to two relevant Thirteenth Amendment opinions; by this time, Kramer’s conduct in filing additional papers in pursuit of this suit could no longer be attributed to good faith errors in judgment or legal research. Either he deliberately refused to conduct relevant legal research before he filed these briefs, or he filed them knowing that they contained frivolous legal assertions. In either case, he was guilty of bad faith.
5. Appropriate Sanctions under Rule 11
In authorizing the imposition of an “appropriate sanction,” Rule 11 does not limit the court’s choices. Lieb v. Topstone Industries, Inc., 788 F.2d at 157-58; William W Schwarzer, U.S.D.J., Sanctions under the New Rule 11 — A Closer Look, 104 F.R.D. 181, 205 (1985). Although the most commonly imposed sanction is an award of attorney’s fees to the opposing party, S.M. [203]*203Kassin, An Empirical Study of Rule 11 Sanctions (Federal Judicial Center 1985) at 36-39, other penalties may include fines, oral or written reprimands, publication of the sanctioning opinion, and/or referral of the matter to the state bar for disciplinary proceedings. Schwarzer at 204. At the extreme end of the sanctions spectrum, the court may even suspend an attorney who violates the Rule from practicing within the relevant federal district for a fixed period of time. Doering v. Union County Board, 857 F.2d at 194. In imposing a sanction, however, the court must remember that the primary function of Rule 11 sanctions is deterrence of future misconduct, and the basic principle governing the choice of sanctions is that “the least severe sanctions adequate to serve [this] purpose should be imposed.” Schwarzer at 201, quoted with approval in Doering, 857 F.2d at 194.
For filing a frivolous lawsuit, I would normally award attorney’s fees and costs incurred by defendants in defending the suit and in bringing the Rule 11 motion. Cf. Lieb v. Topstone Industries, Inc., 788 F.2d at 156. As for the filing of the two briefs, this conduct, being in bad faith, merits an additional sanction. See Lieb, 788 F.2d at 158; Doering, 857 F.2d at 197, fn. 6. If I were to limit myself to a review of the record before me, I would conclude that a written reprimand is warranted, in addition to an award of attorney’s fees.
The Third Circuit, however, has recently stated that district court may consider certain mitigating factors, such as an attorney’s ability to pay and the extent to which the attorney has suffered adverse press scrutiny from earlier sanctioning orders, before deciding what sanctions to apply. Doering, 857 F.2d at 197. Conversely, given the important function of Rule 11 sanctions as a deterrent against an attorney’s misconduct in the future, 857 F.2d at 194-97, I conclude that consideration of public records which document an attorney’s past brushes with Rule 11 is relevant in determining whether “only a reprimand,” cf. Doering at 195, is “adequate[] [to] deter the undesirable behavior.” Id. at 194; cf. In re Disciplinary Action Curl, 803 F.2d 1004, 1007 (9th Cir.1986).
Review of public court orders and opinions reveals that attorney Kramer, individually or jointly with his clients, has been sanctioned on numerous occasions for violations of the Federal Rules, including Rule 11. See Rubin v. Buckman, 727 F.2d 71, 72-73 (3d Cir.1984) (affirming district court finding by Fullam, J., that plaintiff’s attorney, Steven Kramer, had committed “a flagrant violation” of Rule 11); Flip Side Productions, Inc. v. JAM Productions, Ltd., 843. F.2d 1024 (7th Cir.1988) (affirming award of Rule 11 sanctions where attorney Kramer offered “no theory or evidence” in support of frivolous contract claim); Schwartz v. Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, C.A. No. 88-4865, slip opinion, 1989 WL 64286, U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6645 (E.D.Pa., June 12, 1989) (“[t]his court concludes that plaintiffs’ counsel, Mr. Kramer ... acted in bad faith”) (J.M. Kelly, J.); Seiffert v. Green, C.A. No. 81-1956, slip opinion, 1987 WL 26670, U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11594 (E.D.Pa., Dec. 8, 1987) (sanctioning attorney Kramer under Fed.R.Civ.P. 37 for failure to comply with discovery requests and a court order); Caplan v. Fairchild Publications Corp., C.A. No. 84-6039, slip opinion, 1986 WL 10782 [available on LEXIS] (E.D.Pa., Sept. 30, 1986) (dismissing complaint under Fed.R.Civ.P. 37 where plaintiff and his counsel, attorney Kramer, repeatedly failed to comply with court’s discovery orders) (Lord, J.); see also Kravinsky v. Wolk, C.A. No. 86-4820, slip opinion, 1988 WL 84748, U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9134 (E.D.Pa., August 11, 1988) (“[Attorney Kramer’s] failure to comply with orders and rules of this court would fully justify imposing sanctions”) (VanArtsdalen, J.).
