Maslic v. ISM Vuzem d.o.o.

Opinion

8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 SAN JOSE DIVISION 11

12 SASA MASLIC, et al., Case No. 21-CV-02556-LHK

13 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTION TO 14 v. DISMISS

15 ISM VUZEM D.O.O., et al., Re: Dkt. No. 22 16 Defendants. 17 18 Plaintiffs Saša Maslic, Ivan Drzaic, Robert Hernaus, Leopold Hubek, Leon Hudoldetnjak, 19 Elvis Koscak, Tomica Panic, Stjepan Papes, Željko Puljko, Darko Štante, Nedeljko Živani, Gogo 20 Rebic, and Mitja Pogorevc (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) were employees of Defendants ISM Vuzem 21 d.o.o.; ISM Vuzem USA, Inc.; Vuzem USA, Inc.; HRID-MONT d.o.o.; Ivan Vuzem; and Robert 22 Vuzem (collectively, “Vuzem”). 23 Plaintiffs bring this putative class action against Vuzem, Defendant Eisenmann 24 Corporation (“Eisenmann”), and Defendant Tesla, Inc. (“Tesla”). Plaintiffs allege various 25 violations of federal and California labor law, all of which arise from Plaintiffs’ time working at a 26 facility owned by Tesla. ECF No. 1-1 (“First Amended Complaint” or “FAC”). 27 Before the Court is Eisenmann and Tesla’s motion to dismiss five claims in Plaintiffs’ First 1 Amended Complaint. ECF No. 22. Having considered the parties’ submission, the relevant law, 2 and the record in this case, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Eisenmann and 3 Tesla’s motion to dismiss. 4 I. BACKGROUND 5 A. Factual Background 6 Plaintiffs are residents of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, or Croatia and were 7 employees of Defendant Vuzem, which is a Slovenian construction company. FAC ¶¶ 1, 16. 8 Vuzem has several subsidiaries in the United States, including in San Pedro, California. Id. ¶ 6. 9 Defendant Eisenmann is a “manufacturer of specialized paint shop equipment.” See Lesnik 10 v. Eisenmann SE, 374 F. Supp. 3d 923, 933 (N.D. Cal. 2019). Eisenmann is a Delaware 11 corporation with its principal place of business in Illinois. FAC ¶ 11. 12 In 2014, Vuzem and Eisenmann contracted with Defendant Tesla, a Delaware corporation 13 with its principal place of business in California, to perform a construction project at Tesla’s 14 facility in Fremont, California. Id. ¶¶ 10, 15–16. Eisenmann was the general contractor for the 15 project and Vuzem was the subcontractor. Id. ¶¶ 48, 50. According to Plaintiffs, Vuzem and 16 Eisenmann “earned millions of dollars from the contracts.” Id. ¶16. 17 Vuzem was primarily responsible for supplying labor for the construction project and the 18 “work itself was performed by individuals who were employees of [Vuzem],” including Plaintiffs. 19 Id. ¶¶ 16–17. Although Vuzem knew that Plaintiffs would be performing unskilled construction 20 work, Vuzem brought Plaintiffs to the United States on B-1 visas that are generally reserved for 21 skilled work. Id. ¶ 128. Additionally, although California law requires companies to obtain 22 certain licenses to perform construction work in California, neither Vuzem nor Eisenmann 23 obtained such licenses for themselves or for Plaintiffs. Id. ¶¶ 47, 49, 51. 24 Plaintiffs performed construction work at Tesla’s facility from November 2014 through 25 June 2016. Id. ¶ 17. During that time, Plaintiffs lived in apartments provided by Vuzem. Id. 26 ¶¶ 52–53. Additionally, pursuant to Eisenmann’s instructions, Plaintiffs traveled to the 27 construction site in vans provided by Vuzem. Id. ¶¶ 94–95. The vans picked Plaintiffs up at the 1 apartments “prior to 6:30 a.m. every day Monday through Saturday” and returned Plaintiffs “to 2 their assigned housing units at 6:15 or 7:15 p.m. Monday through Friday . . . and at 4:15 or 5:15 3 on Saturdays.” Id. ¶ 53. Plaintiffs worked similar hours “at least every other Sunday.” Id. 4 Security guards employed by Tesla checked each Plaintiff in and out of the Tesla site every day. 5 Id. ¶ 128. Additionally, “Eisenmann and Tesla’s supervisors and management” were often present 6 at the site to oversee Plaintiffs’ work. Id. ¶ 129. 