Hiscock, J.
The appellant was removed on charges from his position as assistant engineer in the department of water supply, gas and electricity in the city of New York. He held this position as the result of original appointment under a competitive civil service examination and various subsequent promotions and thereby was protected against arbitrary removal. He claims that his
rights iii this respect were violated and that having been removed without sufficient cause he should be reinstated. He also originally claimed that his tenure of position was fortified by service as a member of a volunteer fire department in the borough of Richmond, and that certain rights thereby acquired were violated in his removal. This last claim, however, is without merit, for his alleged membership was one of those sham memberships which have ■ been repeatedly condemned by the courts when urged as a basis for relief in such a proceeding as this.
(People ex rel. Storey
v.
Butler,
124 App. Div. 148;
People ex rel. Vineing
v.
Hayes,
135 App. Div. 19, 22;
People ex rel. Stewart
v.
Ahearn,
131 App. Div. 932; affd., 199 N. Y. 526.)
I pass, therefore, to the consideration of the question whether his removal was in disregard of those rules which protected him as holding position under the civil service. In determining this it will be best in the first place to state these rules and then by them measure what was done.
Section 1543 of the charter of Greater New York (L. 1901, ch. 466) applicable to the present case provides: “No -x- * -x- perS0n holding a position in the classified municipal civil service subject to competitive examination, shall be removed until he has been allowed an opportunity of making an explanation; and in every case of a removal, the true grounds thereof shall be forthwith entered upon the records of the department * * * and a copy filed with the municipal civil service. In case of removal, a statement showing the reason therefor shall be filed in the department.”
The case of
People ex rel. ■ Mitchel
v.
La Grange
(2 App. Div. 444; affirmed on opinion below, 151 N. Y. 664) involved a writ of certiorari to review the removal of relator who had been a fire marshal. Section 48 of chapter 410, Laws of 1882 (Consolidation Act), contained practically the same provision for his protection
as that now invoked by the appellant. In construing that provision and applying it to the determination of the proceeding then before it, the court said: “It is well settled that the commissioners may exercise their power of removal upon facts within their own knowledge, or upon information which they have received, and that testimony is not required to be taken as to the basis of their action.
(People ex rel. Keech
v.
Thompson,
94 N. Y. 451.) It is equally well settled that the cause assigned must be substantial and not shadowy, and that the explanation must be received and acted upon in good faith and not arbitrarily. To be substantial, the cause assigned must be some dereliction on the part of the subordinate, or neglect of duty, or something affecting his character or fitness for the position. * * * This explanation is not a mere form to precede a predetermined removal. The minds of the commissioners must be open to the explanation. They must act upon it fairly and reasonably. They cannot arbitrarily disregard it.” (p. 445.)
People ex rel. Kennedy
v.
Brady
(166 N. Y. 44) involved a writ of certiorari to review the removal by a commissioner in the department of buildings of a subordinate holding a position subject to competitive examination under the Civil Service Law. In that case the court cited with apparent approval
People ex rel. Keech
v.
Thompson
(94 N. Y. 451) as holding that the law was sufficiently complied with “where a statement of charges with a specification of facts furnishing sufcient cause .for removal and sufficiently distinct to apprise the subordinate of the grounds upon which the charges are based, with notice of the time and place when an opportunity for an explanation will be given, is served upon him, and where, at the time and place specified, an opportunity for explanation is given.” It was said: “The reasons assigned for the removal must appear, upon their face, to justify the action; in other words, they must be substantial and not frivolous, but
when they appear to be sufficient to justify the determination the courts have no power to interfere on the ground that the reasons, though good in- themselves, had no existence as matter of fact, or that the explanation given by the subordinate should have satisfied the head of the department.” (p. 48.)
When we scrutinize the charges and reasons on and for which appellant was removed in the light of these statutory provisions and decisions, they seem to be entirely insufficient to sustain the removal.
Two of the charges are so fanciful and unsubstantial as to appear somewhat ridiculous when subjected to serious and impartial consideration. The first of them, as has already been stated, is to the effect that when the chief engineer called on the appellant to turn over his work, records and force to another man he was guilty of insubordination because he “respectfully” protested against putting some one else in charge of his work and against any attempt to remove him, and demanded that he be continued and retained in his present position. Assuming, as the appellant did, that the order given to him was the first step towards getting rid of him, I do not see how he could safely do less or otherwise than he did. The right of self-defense against unlawful attack is universally conceded whether exercised in behalf of person or property and it almost savors of unintentional humor, this serious contention that the appellant was guilty of insubordination and insulting conduct because he did not in a spirit of cordial receptivity accept complainant’s invitation to assist in preparing for his own official decapitation. It is true that it is now argued that appellant quite misconceived his superior’s order and that it did not contemplate his removal. I am inclined to think, however, that subsequent events are the best answer to this argument and indicate that the appellant diagnosed the situation with entire accuracy.
