Mary Haley v. Kolbe & Kolbe Millwork Co., I

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedAugust 8, 2017
Docket16-3648
StatusPublished

This text of Mary Haley v. Kolbe & Kolbe Millwork Co., I (Mary Haley v. Kolbe & Kolbe Millwork Co., I) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Mary Haley v. Kolbe & Kolbe Millwork Co., I, (7th Cir. 2017).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ Nos. 16‐3563 & 16‐3648 MARY HALEY, et al., Plaintiffs,

v.

KOLBE & KOLBE MILLWORK CO., Defendant‐Appellant/Cross‐Appellee,

and

FIREMAN’S FUND INSURANCE CO., Intervenor‐Appellee,

UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE CO., Intervenor‐Appellee/Cross‐Appellant. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin. No. 14‐cv‐99‐bbc — Barbara B. Crabb, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED MARCH 28, 2017 — DECIDED AUGUST 8, 2017 ____________________

Before FLAUM, KANNE, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. 2 Nos. 16‐3563 & 16‐3648

FLAUM, Circuit Judge. In 2014, Mary Haley and others filed a putative class action against Kolbe & Kolbe Millwork Com‐ pany, claiming that windows purchased from Kolbe were de‐ fective and had allowed air and water to leak into (and dam‐ age) the plaintiffs’ homes. Kolbe tendered the defense of the defective‐product claims to several insurance companies, and two of them—United States Fire Insurance Company and Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company—sought and obtained permission to intervene in the case. United States Fire later filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that a recent decision of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, Wisconsin Pharma‐ cal Co., LLC v. Nebraska Cultures of California, Inc., 876 N.W.2d 72 (Wis. 2016), absolved the insurers of their duty to defend Kolbe in the underlying suit. The district court granted United States Fire’s motion (and sua sponte awarded judgment to Fire‐ man’s Fund)—a decision that Kolbe now appeals. United States Fire appeals the court’s decision not to require Kolbe to reimburse that insurer for any post‐Pharmacal defense fees, and asks that we remand the case for a determination of whether all pre‐Pharmacal defense fees were reasonable. We reverse the judgment that the insurance companies had no duty to defend, but otherwise affirm the decisions of the dis‐ trict court. I. Background Plaintiffs in the companion case of Haley v. Kolbe & Kolbe Millwork Co., No. 16‐3192, — F.3d —, 2017 WL 2953042 (7th Cir. Jul. 11, 2017), alleged two general categories of damages suffered as a result of defects in Kolbe’s window products: “direct” losses (i.e., from having to replace the windows), and indirect or “consequential” losses from injuries to the plain‐ tiffs’ homes (such as stained walls and buckled plaster). Kolbe Nos. 16‐3563 & 16‐3648 3

tendered the defense of these claims to four of its insurance providers, and all four agreed to defend Kolbe under a reser‐ vation of rights. When a dispute arose over the choice of defense counsel, however, two of the insurance companies—United States Fire and Fireman’s Fund—sought to intervene in the underlying suit, and to compel Kolbe to switch defense lawyers. The same insurers also moved to bifurcate the insurance‐coverage and liability issues, and to stay the liability portion of the case until the choice‐of‐counsel issue had been resolved. The dis‐ trict court permitted intervention but declined to stay the un‐ derlying litigation, and held that the insurers were equitably estopped from forcing Kolbe to change defense attorneys. The intervening insurers ultimately moved for summary judgment, arguing that they had no duty to defend Kolbe be‐ cause there was no coverage for the plaintiffs’ defective‐win‐ dow claims. Kolbe’s insurance policies did not cover the “di‐ rect” cost of replacing any faulty windows, said the insurers, because the policies did not cover damage to Kolbe’s own product where, as here, the source of the damage was a prob‐ lem with that product itself; and the policies likewise did not apply to any indirect or “consequential” injuries to the plain‐ tiffs’ homes, argued the insurers, because each home formed an “integrated system” with Kolbe’s windows—and thus the entire house should be treated as Kolbe’s “product” for insur‐ ance‐coverage purposes. The district court accepted the first of these arguments but rejected the second, and so initially awarded judgment to the insurance companies only in part. The district court changed course on the integrated‐sys‐ tem issue, however, when United States Fire renewed its mo‐ tion for summary judgment in light of the Wisconsin Supreme 4 Nos. 16‐3563 & 16‐3648

Court’s decision in Wisconsin Pharmacal Co., LLC v. Nebraska Cultures of California, Inc., 876 N.W.2d 72 (Wis. 2016). The court then entered judgment for United States Fire and, sua sponte, for Fireman’s Fund (which had neglected to join United States Fire’s second motion but whose policy contained similar lan‐ guage), concluding that neither policy covered the plaintiffs’ consequential‐damages claims. United States Fire also sought reimbursement of any defense fees incurred since Pharmacal had been decided, but the district court denied that request, concluding that United States Fire had forfeited the reim‐ bursement issue generally by failing to raise it earlier in the litigation. Kolbe now appeals the district court’s ruling that the in‐ surers had no duty to continue defending Kolbe in the under‐ lying leaky‐windows suit. United States Fire appeals the court’s refusal to compel reimbursement of any post‐Pharma‐ cal defense fees, and seeks a remand to the district court for a determination of whether the other fees charged by Kolbe’s defense counsel were reasonable. II. Discussion A. Kolbe’s Appeal We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, construing all facts and drawing all reasonable in‐ ferences in favor of the non‐moving party—here, Kolbe. Co‐ han v. Medline Indus., Inc., 843 F.3d 660, 665 (7th Cir. 2016) (ci‐ tation omitted). Summary judgment is appropriate where there are no genuine issues of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Nos. 16‐3563 & 16‐3648 5

1. “Integrated Systems” and the Economic‐Loss Doctrine At the heart of the parties’ dispute over insurance cover‐ age here is the integrated‐system rule, a common‐law rule from the so‐called “economic loss” doctrine. Under that doc‐ trine, the purchaser of a product is barred from using tort law to recover from the manufacturer any purely economic inju‐ ries (such as a loss of the product’s value) arising from that product’s failure to work as expected. See Linden v. Cascade Stone Co., 699 N.W.2d 189, 192 (Wis. 2005) (citations omitted); Wausau Tile, Inc. v. Cty. Concrete Corp., 593 N.W.2d 445, 451 (Wis. 1999) (citations omitted).1 By eliminating all tort‐based avenues of recovery (which in general offer “a broader array of damages” than do contract suits, Grams v. Milk Prods., Inc., 699 N.W.2d 167, 171 (Wis. 2005) (citation and internal quota‐ tion marks omitted)), the doctrine encourages the buyer in a commercial transaction—the party “best situated to assess the risk[s] of economic loss”—to allocate those risks through the bargaining process, Linden, 699 N.W.2d at 194–95 (quoting Wausau Tile, 593 N.W.2d at 451), and thus helps to protect the manufacturer’s ability to continue making its goods, see Grams, 699 N.W.2d at 172 (“With no ability to share their risk with commercial users of the product, manufacturers would … be reluctant to produce certain products.”) (citation omit‐ ted). As its name suggests, the economic‐loss doctrine applies only to economic injuries, and so does not preclude actions in tort for bodily injuries or for injuries to property other than the defective product. See Wausau Tile, 593 N.W.2d at 451 (ci‐ tations omitted). But there’s a catch: If the defective product is

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Mary Haley v. Kolbe & Kolbe Millwork Co., I, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/mary-haley-v-kolbe-kolbe-millwork-co-i-ca7-2017.