7 Plaintiffs allege that Vuzem, Eisenmann, and Tesla failed to provide Plaintiffs with 8 adequate compensation and benefits. Specifically, as relevant to the instant motion, Plaintiffs 9 allege that they were not paid the minimum wage, id. ¶¶ 55–57; that they were not paid overtime 10 wages when they worked more than eight hours a day, more than forty hours a week, or seven 11 days in a row, id. ¶ 61; that they were not provided with rest periods, id. ¶ 65; and that, when they 12 were terminated as employees, they were not provided with all unpaid compensation, id. ¶ 81. 13 Plaintiffs also allege that Vuzem used threats of violence and economic reprisal to coerce 14 Plaintiff Maslic into working under dangerous conditions. According to Plaintiffs, Vuzem 15 “caused their workers, including Plaintiff Maslic, to believe they had to provide labor or they 16 would be subject to serious harm, including loss of visa status and civil and criminal 17 prosecutions.” Id. ¶ 114. Additionally, Vuzem “threatened to withhold pay if any of their 18 employees became too sick to work or reported a job injury.” Id. ¶ 115. As a result, multiple 19 employees, including Plaintiff Maslic, suffered serious injuries. FAC ¶¶ 122, 126. 20 B. Procedural History of the Instant Case 21 On August 27, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a complaint in the Superior Court for the County of 22 Alameda. ECF No. 1 ¶ 12. Plaintiffs did not effectuate service of this complaint. Id. 23 On October 29, 2020, Plaintiffs filed the First Amended Complaint (“FAC”). Id. ¶ 13. 24 The FAC asserts ten claims under California and federal labor law: 25 (1) failure to pay minimum wage in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act 26 (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 203 et seq., against Vuzem, ECF No. 1-1 at ¶¶ 24–35; 27 (2) failure to pay overtime in violation of FLSA against Vuzem, id. ¶¶ 36–44; 1 (3) failure to pay minimum wage under California law against all defendants, id. 2 ¶¶ 45–59; 3 (4) failure to pay overtime wages under California law against all defendants, id. 4 ¶¶ 60–63; 5 (5) failure to provide adequate rest periods under California law against all 6 defendants, id. ¶¶ 64–67; 7 (6) failure to provide Plaintiffs with accurate wage statements under California law 8 against Vuzem, id. ¶¶ 68–76; 9 (7) failure to pay “waiting time penalties” under California law against all 10 defendants, id. ¶¶ 77–84; 11 (8) failure to adhere to California labor laws for a class of 177 employees against 12 Vuzem, id. ¶¶85–106; 13 (9) violation of the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act 14 (“TVPRA”), 18 U.S.C. § 1595 et seq., and the California Trafficking Victims 15 Protection Act (“CTVPA”) against all defendants, id. ¶¶ 107–39; and 16 (10) violation of California’s workers’ compensation laws under California Labor 17 Code § 3706 against Vuzem, id. ¶¶140–46. 18 On March 9, 2021, Eisenmann and Tesla were served the FAC. Id. On April 8, 2021, 19 Eisenmann and Tesla filed a notice of removal in this Court stating that the Court has federal 20 question jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ FLSA and TVPRA claims and supplemental jurisdiction over 21 Plaintiffs’ state law claims. ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 4–5. As an alternative basis for removal, Eisenman and 22 Tesla stated that the Court has original jurisdiction over all Plaintiffs’ claims under the Class 23 Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1453. ECF No. 1 ¶ 6. 24 On May 5, 2021, Plaintiffs filed a Motion to Remand. ECF No. 17. On May 17, 2021, 25 Plaintiffs filed a Motion for Extension of Time to File a Supplemental Motion to Remand. ECF 26 No. 20. On May 19, 2021, Eisenmann and Tesla filed an Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion to 27 Remand. ECF No. 24. On May 21, 2021, Eisenmann and Tesla filed an Opposition to Plaintiffs’ 1 Motion for Extension of Time. ECF No. 25. On May 26, 2021, Plaintiffs filed a reply in support 2 of their Motion to Remand. ECF No. 26. On June 2, 2021, Plaintiffs filed a reply in support of 3 their Motion for Extension of Time. ECF No. 29. 