In light of this publicly documented history of attorney Kramer’s repeated misconduct, I conclude that a monetary sanction and written reprimand alone would be insufficient to deter him from similar misconduct in the future. Cf. Cannon v. Loyola University of Chicago, 676 F.Supp. 823, 830 (N.D.Ill.1987). At the opposite extreme, although suspension from practice before the Eastern District of Pennsylvania might well be warranted, I am reluctant to [204]*204impose such a severe sanction without giving Mr. Kramer an additional opportunity to be heard. See Schwarzer, 104 F.R.D. at 204; see also Snow Machines, Inc. v. Hedco, Inc., 838 F.2d 718, 725 (3d Cir.1988) (declining to decide what type of due process procedures are required before an attorney may be sanctioned under Rule 11). I will therefore order that, in addition to being reprimanded, attorney Kramer shall be referred to the Disciplinary Board of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania for possible further disciplinary proceedings in accordance with the provisions of Rule 14 of the Local Rules of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Cf. Securities and Exchange Commission v. Suter, 832 F.2d 988, 991 (7th Cir.1987) (referring attorney to disciplinary board where attorney’s two and a half page brief, which cited only one irrelevant case, was frivolous and raised question as to attorney’s ability to represent clients in a competent manner).3
[205]*205In referring Mr. Kramer to the Disciplinary Board, I recognize that the Third Circuit has expressed concern that Rule 11 proceedings have a tendency to “spawn satellite litigation counterproductive to efficient disposition of cases.” Doering, 857 F.2d at 194. On the other hand, it has also stressed the importance of close scrutiny, and even additional hearings, before a district court may properly impose Rule 11 sanctions that go beyond mere fines or reprimands. Cf. Gagliardi v. McWilliams, 834 F.2d 81, 83 (3d Cir.1987) (requiring district court to carefully review pro se plaintiffs litigation history before it could impose Rule 11 sanction barring pro se plaintiff from filing future pro se lawsuits). Although the Third Circuit’s desire for careful procedural safeguards is inevitably in some tension with its desire to avoid satellite Rule 11 litigation in the federal courts, referring attorneys who have repeatedly flouted the Rule to the Disciplinary Board, in accordance with local disciplinary rules, addresses both of the Third Circuit’s concerns. Cf. Eash v. Riggins Trucking Inc., 757 F.2d 557, 569 (3d Cir.1985) (en banc) (discussing benefits of local disciplinary rules). First, referral to the disciplinary board can save the federal district courts from being forced to conduct time-consuming, investigative proceedings which are better handled in the strictly disciplinary context. Second, and more importantly, referral will also “ensure that the attorney has an adequate opportunity to explain the conduct deemed deficient,” Eash at 571, and that truly severe deterrent sanctions will not be imposed except after a thorough investigation into the attorney’s record.4
6. The Effect of the Lingle Rule on the Power of the District Courts to Impose Rule 11 Sanctions
I note, however, that in Mary Ann Pensiero, Inc. v. Lingle, 847 F.2d at 100, the Third Circuit promulgated a supervisory rule requiring that all motions requesting Rule 11 sanctions be filed in the district court before the entry of a final judgment. Because the instant Rule 11 motion was filed after the entry of my order of dismissal, I must decide whether and to what extent the supervisory rule announced in Lingle affects my power as a district judge to impose the above sanctions.
In promulgating this supervisory rule, the Court of Appeals reasoned that if a party’s conduct violates Rule 11,
the adversary should be able to realize immediately that an offense has occurred. Seldom should it be necessary to wait for the district court or the court of appeals to rule on the merits of an underlying question of law. If there is doubt how the district court will rule on the challenged pleading or motion, the filing of the paper is unlikely to have violated Rule 11____ We will henceforth require prompt action by a litigant whenever a Rule violation appears. In that way, the district court will be able to decide the matter in a timely fashion so as to eliminate additional appeals.
847 F.2d at 99-100. The Lingle rule is thus designed to penalize parties who do not file prompt Rule 11 motions, and it clearly bars the award of attorneys’ fees to the defendants at bar. In enacting the Lingle rule, however, I conclude that the Court of Appeals did not divest the district courts of the power to impose non-mone[206]*206tary sanctions on attorneys who have committed a string of Rule 11 violations. Cf. Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 767, 100 S.Ct. 2455, 2464, 65 L.Ed.2d 488 (1980) (federal courts have inherent power to impose sanctions where “counsel’s conduct constitutes or was tantamount to bad faith”). Indeed, “[t]he detection and punishment of a violation of the signing requirement, encouraged by the amended rule, is part of the court’s responsibility for securing the system’s effective operation.” Advisory Committee Notes on the 1983 Amendments to Rule 11. For me to immunize attorney Kramer’s conduct from any Rule 11 sanction simply because the defendants did not file a timely motion would be for me to abdicate my responsibility as a district judge to uphold minimum standards of professional conduct in the federal courts. Cf. 1983 Amendments to Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 (when a court detects a Rule 11 violation, “the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative, shall impose ... an appropriate sanction”) (emphasis added).
