NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 24 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MARK BOWDEN, No. 22-35680
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 3:17-cv-01411-SI
v. MEMORANDUM* GENIE INDUSTRIES (A TEREX BRAND) INC.,
Defendant-Appellant,
and
UNITED RENTALS (NORTH AMERICA) INC.,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Michael H. Simon, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted December 7, 2023 Portland, Oregon
Before: NGUYEN and MILLER, Circuit Judges, and MONTALVO,** District Judge.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Frank Montalvo, United States District Judge for the Western District of Texas, sitting by designation. Genie Industries, Inc., (Genie) appeals from the district court’s judgment,
following a jury trial, in favor of Mark Bowden in this product-liability action. We
have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
1. Genie argues that the district court erred in allowing Bowden to present
certain expert testimony despite the untimeliness of his expert disclosures. When a
party does not comply with the disclosure rules set forth in Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 26, the party can be subject to sanctions. Specifically, Rule 37(c)(1)
states that “[i]f a party fails to provide information or identify a witness as required
by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed to use that information or witness to
supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was
substantially justified or is harmless.”
We review the district court’s admission of expert testimony for abuse of
discretion. Unicolors, Inc. v. H&M Hennes & Mauritz, L.P., 52 F.4th 1054, 1063
(9th Cir. 2022). We “give particularly wide latitude to the district court’s discretion
to issue sanctions under Rule 37(c)(1).” Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v. Deckers Outdoor
Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2001). In Liberty Insurance Corp. v. Brodeur,
we pointed to four factors that “guide the determination of whether substantial
justification and harmlessness exist, including (1) prejudice or surprise to the party
against whom the evidence is offered; (2) the ability of that party to cure the
prejudice; (3) the likelihood of disruption of trial; and (4) bad faith or willfulness
2 in not timely disclosing the evidence.” 41 F.4th 1185, 1192 (9th Cir. 2022)
(quoting Silvagni v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 320 F.R.D. 237, 242 (D. Nev. 2017)).
The district court considered those factors, and its determination that Bowden’s
untimely disclosures were harmless was not an abuse of discretion.
2. Genie argues that the district court erred in denying its motions for
judgment as a matter of law. Specifically, Genie contends that it was entitled to
partial judgment as a matter of law as to damages from Bowden’s ongoing back
and knee problems, and any post-trial noneconomic damages stemming from a
finding of permanent injury; as well as judgment as a matter of law as to both of
Bowden’s product-liability claims.
We review de novo the denial of a renewed motion for judgment as a matter
of law, “viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict.” In re Bard
IVC Filters Prod. Liab. Litig., 969 F.3d 1067, 1077 (9th Cir. 2020). Judgment as a
matter of law is warranted where “the evidence permits only one reasonable
conclusion, and that conclusion is contrary to the jury’s verdict.” EEOC v. Go
Daddy Software, Inc., 581 F.3d 951, 961 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Josephs v.
Pacific Bell, 443 F.3d 1050, 1062 (9th Cir. 2006)).
a. Genie argues that Bowden presented inadequate evidence that his back
and knee injuries were caused by the accident. Under Oregon law, it maintains,
expert medical testimony must refute other potential causes of the injuries,
3 ensuring that the jury does not rely on inferential reasoning when confronted with
multiple pieces of medical evidence. See Pinkerton v. Tri-County Metro. Serv.
Dist., 125 P.3d 840, 843 (Or. Ct. App. 2005); Hudjohn v. S&G Mach. Co., 114
P.3d 1141, 1149 (Or. Ct. App. 2005). Genie contends that under this rule, Bowden
did not carry his burden as to causation. We disagree with Genie’s reading of
Oregon law.
“When interpreting state law, federal courts are bound by decisions of the
state’s highest court.” Alliance for Prop. Rts. & Fiscal Resp. v. City of Idaho Falls,
742 F.3d 1100, 1103 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Arizona Elec. Power Coop., Inc. v.
Berkeley, 59 F.3d 988, 991 (9th Cir. 1995)). When a state supreme court has not
squarely addressed an issue, we are tasked with “predict[ing] how the highest state
court would decide the issue using intermediate appellate court decisions, decisions
from other jurisdictions, statutes, treatises and restatements for guidance.” Id. at
1102 (quoting Glendale Assocs., Ltd. v. NLRB, 347 F.3d 1145, 1154 (9th Cir.