4 In the meantime, on May 17, 2021, Eisenmann and Tesla filed a motion to dismiss the five 5 claims that Plaintiffs bring against Eisenmann and Tesla: (1) failure to pay minimum wage under 6 California law; (2) failure to pay overtime wages under California law; (3) failure to provide 7 adequate rest periods under California law; (4) failure to pay waiting time penalties under 8 California law; and (5) violation of the TVPRA and CTVPA. ECF No. 22 (“Mot.”). On June 1, 9 2021, Plaintiffs filed an opposition to Eisenmann and Tesla’s motion to dismiss. ECF No. 28 10 (“Opp.”). On June 8, 2021, Eisenmann and Tesla filed a reply. ECF No. 31 (“Reply”). 11 On October 26, 2021, the Court granted in part and denied in part Plaintiffs’ motion to 12 remand. ECF No. 42. The Court held that it has federal question jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ 13 claims under FLSA and TVPRA and has supplemental jurisdiction over six of Plaintiffs’ state law 14 claims. Id. at 6–12. However, the Court held that Plaintiffs’ claim under California Labor Code 15 § 3706 is not subject to removal. Id. at 17. Thus, the Court severed and remanded that claim. Id. 16 at 13–17. The Court denied Plaintiffs’ Motion for Extension of Time. Id. at 19. 17 II. LEGAL STANDARD 18 A. Motion to Dismiss Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) 19 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires a complaint to include “a short and plain 20 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” A complaint that fails to meet 21 this standard may be dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). The U.S. Supreme Court has held that 22 Rule 8(a) requires a plaintiff to plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 23 face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility 24 when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that 25 the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009). “The 26 plausibility standard is not akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer 27 possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). For 1 purposes of ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court “accept[s] factual allegations in the 2 complaint as true and construe[s] the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 3 party.” Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). 4 The Court, however, need not accept as true allegations contradicted by judicially 5 noticeable facts, see Shwarz v. United States, 234 F.3d 428, 435 (9th Cir. 2000), and it “may look 6 beyond the plaintiff’s complaint to matters of public record” without converting the Rule 12(b)(6) 7 motion into a motion for summary judgment, Shaw v. Hahn, 56 F.3d 1128, 1129 n.1 (9th Cir. 8 1995). Nor must the Court “assume the truth of legal conclusions merely because they are cast in 9 the form of factual allegations.” Fayer v. Vaughn, 649 F.3d 1061, 1064 (9th Cir. 2011) (per 10 curiam) (internal quotation marks omitted). Mere “conclusory allegations of law and unwarranted 11 inferences are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss.” Adams v. Johnson, 355 F.3d 1179, 1183 12 (9th Cir. 2004). 13 B. Leave to Amend 14 Under Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, leave to amend “shall be freely 15 granted when justice so requires,” bearing in mind “the underlying purpose of Rule 15 to facilitate 16 decision on the merits, rather than on the pleadings or technicalities.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 17 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). 18 Generally, leave to amend shall be denied only if allowing amendment would unduly prejudice the 19 opposing party, cause undue delay, or be futile, or if the moving party has acted in bad 20 faith. Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Publ’g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008). 21 III. DISCUSSION 22 Eisenmann and Tesla move to dismiss the five claims that Plaintiffs bring against 23 Eisenmann and Tesla: (1) failure to pay minimum wage under California law; (2) failure to pay 24 overtime wages under California law; (3) failure to provide adequate rest periods under California 25 law; (4) failure to pay waiting time penalties under California law; and (5) violation of the 26 TVPRA and CTVPA. ECF No. 22. Eisenmann and Tesla contend that the first four claims, i.e., 27 the “wage and hour claims,” must be dismissed as untimely and because neither Eisenmann nor 1 Tesla was Plaintiffs’ employer under California law. Id. at 10–14. Eisenmann and Tesla contend 2 that the fifth claim, i.e., the “coerced labor” claim, must be dismissed because Plaintiffs fail to 3 allege Eisenmann and Tesla benefited from or knew about Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. Id. at 14–20. 