IN THE
Court of Appeals of Indiana FILED Marvin Moyers, Dec 31 2024, 10:04 am
Appellant-Defendant CLERK Indiana Supreme Court v. Court of Appeals and Tax Court
State of Indiana Appellee-Plaintiff
December 31, 2024 Court of Appeals Case No. 24A-CR-939 Appeal from the Ohio Circuit Court The Honorable F. Aaron Negangard, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 58C01-2206-F1-1
Opinion by Judge Bradford Judges Foley concurs. Judge Bailey concurs in part and dissents in part with opinion.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 1 of 19 Bradford, Judge.
Case Summary [1] In July of 2022, Gregory Luhrsen came upon Marvin Moyers as Moyers was
attempting to steal items out of the garage of his Ohio County home. When
confronted, Moyers lunged at Luhrsen and beat him unconscious. Moyers
forced Luhrsen back into his home and removed many more of his belongings
from the home; this process involved Moyers tying Luhrsen up a total of three
times, periodically removing Luhrsen’s restraints so that he could assist in
removing the belongings. For much of this time, Moyers was armed with a
handgun that he had found in Luhrsen’s kitchen.
[2] A jury ultimately found Moyers guilty of Level 1 felony burglary, Level 2 felony
burglary, Level 3 felony criminal confinement while armed with a deadly
weapon, Level 4 felony criminal confinement resulting in moderate bodily
injury, two counts of Level 5 felony battery, and two counts of Level 6 felony
theft. The jury also found Moyers guilty of a firearm enhancement and that he
was a habitual offender. The trial court merged Moyers’s convictions for Level
2 felony burglary, both counts of battery, and both counts of theft into the count
of Level 1 felony burglary due to double jeopardy concerns and sentenced him
to an aggregate term of 100 years of incarceration. Moyers contends that his
convictions for Level 3 felony criminal confinement while armed with a deadly
weapon and Level 4 felony criminal confinement resulting in moderate bodily
injury violate Indiana prohibitions against substantive double jeopardy.
Because we disagree, we affirm.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 2 of 19 Facts and Procedural History [3] On June 26, 2022, Luhrsen woke up at around 8:15 a.m. and heard a car
running in his driveway, which struck him as odd. Luhrsen saw what he
believed to be his ex-girlfriend’s car from a window and went downstairs and
out into the garage to investigate, only to find Moyers holding his table saw.
When Luhrsen asked Moyers what he was doing in his house, Moyers lunged
at him, knocking him over. Moyers punched Luhrsen in the face repeatedly,
causing him to lose consciousness.
[4] When Luhrsen came to, he was on the floor and Moyers had his left arm
behind his back and was attempting to put his right arm behind his back as well.
Luhrsen’s nose was bleeding, and his right eye “was hurt pretty bad and it was
painful.” Tr. Vol. III p. 179. Moyers took Luhrsen’s wallet and the key fob for
his car. While restraining Luhrsen, Moyers maneuvered him into the house
and upstairs. Moyers left Luhrsen in the living room and retrieved Luhrsen’s
cellular telephone and a twelve-gauge shotgun from a bedroom. Moyers told
Luhrsen to sit down on a love seat and proceeded to bind his arms and legs
with a telephone cord.
[5] At some point, Moyers found a .45 caliber handgun in the kitchen and carried it
in his hand as he continued to rummage. After filling luggage, duffel bags, and
a garbage can with some of Luhrsen’s belongings, Moyers untied Luhrsen’s feet
and had him help carry the belongings to the garage. When the belongings had
been carried to the garage, Moyers tied up Luhrsen in the garage and
rummaged through it and Luhrsen’s car. Moyers cut Luhrsen’s bindings so that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 3 of 19 he could help him carry more of Luhrsen’s belongings to the garage and, when
that was accomplished, tied him to a chair in the dining room. While Moyers
was moving even more of Luhrsen’s property to the garage, Luhrsen untied
himself, ran out the front door, and eventually had a neighbor contact the
police, who identified Moyers after an investigation.
[6] The State eventually charged Moyers with Level 1 felony burglary, Level 2
felony burglary, Level 3 felony aggravated battery, Level 3 felony criminal
confinement while armed with a deadly weapon, Level 3 felony criminal
confinement resulting in serious bodily injury, two counts of Level 5 felony
battery, and two counts of Level 6 felony theft. The State also filed a firearm
enhancement and alleged that Moyers was a habitual offender.