2003)). Even assuming that the Oregon Supreme Court would adopt the approach
in Hudjohn and Pinkerton, those cases do not stand for the proposition that a
plaintiff’s expert must refute alternative causes in all cases involving “complex
medical situations,” Pinkerton, 125 P.3d at 843, or that a jury cannot interpret one
treating physician’s testimony in light of another’s. Bowden presented testimony as
to causation from medical experts. The only evidence of other causes came from
4 Genie’s own expert, whom the jury was entitled to disbelieve. Viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to Bowden and drawing all reasonable
inferences in his favor, the jury could have found that his back and knee injuries
were caused by the accident.
b. Genie also argues that Bowden did not establish that his injuries were
permanent and that the district court therefore erred in denying judgment as a
matter of law as to post-trial noneconomic damages. It relies on Elan v. Tate, in
which the Oregon Court of Appeals held that “[a] permanent injury is an injury
that ‘will last during the life of the injured person.’” 430 P.3d 179, 182 (Or. Ct.
App. 2018) (quoting Skultety v. Humphreys, 431 P.2d 278, 281 (Or. 1967)). At
trial, the jury heard testimony that Bowden’s medical experts did not believe
Bowden could return to work, that he “was clearly not able to work,” and that
Bowden’s fears that his injury would cause him to become disabled and unable to
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 24 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MARK BOWDEN, No. 22-35680
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 3:17-cv-01411-SI
v. MEMORANDUM* GENIE INDUSTRIES (A TEREX BRAND) INC.,
Defendant-Appellant,
and
UNITED RENTALS (NORTH AMERICA) INC.,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Michael H. Simon, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted December 7, 2023 Portland, Oregon
Before: NGUYEN and MILLER, Circuit Judges, and MONTALVO,** District Judge.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Frank Montalvo, United States District Judge for the Western District of Texas, sitting by designation. Genie Industries, Inc., (Genie) appeals from the district court’s judgment,
following a jury trial, in favor of Mark Bowden in this product-liability action. We
have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
1. Genie argues that the district court erred in allowing Bowden to present
certain expert testimony despite the untimeliness of his expert disclosures. When a
party does not comply with the disclosure rules set forth in Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 26, the party can be subject to sanctions. Specifically, Rule 37(c)(1)
states that “[i]f a party fails to provide information or identify a witness as required
by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed to use that information or witness to
supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was
substantially justified or is harmless.”
We review the district court’s admission of expert testimony for abuse of
discretion. Unicolors, Inc. v. H&M Hennes & Mauritz, L.P., 52 F.4th 1054, 1063
(9th Cir. 2022). We “give particularly wide latitude to the district court’s discretion
to issue sanctions under Rule 37(c)(1).” Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v. Deckers Outdoor
Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2001). In Liberty Insurance Corp. v. Brodeur,
we pointed to four factors that “guide the determination of whether substantial
justification and harmlessness exist, including (1) prejudice or surprise to the party
against whom the evidence is offered; (2) the ability of that party to cure the
prejudice; (3) the likelihood of disruption of trial; and (4) bad faith or willfulness
2 in not timely disclosing the evidence.” 41 F.4th 1185, 1192 (9th Cir. 2022)
(quoting Silvagni v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 320 F.R.D. 237, 242 (D. Nev. 2017)).
The district court considered those factors, and its determination that Bowden’s
untimely disclosures were harmless was not an abuse of discretion.
2. Genie argues that the district court erred in denying its motions for
judgment as a matter of law. Specifically, Genie contends that it was entitled to
partial judgment as a matter of law as to damages from Bowden’s ongoing back
and knee problems, and any post-trial noneconomic damages stemming from a
finding of permanent injury; as well as judgment as a matter of law as to both of
Bowden’s product-liability claims.
We review de novo the denial of a renewed motion for judgment as a matter
of law, “viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict.” In re Bard
IVC Filters Prod. Liab. Litig., 969 F.3d 1067, 1077 (9th Cir. 2020). Judgment as a
matter of law is warranted where “the evidence permits only one reasonable
conclusion, and that conclusion is contrary to the jury’s verdict.” EEOC v. Go
Daddy Software, Inc., 581 F.3d 951, 961 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Josephs v.
Pacific Bell, 443 F.3d 1050, 1062 (9th Cir. 2006)).
a. Genie argues that Bowden presented inadequate evidence that his back
and knee injuries were caused by the accident. Under Oregon law, it maintains,
expert medical testimony must refute other potential causes of the injuries,
3 ensuring that the jury does not rely on inferential reasoning when confronted with
multiple pieces of medical evidence. See Pinkerton v. Tri-County Metro. Serv.
