_ FILED COURT OF APPEALS DV I STATE OF WASHINGTON
2018 SEP 10 AM 8:51
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
MARGEAUX RABBAGE and ) CHRIS BAJUK, ) No. 77053-5-I ) Appellants, ) DIVISION ONE ) v. ) ) THERESA LORELLA, individually and ) on behalf of the marital community of ) THERESA LORELLA and JOHN DOE ) PUBLISHED OPINION LORELLA, and MICHAEL V. FANCHER,) individually and on behalf of the marital ) FILED: September 10, 2018 community of MICHAEL V. FANCHER ) and JANE DOE FANCHER d/b/a ) SEATTLE DIVORCE SERVICES, ) ) Respondents. ) )
BECKER, J. — This is an appeal from an order dismissing a legal
malpractice claim on summary judgment. There are material issues of fact as to
whether the omissions of a successor attorney constituted an independent
superseding cause of the plaintiffs damages. We reverse.
FACTS
1. Plaintiff Rabbage obtains a decree of dissolution by default
Margeaux Rabbage, appellant, married Niall Kennedy in July 2009. They
separated in December 2013. In September 2014, Rabbage, representing No. 77053-5-1/2
• V kj heraelf;filed- 'Obtitiori to diSiOlve the Marriage. The'couple had no children.
The petition itemized property and debts and asked that the home in Tacoma be
sold and the proceeds split equally after the mortgage was paid off. Rabbage
made a number of attempts to serve Kennedy. Although Rabbage did not
achieve formal service, Kennedy knew about the petition. He filed a response
pro se in December 2014 and asked that notice of further proceedings be sent to
him at a stated address.
In February 2015, Rabbage retained Seattle Divorce Services to represent
her in moving forward with the dissolution. Respondent Theresa Lorella, an
attorney with Seattle Divorce Services, formally appeared for Rabbage on April 1,
2015. Lorella and Kennedy attended a status conference in June 2015. The
court ordered that the case could not proceed without a record of valid service on
Kennedy. Lorella filed and served an amended summons and petition on July 9,
2015. Kennedy does not dispute the validity of this service. In personam
jurisdiction is uncontested.
Kennedy did not respond to the amended summons and petition. In
November 2015, Lorella prepared a motion on behalf of Rabbage for an order of
default. Lorella did not note the motion up for a court hearing. Instead, she sent
a copy of the motion and proposed final decree to Kennedy with a cover letter
advising him that she planned to present them a few days later for entry by the
superior court "via ex parte."
On November 24, 2015, a superior court commissioner entered the
proposed default dissolution decree that dissolved the marriage and divided the
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property. The decree awarded the house in Tacoma to Rabbage. Kennedy was
to convey his interest in the house to Rabbage by quitclaim deed or else the
court would appoint a special master to sign a quitclaim deed.
Effective December 3, 2015, LoreIla withdrew as Rabbage's attorney.
On December 17, 2015, Rabbage married Chris Bajuk.
2. Rabbaoe's ex-husband moves successfully to vacate the default decree
Rabbage retained a real estate attorney, David Britton, to assist with
conveyance of the Tacoma property. Britton filed a notice of appearance in the
dissolution cause number. On January 12, 2016, he moved on behalf of
Rabbage for appointment of a special master to quitclaim the Tacoma property to
Rabbage.
On February 5, 2016, Kennedy—now represented by counsel—filed a
motion to vacate the default decree of dissolution under CR 60(b)(1). He
requested a restraining order to prevent Rabbage from disposing of the property
unilaterally.
A party who has appeared in an action "shall be served with a written
notice of motion for default and the supporting affidavit at least 5 days before the
hearing on the motion." CR 55(a)(3). If no such notice is received, the party "is
generally entitled to have judgment set aside without further inquiry." Morin v.
Burns, 160 Wn.2d 745, 754, 161 P.3d 956(2007). No showing of a meritorious
defense is necessary. Tiffin v. Hendricks, 44 Wn.2d 837, 847, 271 P.2d 683
(1954). Kennedy asserted that he appeared in the action by personally attending
the status conference in June 2015. He argued that he was entitled to have the
3 No. 77053-5-1/4
decree set aside as a matter of right because he did not receive notice that a
motion for default was scheduled for a hearing. He also argued that even if his
attendance at the status conference did not constitute an appearance, he was
entitled to have the decree set aside on the grounds of mistake, inadvertence,
and excusable neglect. Kennedy declared that his failure to respond to the
amended summons and complaint was due to medical problems he was
experiencing as a disabled veteran.