[7] Moyers’s jury trial began on January 16, 2024. The jury found Moyers guilty of
Level 1 felony burglary, Level 2 felony burglary, Level 3 felony criminal
confinement while armed with a deadly weapon, the lesser-included Level 4
felony criminal confinement resulting in moderate bodily injury, two counts of
Level 5 felony battery, and two counts of Level 6 felony theft. The jury also
found Moyers guilty of the firearm enhancement and that he was a habitual
offender. The trial court merged Moyers’s convictions for Level 2 felony
burglary, both counts of battery, and both counts of theft into the conviction for
Level 1 felony burglary due to double jeopardy concerns and sentenced him to
an aggregate term of 100 years of incarceration.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 4 of 19 Discussion and Decision [8] Moyers contends only that his two criminal-confinement convictions violate
Indiana prohibitions against substantive double-jeopardy. “Substantive double-
jeopardy claims principally arise in one of two situations: (1) when a single
criminal act or transaction violates multiple statutes with common elements, or
(2) when a single criminal act or transaction violates a single statute and results
in multiple injuries.” Powell v. State, 151 N.E.3d 256, 263 (Ind. 2020). The
analysis laid out in Wadle v. State, 151 N.E.3d 227 (Ind. 2020), governs the first
category of cases, while Powell’s analysis covers the second. Powell, 151 N.E.3d
at 263. Even though the parties both argue that the Powell test applies to
Moyers’s claim, we do not agree.
[9] The two offenses at issue in this case are, in fact, “multiple statutes with
common elements,” to which Wadle applies, even if they are defined by
different subsections of the same section of the Indiana Code. Id. Despite the
Indiana Supreme Court’s use of the term “single statute,”1 there is nothing
imprecise about Powell’s explicit statement that it applies to “‘two counts of the
same offense[,]’” Powell, 151 N.E.3d at 263 (citation and footnote omitted,
emphasis in Powell), and it almost goes without saying that if two offenses have
1 Black’s Law Dictionary defines “statute” as “[a] law enacted by a legislative body; specif., legislation enacted by any lawmaking body[.]” Statute, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019). By this definition, it is possible to have any number of “statutes” included in the same unit of code.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 5 of 19 different elements (as do the two offenses that concern us here), they are not, in
fact, the “same offense.”2
[10] That said, the Wadle test requires us to “first look to the statutory language” for
each charge. 151 N.E.3d at 248. If the language of either statute “clearly
permits” multiple punishments, there is no double-jeopardy violation. Id.
Here, neither of the relevant subsections of Indiana Code section 35-42-3-3
clearly permits multiple punishments, so we proceed to step two.
[11] The second step is to determine whether either of the offenses is inherently or
factually included in the other. Wadle, 151 N.E.3d at 248. An offense that is
inherently included in another is one that
(1) is established by proof of the same material elements or less than all the material elements required to establish the commission of the offense charged; (2) consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or an offense otherwise included therein; or (3) differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less serious harm or risk of harm to the same person, property, or
2 We do not think that how the General Assembly chooses to arrange the various criminal offenses in the Indiana Code should be a determining factor in how we evaluate claims of alleged double jeopardy. Let us suppose that, instead of defining both relevant types of criminal confinement in the same code section, the General Assembly chose to define them in two different code sections. Moyers has now been convicted pursuant to separate sections of the Indiana Code, one entitled “Criminal Confinement Causing Moderate Bodily Injury” and the other, “Criminal Confinement Committed While Armed With a Deadly Weapon.” Pursuant to the approach advocated by Moyers, his two hypothetical offenses—even though they have precisely the same elements as they do in reality—must now be evaluated pursuant to Wadle because they no longer violate a “single statute.” Taking this concept to its logical extreme in the opposite direction, suppose instead that the General Assembly decided to rearrange the Indiana Code so that all criminal offenses were defined in the various subsections of one (very lengthy) code section entitled “Criminal Offenses.” According to Moyers’s approach, Wadle no longer has any possible application under any circumstances because all crimes would violate a single statute.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 6 of 19 public interest, or a lesser kind of culpability, is required to establish its commission. Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-168.