Dist., 125 P.3d 840, 843 (Or. Ct. App. 2005); Hudjohn v. S&G Mach. Co., 114
P.3d 1141, 1149 (Or. Ct. App. 2005). Genie contends that under this rule, Bowden
did not carry his burden as to causation. We disagree with Genie’s reading of
Oregon law.
“When interpreting state law, federal courts are bound by decisions of the
state’s highest court.” Alliance for Prop. Rts. & Fiscal Resp. v. City of Idaho Falls,
742 F.3d 1100, 1103 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Arizona Elec. Power Coop., Inc. v.
Berkeley, 59 F.3d 988, 991 (9th Cir. 1995)). When a state supreme court has not
squarely addressed an issue, we are tasked with “predict[ing] how the highest state
court would decide the issue using intermediate appellate court decisions, decisions
from other jurisdictions, statutes, treatises and restatements for guidance.” Id. at
1102 (quoting Glendale Assocs., Ltd. v. NLRB, 347 F.3d 1145, 1154 (9th Cir.
2003)). Even assuming that the Oregon Supreme Court would adopt the approach
in Hudjohn and Pinkerton, those cases do not stand for the proposition that a
plaintiff’s expert must refute alternative causes in all cases involving “complex
medical situations,” Pinkerton, 125 P.3d at 843, or that a jury cannot interpret one
treating physician’s testimony in light of another’s. Bowden presented testimony as
to causation from medical experts. The only evidence of other causes came from
4 Genie’s own expert, whom the jury was entitled to disbelieve. Viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to Bowden and drawing all reasonable
inferences in his favor, the jury could have found that his back and knee injuries
were caused by the accident.
b. Genie also argues that Bowden did not establish that his injuries were
permanent and that the district court therefore erred in denying judgment as a
matter of law as to post-trial noneconomic damages. It relies on Elan v. Tate, in
which the Oregon Court of Appeals held that “[a] permanent injury is an injury
that ‘will last during the life of the injured person.’” 430 P.3d 179, 182 (Or. Ct.
App. 2018) (quoting Skultety v. Humphreys, 431 P.2d 278, 281 (Or. 1967)). At
trial, the jury heard testimony that Bowden’s medical experts did not believe
Bowden could return to work, that he “was clearly not able to work,” and that
Bowden’s fears that his injury would cause him to become disabled and unable to
return to work were realized. As one witness put it, “I’ve not seen many people try
as hard as [Bowden] did to try to overcome this. Sometimes you can’t. And sadly,
that happened here with him.” Moreover, the jury heard testimony from Bowden
that, seven years after the incident, he continued to experience debilitating pain.
Drawing all inferences in favor of Bowden, a rational jury could conclude from
that evidence that the effects of Bowden’s injuries would not diminish with time
but would instead last throughout his life.
5 For similar reasons, we reject Genie’s contention that the district court erred
in instructing the jury on permanent injury. “Whether there is sufficient evidence to
support an instruction is reviewed for abuse of discretion.” Du v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
697 F.3d 753, 757 (9th Cir. 2012). The same evidence that supported the district
court’s decision to deny judgment as a matter of law on post-trial noneconomic
damages establishes that the district court did not abuse its discretion in giving a
permanent-injury instruction.
c. Finally, Genie argues that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on
the product-liability claims because Bowden’s experts did not establish that
Bowden’s injury was caused by either a design defect or failure to warn. It
emphasizes that Bowden testified that he only lightly engaged the joystick,
whereas his experts’ theories of design defect or failure to warn turned on the need
to avoid aggressive movements of the joystick. We agree with Genie that Bowden
is bound by his description of the accident. See Bockman v. Mitchell Bros. Truck
Lines, Inc., 320 P.2d 266, 271 (Or. 1958). But Bowden’s testimony did not
describe his handling of the joystick with quantitative precision. Thus, drawing all
inferences in favor of Bowden, a rational jury could have accepted Bowden’s
testimony but nevertheless found that the accident occurred in the manner
described by Bowden’s experts. Genie was therefore not entitled to judgment as a
matter of law on the product-liability claims.
6 The motion for leave to file a supplemental brief (Dkt. No. 42) is DENIED
as moot.
AFFIRMED.