Barrett, J.:
The cases where the dismissal of police officers and firemen have been reviewed upon certiorari are inapplicable here. These officials-are entitled by law to a regular trial, and the court upon certiorari is authorized to review the testimony to the extent and in the manner-provided in section 2140 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Ho such, right to a formal trial upon evidence is given to the head of a bureau in any of the departments of the city government. The provision of section 48 of the Consolidation Act (Laws of 1882, chap. 410) limits-their right in this regard-to information as to the cause of the proposed removal, and an opportunity of making an explanation. It is well settled that the commissioners may exercise their power of removal upon facts within their own knowledge, or upon information which they have received, and that testimony is not required to he taken as to the basis of their action. (People ex rel. Keech v. Thompson, 94 N. Y. 451.) It is equally well settled that the cause assigned must be substantial and not shadowy, and that the explanation must he received. [446]*446and acted upon in good faith and not arbitrarily. . To be substantial, the cause' assigned must be some dereliction, On the part of the subordinate, or neglect of duty, or something affecting his character or' fitness for the position. (People ex rel. Munday v. Fire Commissioners, 72 N. Y. 445; People ex rel. Sims v. Same, 73 id. 440.) It is no cause of removal that some other man is a better man than he, or more congenial to the appointing or removing power. (Allen, J., in the Munday case, p. 449.) If the cause assigned is not substantial, the removal is invalid. If it is substantial, the commissioners may rest upon it without legal proof. If, however, they assign the cause upon facts within their own knowledge, they should so inform the accused. If, on the other hand, they assign such cause upon information alone, it would be but fair and just to furnish the accused with the nature of such information. How else can hé “ explain ? ” ■ The opportunity of explanation is his sole and somewhat meagre right. ■ For that very reason it should be carefully guarded and enforced. The origin of the charge should not be so veiled as practically to deprive the accused of making his explanation advisedly and of presenting it fully and thoroughly.
“ An explanation,” says Allen, J., in the Munday case, “ may consist either of excusing any delinquency, or apparent neglect or incapacity — that is, explaining the unfavorable appearances; or disproving the charges.” To do this efficiently the accused must not have to grope in the dark. He should know not only the technical charge,, but upon what, in fact, it is based. It is apparent that to enable the accused thus to explain, he must be apprised not only of the general charge, hut of the specification. He must know, too, whether his explanation should be addressed to removing some personal misunderstanding. of the commissioners, or to dissipating unfavorable appearances stamped upon their minds by inaccurate information, or by a mistaken view of accurate information. All this proceeds upon the theory that the commissioners are acting in good faith, and are not seeking to evade the statute. They are aware that the provision in question was, as Allen, J., observed in. the .Munday case {supra), “ intended as a substantial limitation of the general power of removal, * * • * and to secure the continuance in office of the persons named until a reasonable cause other than the pleasure of the heads of the departments, or a change in the politi[447]*447cal character of the majority, should exist for their removal.” This wholesome doctrine was laid down as far hack as the year 1878. It is accentuated by the spirit of later legislation, especially by the modern civil service acts.
It is apparent that, to give due effect to the act under consideration, not only must the charge he substantial, and the specification clear, hut the explanation should be received and acted upon in good faith. This explanation is not a mere form to precede a predetermined removal. The minds of the commissioners must be open to the explanation. They must act upon it fairly and reasonably. They cannot arbitrarily disregard it. If it is such an explanation as should satisfy any fair-minded man, if it admits of no reasonable inference of dereliction or incompetency, it cannot be denied its due effect in acquitting the accused, and securing his continuance in office. The commissioners must be satisfied with the explanation if it is clearly satisfactory. The law requires good faith even where parties have contracted for personal satisfaction. A good reason must then be assigned for dissatisfaction. The doctrine is that, “ that which the law will say a contracting party ought in reason to be satisfied with, that the law will say he is satisfied with.” (Duplex Safety Boiler Company v. Garden, 101 N. Y. 390.) A different rule applies in matters of taste and fancy. There the contract is subject to the “ pleasure ” of one party. These rules should he applied to public relations quite as liberally as to private contracts. The law which we are considering in effect declares that the commissioners shall not, in the particulars under discussion, gratify their fancy, serve their personal convenience or satisfy their individual preference; and, consequently, that they shall not remove at them pleasure. It impliedly declares, on the contrary, that before they remove they must be satisfied that there is just cause for removal. Their “satisfaction” consequently must not be a pretense. If upon the explanation there is no reasonable • doubt of the innocence of the accused, the law will not permit the commissioners to frustrate its purpose by the mere bald assertion of doubt. . '
This brings us to the consideration of the merits of the case at bar. The forms of law were technically complied, with. Oausés of removal were assigned, and an opportunity of explanation was [448]*448■afforded. We have carefully analyzed these causes, and we are of opinion that they are unsubstantial, and, in view of the relator’s explanation, wholly without merit. We will examine them seriatim. ' They are four in number. 'The first is undoubtedly the least trivial. It charges the relator with having permitted an assistant fire marshal named Frank, and a detailed detective policeman named Lenz, to remain on duty in his bureau for years after he was' informed of their unworthiness and unfitness; also that while in almost daily contact with them he failed to discover that they were the associates and allies of incendiaries; and that he only permitted Frank to resign, and only requested that Lenz be relieved from duty, after Frank was known to one of the board of underwriters to be corrupt.