[12] An offense, even if not inherently included in another, is factually included in
the other if the charging information alleges “that the means used to commit
the crime charged include all of the elements of the alleged lesser included
offense[.]” Norris v. State, 943 N.E.2d 362, 368 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans.
denied. The Indiana Supreme Court has recently clarified that “when assessing
whether an offense is factually included, a court may examine only the facts as
presented on the face of the charging instrument.” A.W. v. State, 229 N.E.3d
1060, 1067 (Ind. 2024) (emphasis in A.W.). “Step 2 has core constraints: it
does not authorize courts to probe other facts, such as evidence adduced from
trial.” Id. “The factually included inquiry at this step is thus limited to facts on
the face of the charging instrument.” Id. “‘If neither offense is an included
offense of the other (either inherently or as charged), there is no violation of
double jeopardy’ and the analysis ends—full stop.” Id. (quoting Wadle, 151
N.E.3d at 248).
[13] We conclude that neither of Moyers’s felony criminal confinement offenses is
included in the other, either inherently or as charged. The relevant statutory
language is as follows:
(a) A person who knowingly or intentionally confines another person without the other person’s consent commits criminal confinement[.] (b) The offense of criminal confinement defined in subsection (a) is:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 7 of 19 […] (2) a Level 4 felony if it results in moderate bodily injury to a person other than the confining person[ and] (3) a Level 3 felony if it: (A) is committed while armed with a deadly weapon[.] Ind. Code § 35-42-3-3(a), -3(b)(2), -3(b)(3)(A). As can readily be seen, each of
the two criminal-confinement offenses in this case contains at least one element
the other does not: the Level 3 felony requires proof that a defendant
committed the confinement while armed with a deadly weapon, and the Level
4 felony requires proof that the confinement resulted in moderate bodily injury
to someone other than the confiner.
[14] Moreover, the two provisions do not differ only in that one involves a “less
serious harm or risk of harm to the same person, property, or public interest[] or
a lesser kind of culpability” than the other; the two offenses differ from one
another in that they involve harms (or the risk of harms) that are distinct. See
Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-168(3). A person other than the confiner getting
moderately injured is not quite the same harm or risk of harm as the harm
caused or the risk of harm that existed by virtue of the confiner being armed
with a deadly weapon. Not only does the presence of a deadly weapon carry
with it the risk of death or very serious injury that might not otherwise be
present in a particular confinement, it also almost certainly greatly increases the
mental trauma suffered by the victim or any witnesses. On a more mundane
level, the presence of a deadly weapon such as a firearm also enhances the risk
of property damage. We conclude that neither the offense of criminal
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 8 of 19 confinement committed while armed with a deadly weapon nor criminal
confinement resulting in moderate bodily injury is inherently included in the
other.3
[15] We also conclude that neither of Moyer’s offenses, as charged, is factually
included in the other. The charging information for Moyers provides, in part,
as follows:
Count IV: Criminal Confinement (Armed with a Deadly Weapon) On or about June 26, 2022 Ohio County, State of Indiana, Marvin Moyers, Jr. did knowingly or intentionally confine Gregory Luhrsen, without his consent and said offense was committed while armed with a deadly weapon, to-wit: .45 caliber Hi-Point handgun. [….] Count V: Criminal Confinement (Serious Bodily Injury) On or about June 26, 2022 Ohio County, State of Indiana, Marvin Moyers, Jr. did knowingly or intentionally confine Gregory Luhrsen, without his consent and said offense resulted in serious bodily injury to Gregory Luhrsen. Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 59. The evidence tending to prove Luhrsen’s
moderate bodily injury does nothing to establish that Moyers committed the
confinement while armed with a deadly weapon, and vice versa. This ends the
3 Let us suppose that the jury had found Moyers guilty of Level 3 felony criminal confinement causing serious bodily injury and Level 4 felony criminal confinement causing moderate bodily injury. In this scenario, the latter offense is unquestionably inherently included in the former because the offenses differ only in the degree of the same harm (bodily injury) to the same person (Luhrsen).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 9 of 19 analysis, with Moyers having failed to establish a substantive double-jeopardy
violation.4
[16] We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Foley, J., concurs. Bailey, J., concurs in part and dissents with opinion.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT Victoria Bailey Casanova Casanova Legal Services, LLC Indianapolis, Indiana ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Theodore E. Rokita Attorney General of Indiana Steven J. Hosler Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
4 Because neither of Moyers’s offenses is inherently nor factually included in the other, we do not proceed to step three of the Wadle analysis, i.e., we engage in no analysis of the evidence actually presented at trial. If a court has found that one offense is included in the other—either inherently or as charged— the court must then (and only then) “examine the facts underlying those offenses, as presented in the charging instrument and as adduced at trial.” Wadle, 151 N.E.3d at 249 (emphasis added) (citing Bigler v. State, 602 N.E.2d 509, 521 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992), trans. denied). Step 3 functions as a cabined version of Richardson’s actual evidence test, and it serves an important, practical role in our double jeopardy analysis: to facilitate the distinction between what would otherwise be two of the “same” offenses. See id. at 249 n.27. So, at this final step, a court may only then probe the underlying facts—as presented in the charging instrument and adduced at trial—to determine whether a defendant’s actions were “so compressed in terms of time, place, singleness of purpose, and continuity of action as to constitute a single transaction.” Id. at 249. A.W., 229 N.E.3d at 1071 (emphasis in A.W.).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 10 of 19 Bailey, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part with opinion.