4 The Court first addresses the wage and hour claims and concludes that those claims are 5 untimely. Accordingly, the Court need not address whether Eisenmann and Tesla were Plaintiffs’ 6 employers. The Court then addresses the coerced labor claim and concludes that Plaintiffs have 7 adequately alleged Eisenmann and Tesla benefited from and knew about Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. 8 A. Plaintiffs’ Wage and Hour Claims Are Untimely 9 Eisenmann and Tesla argue that the limitations period for each of Plaintiffs’ “wage and 10 hour claims” expired in July 2019 at the latest and that these claims are untimely because Plaintiffs 11 filed their complaint in August 2020. Mot. at 10. For the reasons below, the Court agrees. 12 A limitations period of three years applies to Plaintiffs’ minimum wage, overtime wage, 13 and rest period claims, and a limitations period of 1 year applies to Plaintiffs’ waiting time 14 penalties claim. The California Code of Civil Procedure creates a limitations period of three years 15 for any “action upon a liability created by statute, other than a penalty or forfeiture,” Cal. Civ. 16 Proc. Code § 338, and a limitations period of one year for any “action upon a statute for a penalty 17 or forfeiture,” id. § 340. Accordingly, all actions seeking to recover “wages” under the California 18 Labor Code have a limitations period of three years. See Murphy v. Kenneth Cole Productiosn, 19 Inc., 40 Cal. 4th 1094, 1102 (2007). “Wages” include “all amounts for labor performed by 20 employees of every description” as well as “those benefits to which an employee is entitled as part 21 of his or her compensation, including money, room, board, clothing, vacation pay, and sick pay.” 22 Id. at 1103 (internal citations omitted). By contrast, a “penalty is that which an individual is 23 allowed to recover against a wrong-doer, as a satisfaction for the wrong or injury suffered.” Id. at 24 1104 (internal citations omitted). Thus, a limitations period of three years applies to Plaintiffs’ 25 claims that Eisenmann and Tesla failed to provide minimum wages, overtime wages, and adequate 26 rest periods, all of which were compensation or benefits owed to Plaintiffs for their labor. In turn, 27 a limitations period of one year applies to Plaintiffs’ claim for waiting time penalties, which are 1 penalties imposed on employers who fail to pay wages in a timely manner. Cal. Lab. Code § 203. 2 Because Plaintiffs’ wage and hour claims all accrued in June 2016, those claims are 3 untimely. Plaintiffs allege that they worked at the Tesla site from November 2014 through June 4 2016. FAC ¶ 17. A wages claim accrues, and the limitations period starts running, on the payday 5 following the period when the plaintiff performed the labor for which the plaintiff is owed wages. 6 See, e.g., Aubry v. Goldhor, 201 Cal. App. 3d 399, 406 (Ct. App. 1988) (“[A] separate cause of 7 action for overtime compensation accrues on each regular payday immediately following the work 8 period during which the services were rendered and for which overtime compensation is 9 claimed.”). Thus, the latest possible date that Plaintiff could have brought any claims for 10 minimum wages, overtime wages, or adequate rest periods was June 2019. Similarly, because 11 Plaintiffs’ employment ended by June 2016, the latest possible date that Plaintiff could have 12 brought a claim for waiting time penalties was June 2017. 13 Plaintiffs make no response to Eisenmann and Tesla’s time bar argument except a passing 14 reference to tolling. However, Plaintiffs have not articulated any cognizable reason that their 15 claims should be tolled. Plaintiffs allege that the wage claims in the instant case “were tolled . . . 