The second charge now being considered is to the effect
simply that appellant denied that he had signed the payrolls for certain employees when in fact he had so signed them. It is not in any way. charged that he improperly signed these payrolls or that he willfully or for any purposes of fraud or deception denied signing them, or that his denial was made to anybody having official relationship to the facts, or that the city in any way suffered either from his signing the payrolls or from the denial that he had signed them. The very worst construction to be placed on his conduct under this charge is that at some time in an ordinary conversation with an ordinary person he was a victim of the very ordinary human infirmity of forgetting on a single occasion that he had performed a certain act, which we may assume was one among a great number of official duties.
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Hiscock, J.
The appellant was removed on charges from his position as assistant engineer in the department of water supply, gas and electricity in the city of New York. He held this position as the result of original appointment under a competitive civil service examination and various subsequent promotions and thereby was protected against arbitrary removal. He claims that his
rights iii this respect were violated and that having been removed without sufficient cause he should be reinstated. He also originally claimed that his tenure of position was fortified by service as a member of a volunteer fire department in the borough of Richmond, and that certain rights thereby acquired were violated in his removal. This last claim, however, is without merit, for his alleged membership was one of those sham memberships which have ■ been repeatedly condemned by the courts when urged as a basis for relief in such a proceeding as this.
(People ex rel. Storey
v.
Butler,
124 App. Div. 148;
People ex rel. Vineing
v.
Hayes,
135 App. Div. 19, 22;
People ex rel. Stewart
v.
Ahearn,
131 App. Div. 932; affd., 199 N. Y. 526.)
I pass, therefore, to the consideration of the question whether his removal was in disregard of those rules which protected him as holding position under the civil service. In determining this it will be best in the first place to state these rules and then by them measure what was done.
Section 1543 of the charter of Greater New York (L. 1901, ch. 466) applicable to the present case provides: “No -x- * -x- perS0n holding a position in the classified municipal civil service subject to competitive examination, shall be removed until he has been allowed an opportunity of making an explanation; and in every case of a removal, the true grounds thereof shall be forthwith entered upon the records of the department * * * and a copy filed with the municipal civil service. In case of removal, a statement showing the reason therefor shall be filed in the department.”
The case of
People ex rel. ■ Mitchel
v.
La Grange
(2 App. Div. 444; affirmed on opinion below, 151 N. Y. 664) involved a writ of certiorari to review the removal of relator who had been a fire marshal. Section 48 of chapter 410, Laws of 1882 (Consolidation Act), contained practically the same provision for his protection
as that now invoked by the appellant. In construing that provision and applying it to the determination of the proceeding then before it, the court said: “It is well settled that the commissioners may exercise their power of removal upon facts within their own knowledge, or upon information which they have received, and that testimony is not required to be taken as to the basis of their action.
(People ex rel. Keech
v.
Thompson,
94 N. Y. 451.) It is equally well settled that the cause assigned must be substantial and not shadowy, and that the explanation must be received and acted upon in good faith and not arbitrarily. To be substantial, the cause assigned must be some dereliction on the part of the subordinate, or neglect of duty, or something affecting his character or fitness for the position. * * * This explanation is not a mere form to precede a predetermined removal. The minds of the commissioners must be open to the explanation. They must act upon it fairly and reasonably. They cannot arbitrarily disregard it.” (p. 445.)
People ex rel. Kennedy
v.
Brady
(166 N. Y. 44) involved a writ of certiorari to review the removal by a commissioner in the department of buildings of a subordinate holding a position subject to competitive examination under the Civil Service Law. In that case the court cited with apparent approval
People ex rel. Keech
v.
Thompson
(94 N. Y. 451) as holding that the law was sufficiently complied with “where a statement of charges with a specification of facts furnishing sufcient cause .for removal and sufficiently distinct to apprise the subordinate of the grounds upon which the charges are based, with notice of the time and place when an opportunity for an explanation will be given, is served upon him, and where, at the time and place specified, an opportunity for explanation is given.” It was said: “The reasons assigned for the removal must appear, upon their face, to justify the action; in other words, they must be substantial and not frivolous, but
when they appear to be sufficient to justify the determination the courts have no power to interfere on the ground that the reasons, though good in- themselves, had no existence as matter of fact, or that the explanation given by the subordinate should have satisfied the head of the department.” (p. 48.)
When we scrutinize the charges and reasons on and for which appellant was removed in the light of these statutory provisions and decisions, they seem to be entirely insufficient to sustain the removal.
Two of the charges are so fanciful and unsubstantial as to appear somewhat ridiculous when subjected to serious and impartial consideration. The first of them, as has already been stated, is to the effect that when the chief engineer called on the appellant to turn over his work, records and force to another man he was guilty of insubordination because he “respectfully” protested against putting some one else in charge of his work and against any attempt to remove him, and demanded that he be continued and retained in his present position. Assuming, as the appellant did, that the order given to him was the first step towards getting rid of him, I do not see how he could safely do less or otherwise than he did. The right of self-defense against unlawful attack is universally conceded whether exercised in behalf of person or property and it almost savors of unintentional humor, this serious contention that the appellant was guilty of insubordination and insulting conduct because he did not in a spirit of cordial receptivity accept complainant’s invitation to assist in preparing for his own official decapitation. It is true that it is now argued that appellant quite misconceived his superior’s order and that it did not contemplate his removal. I am inclined to think, however, that subsequent events are the best answer to this argument and indicate that the appellant diagnosed the situation with entire accuracy.