These charges are' based upon what happened prior to the advent of the respondents as fire commissioners. Consequently, the charges. Were, not based upon their own personal knowledge or observation. Indeed, the charges are in terms made solely upon information.' What that information was the notice did not convey to the relator. He asked for it, and it was refused him. He was told that the “ allegations were sufficiently specific to inform his mind.” Yet the “ information ” was subsequently spread upon the record of the final judgment of removal. The importance of that information to the accused, nay, the absolute necessity that he should have it in’ order to make any useful explanation, is apparent when we consider what it was.
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Barrett, J.:
The cases where the dismissal of police officers and firemen have been reviewed upon certiorari are inapplicable here. These officials-are entitled by law to a regular trial, and the court upon certiorari is authorized to review the testimony to the extent and in the manner-provided in section 2140 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Ho such, right to a formal trial upon evidence is given to the head of a bureau in any of the departments of the city government. The provision of section 48 of the Consolidation Act (Laws of 1882, chap. 410) limits-their right in this regard-to information as to the cause of the proposed removal, and an opportunity of making an explanation. It is well settled that the commissioners may exercise their power of removal upon facts within their own knowledge, or upon information which they have received, and that testimony is not required to he taken as to the basis of their action. (People ex rel. Keech v. Thompson, 94 N. Y. 451.) It is equally well settled that the cause assigned must be substantial and not shadowy, and that the explanation must he received. [446]*446and acted upon in good faith and not arbitrarily. . To be substantial, the cause' assigned must be some dereliction, On the part of the subordinate, or neglect of duty, or something affecting his character or' fitness for the position. (People ex rel. Munday v. Fire Commissioners, 72 N. Y. 445; People ex rel. Sims v. Same, 73 id. 440.) It is no cause of removal that some other man is a better man than he, or more congenial to the appointing or removing power. (Allen, J., in the Munday case, p. 449.) If the cause assigned is not substantial, the removal is invalid. If it is substantial, the commissioners may rest upon it without legal proof. If, however, they assign the cause upon facts within their own knowledge, they should so inform the accused. If, on the other hand, they assign such cause upon information alone, it would be but fair and just to furnish the accused with the nature of such information. How else can hé “ explain ? ” ■ The opportunity of explanation is his sole and somewhat meagre right. ■ For that very reason it should be carefully guarded and enforced. The origin of the charge should not be so veiled as practically to deprive the accused of making his explanation advisedly and of presenting it fully and thoroughly.
“ An explanation,” says Allen, J., in the Munday case, “ may consist either of excusing any delinquency, or apparent neglect or incapacity — that is, explaining the unfavorable appearances; or disproving the charges.” To do this efficiently the accused must not have to grope in the dark. He should know not only the technical charge,, but upon what, in fact, it is based. It is apparent that to enable the accused thus to explain, he must be apprised not only of the general charge, hut of the specification. He must know, too, whether his explanation should be addressed to removing some personal misunderstanding. of the commissioners, or to dissipating unfavorable appearances stamped upon their minds by inaccurate information, or by a mistaken view of accurate information. All this proceeds upon the theory that the commissioners are acting in good faith, and are not seeking to evade the statute. They are aware that the provision in question was, as Allen, J., observed in. the .Munday case {supra), “ intended as a substantial limitation of the general power of removal, * * • * and to secure the continuance in office of the persons named until a reasonable cause other than the pleasure of the heads of the departments, or a change in the politi[447]*447cal character of the majority, should exist for their removal.” This wholesome doctrine was laid down as far hack as the year 1878. It is accentuated by the spirit of later legislation, especially by the modern civil service acts.