The Fifth Circuit has observed that under the amended Rule “there are no longer any ‘free passes’ for attorneys and litigants who violate Rule 11”. Thomas v. Capital Security Services, Inc., 836 F.2d 866, 876 (5th Cir.1988) (holding that once a violation of the Rule is detected, imposition of an appropriate sanction is mandatory). I agree.5 Defendants' motion for an award of attorney’s fees under Rule 11 will therefore be denied as violative of the Lingle rule; but the court, under its own authority under the Rule 11, shall reprimand Mr. Kramer for violating Rule 11 and shall refer the file in this case to the appropriate disciplinary board.6
B. 28 U.S.C. § 1927
My denial of an award of attorneys’ fees under Rule 11 does not end the inquiry, for defendants have also moved for an award of attorneys’ fees under the federal cost statute, which provides;
§ 1927 Counsel’s Liability for Excessive Costs
Any attorney or other person admitted to conduct cases in any court of the United States or any Territory thereof who so multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously may be required by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.
28 U.S.C. § 1927.
In the leading Third Circuit case of Ford v. Temple Hospital, 790 F.2d 342 (3d Cir.1986), a case which also involved the filing of a time-barred Title VII action, the Court of Appeals held that before attorney’s fees may be imposed under § 1927, there must be a finding of willful bad faith on the part [207]*207of the offending attorney. Id. at 347. The Third Circuit stressed, however, that even a finding of bad faith does not necessarily entitle a prevailing party to an award of all legal fees incurred in the course of the litigation; instead, it held that an offending attorney is liable only for costs incurred after the point at which the continuation of the lawsuit is determined to be in bad faith.
Applying this principle, in Ford the Third Circuit modified the district court’s award of sanctions. Although it agreed that plaintiff’s Title VII claim was time-barred, it held that “on the unique facts of this case” the filing of the action was not in bad faith because plaintiff’s attorney was “not bound to assume that his potential adversaries would plead the defense or that by their conduct they might not in some way waive the defense.” 790 F.2d at 349. Thus, the Court of Appeals ruled that plaintiff’s counsel could not be held liable for costs incurred prior to the filing of defendant’s motion for summary judgment, when defendant first gave notice of the facts substantiating his statute of limitations defense.
In a footnote, however, the Third Circuit noted:
We are limiting our ruling to the facts of this case and we do not mean to imply that under different factual circumstances a court cannot grant counsel fee awards for services performed prior to the filing of a motion to dismiss or a motion for summary judgment.
Ford, 790 F.2d at 349, n. 9. In the case at bar, counsel for defendants took several steps to try to obtain a voluntary dismissal of this litigation without having to resort to a formal motion to dismiss. These steps included the phone calls and letters to attorney Kramer — notably the May 18, 1988, letter — which gave plaintiff’s counsel actual notice of defendants’ intention to raise the limitations defense. As I have already noted in my discussion of the Rule 11 issue, supra, I find that Kramer acted in bad faith by pursuing the Title VII claims after he had received defendant’s May 18 letter. I conclude, therefore, that this case fits within the exception contemplated by footnote 10 in Ford, and that attorney Kramer is liable for costs and attorneys’ fees incurred by defendants after May 23, 1988 (five days after defendants mailed their May 18 letter to Kramer), even though some of these expenses were incurred before the filing of the motion to dismiss. Accord Campana v. Muir, 786 F.2d 188 (3d Cir.1986), affirming, 615 F.Supp. 871 (M.D.Pa.1985) (awarding attorneys’ fees and costs against plaintiff who pursued litigation against United States District Judge after plaintiff was given notice that defendant judge would raise defense of judicial immunity); see also “Liability under 28 USCS § 1927,” 81 A.L.R.Fed. 36, 61-62 (1987) (collecting cases).7
I further find, in the exercise of my discretion, that an award of attorney’s fees and costs is appropriate in this case, and that attorney Kramer has failed to meet his burden of proving that mitigating factors and circumstances should absolve him of liability for these expenses. Cf. Ford v. Temple Hospital, 790 F.2d at 347; Baker Industries, Inc. v. Cerberus, Ltd., 764 F.2d 204, 210 (3d Cir.1985). Defendants’ motion for an award of attorney’s fees and costs under § 1927 will therefore be granted in the amount of $9,404.53.8
[208]*208C. CONCLUSION
As Judge Schwarzer has written,
Of all the duties of a judge, imposing sanctions on lawyers is perhaps the most unpleasant. A desire to avoid doing so is understandable. But if judges turn from Rule 11 and let it fall into disuse, the message to those inclined to abuse or misuse the litigation process will be clear. Misconduct, once tolerated, will breed more misconduct and those who seek relief against abuse will instead resort to it in self-defense.