The second charge now being considered is to the effect
simply that appellant denied that he had signed the payrolls for certain employees when in fact he had so signed them. It is not in any way. charged that he improperly signed these payrolls or that he willfully or for any purposes of fraud or deception denied signing them, or that his denial was made to anybody having official relationship to the facts, or that the city in any way suffered either from his signing the payrolls or from the denial that he had signed them. The very worst construction to be placed on his conduct under this charge is that at some time in an ordinary conversation with an ordinary person he was a victim of the very ordinary human infirmity of forgetting on a single occasion that he had performed a certain act, which we may assume was one among a great number of official duties. Removal for such a cause would establish a test for' continuance in public employment decidedly beyond anything which we have as yet attained.
This leaves for consideration the first charge and ground assigned for removal, and this presents the only debatable question in the case. As already stated, this charge accused the appellant of “insubordination” because he ordered men under his control to do certain work “not only without the direction or authority of the Chief Engineer of the department but without the knowledge of the latter.” Some preliminary insight into the real merits of this accusation is afforded by a comparison of the date of the alleged offense with the date of the charges. This shows that nearly two years had elapsed between the two and one is forced to conclude at the outset that either for this period the complainant ignored or condoned the alleged offense, or was 'so derelict in his duty that he did not know what his important subordinates were doing, or, and this is . probably the real explanation, did not at the time deem to be offensive and insubordinate the acts now claimed by him to have been so. „
When we proceed further and analyze with reasonable closeness the language of the charge and assignment of reasons for removal, this last notion is confirmed for we perceive that the facts stated therein as- constituting insubordination and misconduct do not amount to any such offense. Insubordination certainly implies intentional, willful disobedience. But nothing of that kind is alleged and found here. The most that can reasonably be spelled out is that appellant directed certain men under him to do perfectly proper work in the department with which he was connected without having the express and affirmative direction or authorization of his immediate superior and without notifying him thereof. This falls far short of stating a case of insubordination and consequent misconduct.
We not only may but ought to presume that in a department such as this a person occupying a position so high as that of assistant engineer would be authorized and expected by the general rules and practices of the department to exercise some discretion and to do some things in the absence of express directions and there is nothing which saves this charge from this presumption.
Again, it appears without dispute that what the appellant did was authorized by the deputy commissioner. Without deciding that we may look at the evidence- and hold as a matter of law that this explanation should have been accepted as satisfactory and sufficient, we may yet utilize it as an illustration of what we can assume might happen in the department. There were a commissioner and deputy commissioner both of whom were the superiors not only of appellant but also of the complainant. Naturally they would have power to give directions to the former which would be controlling without, or even in' contradiction of, any given by the latter. I see no basis ■ for the presumption that they did not exercise this power and give such orders on this occasion, and the charge and
finding are discreetly lacking in any word which would cover this point.
And, lastly, I am not prepared to hold that the performance by an employee on a single occasion of proper work in his general field of employment in the honest belief that it was his duty to perform it —and these features are not challenged here — would make a case of insubordination or misconduct justifying his discharge even though it should turn out that the work was strictly beyond the line of his duty and authority.
Having such considerations as these in mind it does not seem to me that we should approve as sufficient the reasons assigned for the removal of appellant. Of course, I accept the principle which has been established that the power of removal in such a case as this is very broad, and the right
of review very
narrow. These rules are doubtless essential to good service and entirely proper. But their liberality in favor of the superior furnishes all the greater reason why such requirements as they do impose should be fairly and honestly observed. If an employee has been guilty of acts which constitute insubordination or any kind of misconduct sufficiently serious to warrant his removal there ought to be no difficulty in so charging and finding. The acts relied on and set forth as constituting misconduct ought on a fair interpretation to make it out. An employee ought not to be punished as for willful disobedience on a statement of facts so meagre and ambiguous that they are just as consistent with fidelity and obedience as with the opposite qualities. That is this case. Everything which is charged and assigned as a reason on this point for dismissing appellant might be true, and yet he have done nothing which amounted to insubordination or misconduct, and such a situation ought not to receive our approval.
It would not be difficult to believe that this meagreness in charge and statement was not the result of inadvertence or unskillfulness, but rather of discretion in the face
of necessity. While it may not be part of the strictly legal aspects which we are required to examine, we can hardly avoid seeing behind this attempt to remove appellant a background of friction between his superiors, the deputy commissioner and chief engineer, in which appellant apparently recognized the higher authority of the former and thereby antagonized the latter. This was doubtless an unfortunate situation, but I hardly see how he could have done otherwise, and certainly it did not furnish a sufficient justification for making him a conspicuous sufferer in the conflict between his superiors, which in some measure was being carried on over his unlucky and presumably unwilling shoulders.
The orders of the Special Term and Appellate Division should he reversed and the application for the writ of mandamus granted, with costs in all the courts.
Cullen, Ch. J., Vann, Werner, Willard Bartlett and Chase, JJ., concur; Haight, J., absent.
Orders reversed, etc.