16 during the pendency of Superior Court action[] HG15773484 entitled ‘Gregor Lesnik v ISM 17 Vuzem USA, Inc., et al’ from not less than September 25, 2015 through July 18, 2016.” FAC 18 ¶ 22. Plaintiffs do not explain why this lawsuit in California state court, which does not appear to 19 involve Plaintiffs, would toll Plaintiffs’ claims. Moreover, even if this lawsuit did toll Plaintiffs’ 20 claims, the limitations period expired in July 2019 and Plaintiffs filed the instant FAC more than a 21 year later in August 2020. 22 Because Plaintiffs have effectively failed to respond to Eisenmann and Tesla’s argument 23 that the “wage and hour claims” are untimely, it is unlikely that Plaintiffs will be able to cure this 24 defect. Indeed, Plaintiffs’ counsel previously brought identical wage and hour claims against 25 Eisenmann and Tesla in a prior case in this Court, Lesnik v. Eisenmann SE, 374 F. Supp. 3d 923 26 (N.D. Cal. 2019). In Lesnik, which also involved Plaintiff Papes, Eisenmann and Tesla moved to 27 dismiss the plaintiffs’ wage and hour claims as untimely. See id. at 941. Accordingly, Plaintiffs 1 and their counsel were on notice that Eisenmann and Tesla would raise a time bar argument 2 regarding the same wage claims in the instant case and should have been able to prepare an 3 appropriate response. Moreover, as explained in the Court’s October 26, 2021 order denying 4 Plaintiffs’ motion to remand the wage claims, Plaintiffs attempted to avoid an adverse ruling in 5 Lesnik by voluntarily dismissing Lesnik’s wage claims against Eisenmann and Tesla in December 6 2018 and filing the instant case in state court, which Eisenmann and Tesla removed to this Court. 7 ECF No. 42 at 4. Accordingly, because Plaintiffs have failed to offer a response to the time bar 8 argument and because Plaintiffs’ wage claims are the same claims that the Lesnik plaintiffs 9 voluntarily dismissed almost three years ago, allowing leave to amend would prejudice Eisenmann 10 and Tesla, would cause undue delay, and would be futile. See Leadsinger, 512 F.3d at 532. 11 Thus, the Court GRANTS Eisenmann and Tesla’s motion to dismiss the four “wage and 12 hour claims” with prejudice. 13 B. Plaintiffs Have Adequately Alleged that Eisenmann and Tesla Violated the TVPRA 14 Eisenmann and Tesla argue that Plaintiffs have failed to a state a claim under the TVPRA 15 because Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged that Eisenmann and Tesla benefited from Plaintiffs’ 16 coerced labor, Mot. at 16, or that Eisenmann and Tesla had knowledge of Plaintiffs’ coerced labor, 17 id. at 16–19. For the reasons below, the Court rejects these arguments. 18 The TVPRA prohibits employers from using coercive methods to obtain labor. 19 Specifically, the TVPRA prohibits obtaining a person’s labor or services in four ways: 20 (1) by means of force, threats of force, physical restraints, or threats of physical 21 restraint to that person or another person; 22 (2) by means of serious harm or threats of serious harm to that person or another 23 person; 24 (3) by means of the abuse or threatened abuse of law or legal process; or 25 (4) by means of any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause the person to 26 believe that, if that person did not perform such labor or services, that person or 27 another person would suffer serious harm or physical restraint[.] 1 18 U.S.C. §§ 1589(a)(1)–(4). The TVPRA enforces this prohibition by providing to victims of 2 coerced labor a cause of action against the “perpetrator.” Id. § 1595(a). 3 Additionally, the TVPRA provides to victims of coerced labor a cause of action against 4 any third party who “knowingly benefits, financially or by receiving anything of value from 5 participation in a venture which that person knew or should have known” relied on coerced labor. 6 See id. To state a claim under this cause of action, a plaintiff must allege that the defendant: (1) 7 obtained a financial benefit from a venture that relied on the plaintiff’s coerced labor and (2) knew 8 or should have known about the plaintiff’s coerced labor. See Lesnik, 374 F. Supp. 3d at 952. 