[17] I dissent in part, because I am persuaded that Moyers’s multiple convictions for
Criminal Confinement constitute a substantive double jeopardy violation.
Confinement may be accomplished by various means but, unless it is
interrupted, it is still one confinement. Moyers confined his victim, Luhrsen, by
alternately using restraints, applying other physical force, threatening death,
and pointing a firearm. Moyers caused Luhrsen to suffer moderate bodily
injury. Two charges were lodged: one referencing a means by which Moyers
accomplished confinement – use of a deadly weapon – and the other
referencing a consequence, that is, bodily injury to Luhrsen. Either the means
used, or the consequence, has elevated the offense in degree of severity, but
does not, in my view, constitute a separate offense. The multiplicity of
elevating factors does not portend an inquiry into included elements. 5
[18] According to Moyers, only one offense was committed because Luhrsen was
not free at any time during the incident; however, according to the State,
Luhrsen ended his confinement by breaking free and Moyers committed the
offense of confinement a second time. The question distills to: was there a
single offense or two distinguishable offenses?
5 See e.g., Jones v. State, 159 N.E.3d 55, 64 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020) (recognizing that “The gravamen of the offense [of kidnapping] is removal; a particular result or motive can elevate the offense, but does not form the basis of a second, discrete offense”), trans. denied.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 11 of 19 [19] A prosecutor has absolute discretion in charging. See Adams v. State, (1974) 262
Ind. 220, 314 N.E.2d 53 (observing that, where a defendant commits an act
which is in violation of more than one criminal statute, the State has “the
option of prosecuting ... under any or all of the applicable statutes.” However,
a multiplicity of convictions may be subject to constitutional and statutory
constraints. Under the common law pre-dating Wadle and Powell, an appellant
convicted of multiple counts of criminal confinement could present an
argument under the continuous crime doctrine, which focused upon whether
there was “one continuous transaction ... closely connected in time, place, and
continuity of action.” Hines v. State, 30 N.E.3d 1216, 1221-22 (Ind. Ct. App.
2015). This straightforward inquiry is now subsumed in Wadle and Powell,
neither fitting like a glove, but from which we must select a framework. One
involves a same-elements step and the other does not. The multi-step inquiry
may ultimately reach the matter of whether there was only one time-compressed
act, but it may not, depending upon the framework selected. And Wadle and
Powell lead to diverse outcomes here. For the reasons expressed below, I
believe that, given our choices, Powell is the applicable framework.6
6 There is also precedent – in the context of dual arson convictions – for the use of the Powell framework where “a single criminal act or transaction violates a single statute and results in multiple consequences.” Morales v. State, 165 N.E.3d 1002, 1009 (Ind. Ct. App. 2021), trans. denied (emphasis added). And in Jones v. State, 159 N.E.3d 55 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020), trans. denied, the Court applied the Powell analysis to two counts of kidnapping (one elevated because of bodily injury and one elevated due to an intent to obtain ransom). The Court observed that the multiple counts were distinguished by “result and motive” but were not separate offenses. See id. at 65. In Barrozo v. State, 156 N.E.3d 718 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020), the Court applied the Powell analysis and concluded that two counts of reckless driving could not stand. The Court observed: “The offense may be elevated—and the penalty enhanced—if a specific result or consequence occurs, such as
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 12 of 19 [20] In Count IV, the State charged Moyers with Criminal Confinement, as a Level
3 felony, alleging:
On or about June 26, 2022 Ohio County, State of Indiana, Marvin Moyers, Jr. did knowingly or intentionally confine Gregory Luhrsen, without his consent and said offense was committed while armed with a deadly weapon, to-wit: .45 caliber Hi-Point handgun.