On February 10, Britton submitted a brief titled "Petitioner's Reply in
Support of Motion for Appointment of Special Master." Despite the title, this brief
also generally stated Rabbage's opposition to the motion to vacate the decree.
The brief did not mention that Rabbage had already married someone else.
Judge Judith Ramseyer heard Kennedy's motion. On February 29, 2016,
she ruled that Kennedy's failure to respond due to his medical condition was
inadvertence and excusable neglect under CR 60(b)(1). Unaware that Rabbage
had married Bajuk, Judge Ramseyer set aside the dissolution decree in its
entirety. See CR 55(c)(1). The effect was to leave Rabbage married to both
Kennedy and Bajuk. Rabbage did not move for reconsideration. She moved
ahead on the new trial schedule established by Judge Ramseyer and obtained a
second decree of dissolution of her marriage to Kennedy. The second decree,
entered August 31, 2016, awarded the Tacoma house to Kennedy.
3. Rabbage files a malpractice suit against Lorella
On March 30, 2017, Rabbage brought this malpractice cause of action
against Lorella. She alleged that Lorella violated the standard of care by failing
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to serve Kennedy in compliance with CR 55(a)(3) and as a result, the default
decree was "null and void." She further alleged that LoreIla should have realized
that the decree was void and should have advised her of the error before she
married Bajuk. Rabbage claimed that the vacation of the decree caused her to
suffer extreme emotional distress due to concerns about bigamy and the delay in
completing the dissolution of her marriage with Kennedy. She also claimed as
damages the expense of hiring new counsel to complete the dissolution and her
loss of the more favorable division of marital property as ordered in the default
decree.
LoreIla moved for summary judgment. For the purpose of summary
judgment only, Lore!la's motion accepted that she was negligent. The only
element of malpractice she put at issue was causation. In order for an attorney's
negligent conduct to constitute legal malpractice, the breach of duty must be a
proximate cause of the resulting injury. Halvorsen v. Ferguson, 46 Wn. App.
708, 719, 735 P.2d 675 (1986), review denied, 108 Wn.2d 1008(1987).
Proximate cause is usually the province of the jury, but the court can determine
proximate cause as a matter of law if reasonable minds could not differ. Smith v.
Preston Gates Ellis, LLP, 135 Wn. App. 859, 864, 147 P.3d 600(2006), review
denied, 161 Wn.2d 1011 (2007).
LoreIla argued that Britton, as successor counsel, was an intervening and
superseding cause of Rabbage's distress. She alleged that when responding to
Kennedy's motion to vacate, Britton negligently and unforeseeably failed to take
steps that would have prevented the outcome of Rabbage being married to two
5 No. 77053-5-1/6
men at the same time, including the obvious step of alerting the court and
opposing counsel that Rabbage had remarried.
The trial court granted Lorella's motion and dismissed the lawsuit.
Rabbage appeals.
This court reviews summary judgment de novo. Lavigne v. Chase,
Haskell, Hayes & Kalamon, P.S., 112 Wn. App. 677, 682, 50 P.3d 306 (2002).
"Summary judgment is appropriate when there are no genuine issues of material
fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Lavigne,
112 Wn. App. at 682. The facts and resulting reasonable inferences are
considered in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Lavigne, 112 Wn.
App. at 682.
4. Rabbage incorrectly argues that Britton, the successor attorney, could not
have prevented the damage caused by vacation of the default iudgment
In opposition to Lorella's argument that her own negligence was
superseded by Britton's, Rabbage contends there was nothing Britton could have
done to achieve a better outcome. Rabbage argues that vacation of the default
decree was the inevitable result of Lorella's negligence. The question is whether
a reasonable judge in Judge Ramseyer's position would have refused to vacate
the dissolution of the marriage if she had been informed that Rabbage was
remarried. This is a question of cause in fact, but because it requires legal
analysis, it is appropriately decided as a matter of law, irrespective of whether the
facts are undisputed. Daugert v. Pappas, 104 Wn.2d 254, 257-59, 704 P.2d 600
(1985).
6 No. 77053-5-1/7
(a) The default decree of dissolution was not void.
Rabbage first asserts that Judge Ramseyer had no option except to
vacate the entire decree because it was void ab initio.