9 Plaintiffs allege that Vuzem used coercive methods to obtain Plaintiffs’ labor, that 10 Eisenmann and Tesla benefited from a venture that relied on Plaintiffs’ coerced labor, and that 11 Eisenmann and Tesla knew or should have known about Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. See FAC 12 ¶¶ 111–135. Because Eisenmann and Tesla concede that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that 13 Vuzem used coercive methods to obtain Plaintiffs’ labor, the Court need not address that element. 14 Mot. at 15. Accordingly, the Court first addresses whether Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that 15 Eisenmann and Tesla benefited from a venture that relied on Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. The Court 16 then addresses whether Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that Eisenmann and Tesla knew or 17 should have known about Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. 18 1. Plaintiffs Have Adequately Alleged that Eisenmann and Tesla Benefited from a Venture That Relied on Plaintiffs’ Coerced Labor 19 The Court first must determine whether Eisenmann and Tesla “benefit[ed], financially or 20 by receiving anything of value from participation in a venture” that relied on Plaintiffs’ coerced 21 labor. 18 U.S.C. § 1595(a). Because “[c]anons of construction ordinarily suggest that terms 22 connected by a disjunctive be given separate meanings,” the term “anything of value” includes 23 benefits besides financial benefits. See Reiter v. Sonotone Corp., 442 U.S. 330, 339 (1979). 24 Plaintiffs adequately allege that, by entering a contract which relied on Plaintiffs’ coerced 25 labor, Eisenmann and Tesla received value from Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. Plaintiffs allege that 26 Tesla contracted with Eisenmann to perform construction work at a Tesla facility and that 27 1 Eisenmann hired Vuzem as a subcontractor to perform all the necessary labor. FAC ¶ 16. Thus, 2 the “work itself was performed by individuals who were employees of [Vuzem],” including 3 Plaintiffs. Id. ¶¶ 16–17. Eisenmann “earned millions of dollars from the contracts” and Tesla 4 obtained laborers who made improvements to Tesla’s facility. Id. Whatever the precise scope of 5 the phrase “anything of value,” financial compensation and labor services qualify. See Ruelas v. 6 County of Alameda, 519 F. Supp. 3d 636 (N.D. Cal. 2021) (holding that company which prepared 7 food for county jail “receive[d] a financial benefit in the form of an ‘economic windfall as a result 8 of the uncompensated labor of prisoners confined in [the] jail’”) (internal citation omitted). 9 Indeed, in an action involving an identical arrangement between Vuzem, Eisenmann, and Tesla, 10 this Court held that Eisenmann and Tesla benefited from Vuzem’s coercive labor methods because 11 “Vuzem’s actions were committed to fulfill a contract signed with Tesla and Eisenmann.” See 12 Lesnik, 374 F. Supp. 3d at 952–53 13 Eisenmann and Tesla’s arguments to the contrary have no merit. Eisenmann and Tesla 14 summarily contend that Plaintiffs “do[] not link any benefit provided by Vuzem to either 15 company.” Mot. at 16. As an initial matter, Eisenmann and Tesla misread the TVPRA, which 16 provides a cause of action against any person who benefits “from participation in a venture” that 17 relied on coerced labor. 18 U.S.C. § 1595(a). Thus, there is no requirement that Vuzem directly 18 provided a benefit to either Eisenmann or Tesla. The only requirement is that Eisenmann and 19 Tesla participated in a venture with Vuzem and derived a benefit from that venture. Regardless, as 20 explained, Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that Vuzem provided Eisenmann and Tesla with 21 benefits by supplying labor for a construction contract from which Eisenmann and Tesla received 22 significant value. 23 Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that Eisenmann 24 and Tesla benefited from a venture that relied on Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. 25 2. Plaintiffs Have Adequately Alleged that Eisenmann and Tesla Knew or Should Have Known About Plaintiffs’ Coerced Labor 26 The Court also must determine whether Eisenmann and Tesla knew or should have known 27 1 about Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. 