It is apparent that, to give due effect to the act under consideration, not only must the charge he substantial, and the specification clear, hut the explanation should be received and acted upon in good faith. This explanation is not a mere form to precede a predetermined removal. The minds of the commissioners must be open to the explanation. They must act upon it fairly and reasonably. They cannot arbitrarily disregard it. If it is such an explanation as should satisfy any fair-minded man, if it admits of no reasonable inference of dereliction or incompetency, it cannot be denied its due effect in acquitting the accused, and securing his continuance in office. The commissioners must be satisfied with the explanation if it is clearly satisfactory. The law requires good faith even where parties have contracted for personal satisfaction. A good reason must then be assigned for dissatisfaction. The doctrine is that, “ that which the law will say a contracting party ought in reason to be satisfied with, that the law will say he is satisfied with.” (Duplex Safety Boiler Company v. Garden, 101 N. Y. 390.) A different rule applies in matters of taste and fancy. There the contract is subject to the “ pleasure ” of one party. These rules should he applied to public relations quite as liberally as to private contracts. The law which we are considering in effect declares that the commissioners shall not, in the particulars under discussion, gratify their fancy, serve their personal convenience or satisfy their individual preference; and, consequently, that they shall not remove at them pleasure. It impliedly declares, on the contrary, that before they remove they must be satisfied that there is just cause for removal. Their “satisfaction” consequently must not be a pretense. If upon the explanation there is no reasonable • doubt of the innocence of the accused, the law will not permit the commissioners to frustrate its purpose by the mere bald assertion of doubt. . '
This brings us to the consideration of the merits of the case at bar. The forms of law were technically complied, with. Oausés of removal were assigned, and an opportunity of explanation was [448]*448■afforded. We have carefully analyzed these causes, and we are of opinion that they are unsubstantial, and, in view of the relator’s explanation, wholly without merit. We will examine them seriatim. ' They are four in number. 'The first is undoubtedly the least trivial. It charges the relator with having permitted an assistant fire marshal named Frank, and a detailed detective policeman named Lenz, to remain on duty in his bureau for years after he was' informed of their unworthiness and unfitness; also that while in almost daily contact with them he failed to discover that they were the associates and allies of incendiaries; and that he only permitted Frank to resign, and only requested that Lenz be relieved from duty, after Frank was known to one of the board of underwriters to be corrupt.
These charges are' based upon what happened prior to the advent of the respondents as fire commissioners. Consequently, the charges. Were, not based upon their own personal knowledge or observation. Indeed, the charges are in terms made solely upon information.' What that information was the notice did not convey to the relator. He asked for it, and it was refused him. He was told that the “ allegations were sufficiently specific to inform his mind.” Yet the “ information ” was subsequently spread upon the record of the final judgment of removal. The importance of that information to the accused, nay, the absolute necessity that he should have it in’ order to make any useful explanation, is apparent when we consider what it was. It consisted—so say the respondents—of “evidence furnished by the records of their department, upon investigation made by and evidence furnished to its members in the discharge of their official duties, and from testimony given by said James Mitchel before a committee of the Senate”—testimony given over.four years before the charges were made. Thus the relator was really denied an opportunity of explanation. What testimony had the relator given before a Senate committee? ' What Appeared in the records" of the department ? What investigation, was made by the commissioners ? What evidence was’furnished to them ? Hot a word of all this was intimated to the .relator. Hot a word is now furnished to the court. The record is a blank page as to the very matters upon which the relator has been thus condemned unheard.
He has ■ not only been condemned upon information which was" [449]*449denied Mm, but upon charges which were never served upon him. For we find that the particular charge which we are considering was amended, strengthened and amplified in the judgment. We find, too, distinct and additional charges embraced in the findings — charges of a sweepingly general character which were never served upon the relator, and wMch presumably he heard of for the first time when he read his conviction. The charge which was served upon Mm piroceeds upon the inaccurate assumption that the relator had power to prevent Frank and Lenz from remainmg on duty m his bureau. The rest, in its vague and general form, amounts to but little more than an accusation that the fire marshal was not gifted with powers of divination, that he lacked intuition, and that he was not as suspicious and as shrewd as he should have been. The entire charge ignores the fact that the fire marshal had no power to appoint, retain or remove either of these- men. The judgment ignores the uncontradicted explanation that the fire marshal had no control over them; that they were put where they were by his superiors; that they were actually assigned to specific duty by these superiors; that Frank was actually in charge of the bureau when the relator was appointed fire marshal; that the relator was left no discretion as to the assignment of his assistants; and that the moment he discovered the misconduct of these men he recommended their removal. The judgment ^ignored, too, conclusive evidence of the truth of .what was material in this explanation, consisting of sworn copies of actual orders of the board of 'fire commissioners. It also ignored the statement of one of the former commissioners to. the same effect. Having ignored the explanation, it proceeded to develop and add to the original charges; to specify information which it had'refused to furnish to the accused; and to convict him upon the new charges as well as the old; and to so convict upon such undisclosed information in support of both. It is clear that there was no justification for removal upon this charge.