(App. Vol. II, pg. 59.)
[21] In Count V, the State charged Moyers with Criminal Confinement, as a Level 3
felony, alleging:
On or about June 26, 2022 Ohio County, State of Indiana, Marvin Moyers, Jr. did knowingly or intentionally confine Gregory Luhrsen, without his consent and said offense resulted in serious bodily injury to Gregory Luhrsen.
(Id.)
[22] In Wadle, and in Powell, our Supreme Court “adopted two new tests for
addressing claims of ‘substantive double jeopardy’ (i.e., claims concerning
multiple convictions in a single prosecution, as opposed to ‘procedural double
jeopardy’ claims, which concern convictions for the same offense in successive
prosecutions).” Carranza v. State, 184 N.E.3d 712, 715 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022).
bodily injury . . . [b]ut the crime occurs—and may be punished—only once, because the unit of prosecution is the act of reckless driving.” Id. at 727-28.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 13 of 19 [23] “Substantive double-jeopardy claims principally arise in one of two situations:
(1) when a single criminal act or transaction violates multiple statutes with
common elements, or (2) when a single criminal act or transaction violates a
single statute and results in multiple injuries.” Powell, 151 N.E.3d at 263. The
Court’s decision in Wadle addressed the first scenario, and its decision in Powell
addressed the latter scenario. See Stone v. State, 226 N.E.3d 829, 832 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2024), trans. denied. Either directs our focus to the statute which has been
enacted by our Legislature.7 The framework of Wadle does not facially apply,
as we are not looking at a “violat[ion] [of] multiple statutes with common
elements.” Powell, 151 N.E.3d at 263. That leaves the framework of Powell, in
that Moyers was twice convicted under a single statute. It is not a perfect fit,
because we are concerned not with multiple injuries to a single victim but with
one moderate bodily injury and one means of commission, use of a gun. But
the question fits. In the scenario of Powell, the question is “not whether one
offense is included in the other” but rather “whether the same act may be twice
punished as two counts of the same offense.” Id. (emphasis in original).
7 It is clear that, when an appellant has in fact committed discrete acts, the legislative choice to arrange various criminal offenses into a single statute does not transform multiple offenses into a single offense. See Stone v. State, 226 N.E.3d 829 (Ind. Ct. App. 2024) (the defendant was properly convicted of two counts of rape, in violation of a single statute, where one conviction was supported by vaginal intercourse and a second conviction was supported by anal sex); Carranza v. State, 184 N.E.3d 712 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022) (two convictions under the child molesting statute were proper were the defendant had digitally penetrated the victim and also had rubbed his penis on the victim’s vagina), trans. denied; Koziski v. State, 172 N.E.3d 338 (Ind. Ct. App. 2021) (two child molesting convictions were proper where the defendant had licked the victim’s vagina and digitally penetrated the victim).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 14 of 19 [24] Under the Powell analysis, which applies when the State alleges multiple
violations of the same statute, the reviewing court first reviews the text of the
statute itself. “If the statute, whether expressly or by judicial construction,
indicates a unit of prosecution,8 then we follow the legislature’s guidance and
our analysis is complete.” Id. at 264. Indiana Code Section 35-42-3-3(a)
provides: “A person who knowingly or intentionally confines another person
without the person’s consent commits criminal confinement.” To “confine” a
person for these purposes means “to substantially interfere with the liberty of a
person.” I.C. § 35-42-3-1. The Criminal Confinement statute does not
explicitly articulate a unit of prosecution.
[25] Absent the explicit articulation of a unit of prosecution, the court looks to
whether the statute in question is a conduct-based statute or a result-based
statute. Powell, 151 N.E.3d at 265. A conduct-based statute consists of an
offense defined by certain actions or behavior (for example, operating a vehicle)
and the presence of an attendant circumstance (such as intoxication). Id. at
265-66. The focus is upon the defendant’s action rather than upon
consequences of the action; the crime is complete once the offender engages in
the prohibited conduct. Id. at 266.