2 Plaintiffs typically satisfy the knowledge element of a TVPRA claim by alleging that a 3 defendant’s employees witnessed coercive labor practices or observed indicia of coerced labor. In 4 Ruelas, a court in this district considered whether a food vendor for a county jail could be held 5 liable under the TVPRA for the jail’s practice of forcing prisoners to prepare food without pay. 6 See 519 F. Supp. 3d at 650–51. The court held that the plaintiff had satisfied the knowledge 7 element by alleging that the vendor’s employees “observe[d] the Sheriff’s deputies’ supervision of 8 the prisoner-employees, including threats of force.” Id. (internal citation omitted). However, even 9 where a defendant’s employees have not directly observed coercive interactions between the 10 plaintiffs and their employers, “indicia of abuse are enough to put a supervisor who likely saw 11 those indicia on notice.” See Bridges v. Poe, 487 F. Supp. 3d 1250 (N.D. Al. 2020) (citing S.Y. v. 12 Naples Hotel Co., 476 F.Supp.3d 1251 (M.D. Fla. August 5, 2020)). For example, in Naples 13 Hotel, a court in the Middle District of Florida held that a hotel operator should have known about 14 sexual abuse in the hotel when traffickers rented rooms with cash, men visited those rooms with 15 no luggage, and older men escorted young women around the hotel. See 476 F. Supp. 3d at 1257. 16 Plaintiffs plausibly allege that Eisenmann employees witnessed Plaintiffs’ coerced labor 17 or, at the very least, observed indicia of Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. As an initial matter, Plaintiffs 18 allege that Eisenmann managers often were present at the Tesla site to supervise Plaintiffs’ work. 19 Id. ¶ 129. Because these allegations make plausible that Eisenmann’s employees directly 20 witnessed Vuzem’s treatment of Plaintiffs, these allegations support an inference that Eisenmann 21 was aware of Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. See Ruelas, 519 F. Supp. 3d at 650. Additionally, 22 although Plaintiffs do not allege that Eisenmann directly witnessed Vuzem’s threats, Plaintiffs 23 allege that Eisenmann observed other indicia of coerced labor. Specifically, Eisenmann hired 24 Vuzem, a Slovenian company with Slovenian executives, to provide Eisenmann with labor for the 25 construction project. See FAC ¶¶ 9, 16, 48. Eisenmann made this hiring decision even though 26 neither Vuzem nor Plaintiffs were licensed to perform construction work in California. See id. 27 ¶ 47. Additionally, Eisenmann was aware of Plaintiffs’ living conditions and long working hours 1 because Eisenmann directed Vuzem to use vans to transport Plaintiffs between the Tesla site and 2 the company provided apartments. Id. ¶¶ 94–95. 3 Courts have found similar allegations “sufficient to infer a defendant knew or should have 4 known of [a] sex trafficking venture.” Naples Hotel, 476 F. Supp. 3d at 1251. Specifically, 5 allegations that a hotel knew sex traffickers paid for hotel rooms with cash; knew men visited 6 those rooms with no luggage; and knew older men escorted young women around the hotel 7 support an inference that a hotel knows about sex trafficking. See id. 8 Thus, allegations that Eisenmann supervised Plaintiffs’ work; knew Vuzem brought 9 Plaintiffs to the United States from foreign countries; knew Vuzem and Plantiffs were not licensed 10 to perform construction work; knew Vuzem temporarily housed Plaintiffs in company owned 11 apartments; and knew Vuzem controlled Plaintiffs’ movements to and from the work site support 12 an inference that Eisenmann was aware of Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. Indeed, in Lesnik, a related 13 case in which Vuzem employees brought a TVPRA claim against Eisenmann and Tesla, the Court 14 relied on comparable allegations to reach the same conclusion regarding Eisenmann. 374 F. Supp. 15 3d at 953. 16 For similar reasons, Plaintiffs plausibly allege that Tesla employees witnessed Plaintiffs’ 17 coerced labor or, at the very least, observed indicia of Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. At the pleading 18 stage, the Court must “accept factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe the 19 pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” See Manzarek, 519 F.3d at 1031. 