The case for removal was far weaker than it was in The People ex rel. Campbell v. Campbell (82 N. Y. 247) where the Court of Appeals held that there must be some evidence (undoubtedly intending by the word evidence to convey the idea of some founded ground of removal) to justify a removal, and that where there is none the removal is not for cause and the order may be reversed.
[450]*450The second charge is open to the same criticism as the first. Having here accused 'the relator of permitting a newspaper article to be compiled or tabulated from the records of the bureau, they convicted him as well of addressing a communication to the editor of the newspaper relating to the official bureau of the department, without the knowledge or approval of the board. They then spread upon the judgment record the information upon which the charges— those which were served,- and those which were not served — are supposed to be supported. Again, the information consists in part of undisclosed records of the department. The. charge which. was served constituted no offense. The article in question was a valuable contribution to knowledge which the public was entitled to. It could not possibly have hindered the efficient working of the department; and it was an aid to those who were endeavoring to suppress incendiarism in this. city. But even if the relator should not have permitted the compilation from the records of his bureau, the explanation was complete. He did not ¡permit such compilation and the undisclosed information on that head was mis-informatian. The fact was that the article was compiled from the' published and public records of the department and from the public records of the district attorney’s office. The entire case on this head was baseless.
The third and fourth charges are still weaker. The third charge states no offense justifying a removal; On the contrary, it charges commendable zeal on the part of the fire marshal. The charge is that he asked the comptroller if money could hot be set apart to pay witnesses in arson cases, and finding that that could not be done he made the same suggestion in substance - to the board of underwriters, which the latter adopted. Why should he not ask information of the comptroller as to whether money could be obtained from the treasury to pay witnesses in cases of arson, and why should he not permit the .board of fire underwriters; to pay out money for such purposes ? In the first, cause assigned he is charged with, doing too little ; in this “third cause” he is charged with doing too much. In neither case is there a genuine fault óf commission or omission. Even as to this third charge there is a complete though quite unnecessary explanation. The relator never did what he is charged with doing. Again, the. undisclosed information must: have [451]*451been inaccurate. For the denial is supported by the affidavits of both the comptroller and the superintendent of the survey bureau of the board of fire underwriters and is absolutely conclusive upon the record.
It is difficult to speak moderately of the fourth cause. It amounts to a charge that the fire marshal aroused a spirit of jealousy on the part of police detectives by claiming, certainly with some show of justification, the credit for securing convictions in arson cases. That, says the charge, alienated the good will of these detectives; and this renders difficult their hearty and cordial cqroperation. One would suppose that this was a ground for disciplining the detectives rather than the relator. It is difficult to understand why this apparently faithful servant of nearly seven years’ standing should have been removed because he is proud of his succéss, and because the detectives do not like his self-appreciation. He might well be pardoned for some slight self-appreciation in view of the sworn statement of the assistant district attorney, Mr. Davis, to the effect that his duty had been both intelligently and energetically performed, and that his services were of great value to the cause of the people; also, in view of the resolution of the board'of fire underwriters adopted some four months prior to these charges, that their thanks, and the thanks of the citizens of Hew York, were due to Fire Marshal Mitchel for his sagacious and energetic labor in the detection and punishment of the band of incendiaries who have recently caused so many fires in this city.
Hpon the entire record it is evident that a grave injustice has been done to the relator; that the charges against him were mere formula for removal; and that his explanations should have satisfied fair-minded men that he was deserving of commendation, not condemnation.
Hpon both the facts and the law, the action of the board should be annulled, and the relator reinstated, with fifty dollars costs and disbursements.
Van Brunt, P. J., Humset, O’Brien and Ingraham, JJ., concurred.
Proceedings annulled and relator reinstated, with fifty dollars costs and disbursements.