8 The Court described a “unit of prosecution” as a “division or fragmentation of a defendant’s criminal conduct.” Powell, 151 N.E.3d at 261. An example would be criminalizing the sale of each loaf of bread on a Sunday. See id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 15 of 19 [26] On the other hand, a result-based statute states an offense “defined by the
defendant’s actions and the results or consequences of those actions.” Id.
(emphasis in original.) Examples include murder, manslaughter, battery, and
reckless homicide, crimes which cause death or injury of another person. See id.
Crimes defined by conduct rather than consequences permit only a single
conviction, but crimes defined by consequence rather than by conduct “permit
multiple convictions when multiple consequences flow from a single criminal
act.” Id.
[27] The crime of Criminal Confinement is complete when the defendant, acting
with the requisite culpability, “confines another person without the person’s
consent.” I.C. § 35-42-3-3(a). This is so whether or not the action results in
actual harm to a victim. Thus, Criminal Confinement is a conduct-based
crime. As such, the statute permits only one conviction for a single act. Powell,
151 N.E.3d at 266. The review of Moyers’s multiple convictions for Criminal
Confinement then proceeds to the second step of the Powell analysis.
[28] The second step is one in which the reviewing court determines “whether the
facts – as presented in the charging instrument and as adduced at trial – indicate
a single offense or whether they indicate distinguishable offenses.” Id. at 264.
To answer the question of whether criminal acts amount to a single offense or
distinguishable offenses, “we look to whether those acts are ‘so compressed in
terms of time, place, singleness of purpose, and continuity of action as to
constitute a single transaction.’” Id. (quoting Walker v. State, 932 N.E.2d 733,
735 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010)). If criminal acts are sufficiently distinct, multiple
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 16 of 19 convictions may stand; however, if the acts are continuous and
indistinguishable, only a single conviction may stand. Id. at 264-65. “Any
doubt counsels ‘against turning a single transaction into multiple offenses.’” Id.
at 265 (quoting Duncan v. State, 274 Ind. 457, 464, 412 N.E.2d 770, 775 (1980)).
[29] Here, the question is whether there was one continuous confinement or discrete
events. Moyers argues that Luhrsen was continuously confined; the State
responds that Luhrsen freed himself, “did run away,” and thereafter his
confinement was re-established. Appellee’s Brief at 14. “A confinement ends
when the victim both feels free and is, in fact, free from detention, and a
separate confinement begins if and when detention of the victim is re-
established.” Boyd v. State, 766 N.E.2d 396, 400 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002).
[30] Luhrsen testified regarding his attempted escape as follows:
State: One of the last trips that you made to the basement and you were in the garage, at some point were you trying to get away from him?
Luhrsen: I did. He was on the other side of the garage, crawling around on some shelves, so that basement door was – I just opened the door and made a run for the stairs, but I didn’t get too far. He kicked the door in. So I just, once again, stopped. He’s got the gun so I’m not going to run, so I just moved back to the garage.
(Tr. Vol. III, pg. 188.)
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 17 of 19 State: And I think you were just talking about you made it to the staircase when the door was kicked in and the defendant caught up with you?
Luhrsen: Well, I just stopped. I aint [sic] got to the stairs. I just stopped and walked back towards the garage. We both went back out to the garage.
State: That’s where you went?
Luhrsen: Yes.
State: I guess, how did you know to go back out to the garage?
Luhrsen: Uh, well, I didn’t know. That’s just where we were at so I went back out there. Once again, he had the guns, so there was no putting up a fight.
(Id. at 189-90.) The testimony does not support a conclusion that Luhrsen both
felt free and was, in fact, free from detention. Moyers maintained control over
Luhrsen by physical restraints, threats, beatings, and display of firearms. And,
as previously observed, doubt militates against turning a single transaction into
multiple criminal offenses. Powell, 151 N.E.3d at 265. Accordingly, I conclude
that there was one continuous confinement of Luhrsen by Moyers.
[31] Moyers’s multiple convictions for a single transaction violate substantive double
jeopardy principles. When a double jeopardy violation has occurred, the
remedy is to vacate the conviction carrying the lesser punishment. Starks v.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 18 of 19 State, 210 N.E.3d 818, 823 (Ind. Ct. App. 2023). I would vote to reverse
Moyers’s Level 4 felony conviction for Confinement.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-939 | December 31, 2024 Page 19 of 19