20 Thus, Plaintiffs’ allegations need only support an inference that Tesla was aware of Plaintiffs’ 21 coerced labor. Plaintiffs point out that Tesla owned the site at which Plaintiffs worked for nearly 22 two years and that, like Eisenmann, Tesla deployed managers to the site to supervise Plaintiffs’ 23 work. FAC ¶¶ 10, 15–16, 129. Because these allegations make plausible that Tesla’s employees 24 directly witnessed Vuzem’s treatment of Plaintiffs, these allegations support an inference that 25 Tesla was aware of Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. See Ruelas, 519 F. Supp. 3d at 650. Plaintiffs also 26 identify indicia of abuse which reinforce this inference. Specifically, Plaintiffs allege that Tesla’s 27 security guards checked each Plaintiff in and out of the site every day. FAC ¶ 128. Additionally, 1 Plaintiffs point out that Tesla hired Eisenmann, and by extension Vuzem, even though Eisenmann 2 was not licensed to perform construction work in California. Id. ¶ 51. 3 Taken together and construed in Plaintiffs’ favor, allegations that Tesla employees 4 supervised Plaintiffs’ work; kept track of Plaintiffs’ comings and goings from the site; and knew 5 Eisenmann, Vuzem, and Plaintiffs were not licensed to perform construction work support an 6 inference that Tesla was aware of Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. Indeed, in Lesnik, the Court relied on 7 comparable allegations to reach the same conclusion regarding Tesla. 374 F. Supp. 3d at 953. 8 Finally, although Eisenmann and Tesla rely heavily on the District of Oregon’s decision in 9 A.B. v. Wyndham Hotels & Resorts, Inc., No. 3:19-CV-01992-IM, 2021 WL 1235241 (D. Or. Mar. 10 31, 2021), that decision does not provide Eisenmann and Tesla with any support. In A.B., the 11 District of Oregon concluded that a victim of sex trafficking failed to allege that a national hotel 12 brand knew or should have known that she had been trafficked at local hotels operating under 13 franchise agreements with the brand. Id. at *5–6. Although the plaintiff alleged that there were 14 “apparent red flags” of trafficking, the court explained that these “red flags” only “support[ed] a 15 theory that hotels where Plaintiff was trafficked knew or should have known of Plaintiff’s 16 trafficking.” Id. at *6. This knowledge could not be imputed to the national hotel brand, which 17 had no affiliation with the hotels apart from a franchising agreement. Id. By contrast, in the 18 instant case, Plaintiffs have alleged that direct employees of Eisenmann and Tesla were aware of 19 Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. Eisenmann and Tesla have provided no reason that the knowledge of 20 those employees should not be imputed to their corporate employers. 21 Thus, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that Eisenmann and Tesla 22 knew or should have known about Plaintiffs’ coerced labor. The Court DENIES Eisenmann and 23 Tesla’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ TVPRA claim. 24 3. Plaintiffs Have Adequately Alleged that Eisenmann and Tesla Violated the CTVPA 25 Plaintiffs’ CTVPA claim is based on Cal. Civil Code § 52.5, which allows victims to seek 26 damages for violations of Cal. Penal Code § 236.1, which defines trafficking and forced labor 27 1 crimes. This Court has held, and Eisenmann and Tesla do not dispute, that “the CTVPA does not 2 || provide a separate basis for liability from the TVPRA.” Lesnik, 374 F. Supp. 3d at 954. Because 3 Plaintiffs’ TVPRA claim survives, Plaintiffs’ CTVPA claim does as well. 4 Thus, the Court DENIES Eisenmann and Tesla’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CTVPA 5 claim. 6 IV. CONCLUSION 7 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS with prejudice the motion to dismiss 8 || Plaintiffs’ four wage and hour claims as those claims relate to Eisenmann and Tesla. The Court 9 DENIES the motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ TVPRA and CTVPA claim as that claim relates to 10 Eisenmann and Tesla. 11 IT IS SO ORDERED. a 12

13 Dated: November 19, 2021 te . Cb, 4 Lucy ¥. KOH IS United States District Judge 16 & = 17

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