Schwarzer, 104 F.R.D. at 205. Although sanctions are warranted only in exceptional circumstances, when such circumstances arise the imposition of carefully tailored sanctions is a necessary aspect of an integrated system created by the federal rules for the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of actions. Id. at 204. Regrettably, sanctionable misconduct has occurred in this case; therefore an appropriate order follows.9
ORDER
AND NOW, this 17th day of August, 1989, upon consideration of the motion of defendants Darryl Freedman and McCormick, Taylor & Co., Inc. for an award of attorneys’ fees against plaintiff Dorenda Matthews and her attorney, Steven M. Kramer, it is hereby ORDERED that the motion is GRANTED with respect to Steven M. Kramer and DENIED with respect to plaintiff Dorenda Matthews, and it is hereby ORDERED that Steven M. Kramer pay to defendants attorneys’ fees and costs in the amount of $9,404.53. It is further ORDERED that Steven M. Kramer is hereby REPRIMANDED for violating Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. It is further ORDERED that, under the authority of Rule 11 and of Local Rule of Civil Procedure 14, and in accordance with the procedures established in Local Rule 14, the Clerk of Court is directed to send a copy of this order and the accompanying opinion to the Disciplinary Board of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania for such further action, if any, as the Board may deem appropriate.
APPENDIX A
[PLAINTIFF’S] MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO MOTION TO DISMISS THE COMPLAINT
PLAINTIFF’S CLAIM UNDER THE THIRTEENTH ADMENDMENT [sic] FOR RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND SEXUAL DISCRIMINATION CANNOT BE DISMISSED
It has long been established that a victim of racial discrimination has a claim under the Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and that Title VII is not an exclusive remedy Johnson vs Railway Express Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 459 [95 S.Ct. 1716, 1719, 44 L.Ed.2d 295] (1975):
Despite Title VII's range and its design as a comprehensive solution for the problem of invidious discrimination in employment, the aggreieved [sic] individual clearly is not deprived of other remedies he possesses and is not liminted [sic] to Title VII in his search for relief. “[T]he legislative history of Title VII manifests a congressional intent to allow an individual to pursue independently his rights under both Title VII and other applicable state and federal statutes.” Alexander vs Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. [36] at 48 [94 S.Ct. 1011, 1019, 39 L.Ed.2d 260 (1974)]. In particular, Congress noted “that the remedies available to the individual under Tital VII are co-extensive with the indiv[i]dual’s right to sue under the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and that the two procedures augment each other and are [209]*209not mutually exclusive.” H.R.Rep. No. 92-238, p. 19 (1971), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News, 1972, pp. 2137, 2154.
Here, plaintiff has alleged that the discrimination was motivated in substantial part by race. Plaintiff alleges that the defendant Freedman had a “thing” for black women. He abused his position by preying upon black female employees. Johnson supra precludes dismissal.
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Steven M. Kramer
STEVEN M. KRAMER, ESQUIRE
Steven M. Kramer & Associates
The Academy House, Suite 37P
1420 Locust Street
Philadelphia, PA 19102
(215) 545-3000
APPENDIX B
[PLAINTIFF’S] MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITIO [sic] TO MOTION FOR COUNSEL FEES
The order entered by this Court was not one that could be predicted with certainty. Indeed, it is the subject of an appeal. The existence of a claim under the Thirteenth Amendment in the context of a combination of racial and sexual harassment is not at all free from doubt. The only case cited by this Court [Sanders v. A.J. Canfield Co., 635 F.Supp. 85 (1986)] is a district court opinion from the Northern District of Illinois. It may well be that the Third Circuit, which has not passed upon the issue, may take a different view. Of course, the Third Circuit is not bound by the Chicago decision.
If attorneys are to be hit with counsel fees for pressing such a claim, then they will be chilled into not pursuing such claims. Novel claims will not be pressed.
In addition, on appeal, plaintiff shall present an equitable tolling argument, citing the pending state case. All of the factors supporting equitable tolling are present here (lack of surprise, absence of loss of evidence or witnesses, etc.).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the motion should be denied.
[Steven M. Kramer]
DATED: 3/16/89
Thus, should an attorney who is faced with district court decisions even in his own District not press a claim that runs counter to it, for fear of having to pay counsel fees? Here, the decision comes from another District.