Void judgments lack legal effect. In re Marriage of Leslie, 112 Wn.2d 612,
618-20, 772 P.2d 1013(1989). A court has a nondiscretionary duty to vacate a
void judgment. In re Marriage of Markowski, 50 Wn. App. 633, 635, 749 P.2d
754 (1988). If the default decree was void, Judge Ramseyer would not have had
the power to salvage any part of it. If the default decree was void, the damage to
Rabbage was already done before Britton became her attorney.
A party who does not receive notice of a hearing scheduled to consider a
motion for default when such notice is required by CR 55(a)(3)"is generally
entitled to have judgment set aside without further inquiry." Morin, 160 Wn.2d at
754. But the right to have a judgment set aside does not necessarily mean that
the judgment is void. A void judgment exists if the issuing court lacks personal
jurisdiction over the party or subject matter jurisdiction over the claim. Marley v.
Dep't of Labor & Indus., 125 Wn.2d 533, 539, 886 P.2d 189 (1994). The superior
court commissioner who entered the default decree dissolving the marriage
between Rabbage and Kennedy had personal jurisdiction over Kennedy by virtue
of service of the amended summons and complaint. The commissioner had
subject matter jurisdiction by virtue of the superior court's constitutional authority
to hear divorce matters. WASH. CONST. art. IV, § 6; In re Marriage of Buecking,
179 Wn.2d 438, 448-50, 316 P.3d 999 (2013), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 181
(2014).
7 No. 77053-5-1/8
Rabbage insists the default judgment was void, relying on Servatron. Inc.
v. Intelligent Wireless Prods., Inc., 186 Wn. App. 666, 679, 346 P.3d 831 (2015).
The defendants in Servatron were personally served with a summons and
complaint. Servatron, 186 Wn. App. at 670. They retained an attorney who
engaged in settlement negotiations but did not file a formal notice of appearance.
Servatron, 186 Wn. App. at 670-72. When the negotiations broke down, the
plaintiffs obtained a default judgment without giving notice. Servatron, 186 Wn.
App. at 672. More than a year later, the defendants moved to vacate the
judgment. Servatron, 186 Wn. App. at 672. The trial court denied the motion as
untimely under CR 60's one-year time limit. Servatron, 186 Wn. App. at 673.
The appellate court reversed, holding that the defendants had informally
appeared such that under Morin, they were entitled to have the default set aside
as a matter of right because of the lack of notice. Servatron, 186 Wn. App. at
677. The court further held that the default judgment was "void" due to the lack
of notice, and therefore it could be vacated "at any time." Servatron, 186 Wn.
App. at 678-79, citing Allstate Ins. Co. v. Khani, 75 Wn. App. 317, 323, 877 P.2d
724 (1994); Ahten v. Barnes, 158 Wn. App. 343, 350, 242 P.3d 35(2010);
Brenner v. Port of Bellingham, 53 Wn. App. 182, 188, 765 P.2d 1333(1989); and
Markowski, 50 Wn. App. at 635.
We must respectfully disagree with Servatron's holding that a default
judgment is void if it is entered without the notice required by CR 55. Appellate
courts "must use caution when asked to characterize an issue as 'jurisdictional'
or a judgment as 'void." Cole v. Harveyland, LLC, 163 Wn. App. 199, 205, 258
8 No. 77053-5-1/9
P.3d 70 (2011). "Where the court has personal and subject matter jurisdiction, a
procedural irregularity renders a judgment voidable," not void. Chai v. Kong, 122
Wn. App. 247, 254, 93 P.3d 936(2004). The cases cited by Servatron to support
its holding that the judgment could be vacated "at any time"--Khani, Ahten,
Brenner, and Markowski—all involved judgments that were void because the
issuing court lacked personal jurisdiction. The default judgment in Servatron was
not void. The court that entered it had both personal and subject matter
jurisdiction.
The same criticism applies to In re Marriage of Daley, 77 Wn. App. 29, 31,
888 P.2d 1194 (1994), wherein the court stated that a dissolution decree had to
be vacated as "void" due to the wife's failure to give her husband, who had
formally appeared in the matter, five days' notice before the entry of a default. If
Daley had been written more cautiously, it would have used the term "voidable"
rather than "void."
In holding that a default judgment is necessarily void if entered without
proper notice to the defendant, the Servatron court acknowledged but declined to
follow two "aging" Supreme Court cases that characterized such judgments as
"voidable" rather than void. Servatron, 186 Wn. App. at 680, citing Person v.
Plough, 174 Wash. 160, 163, 24 P.2d 591 (1933), and Chehalis Coal Co. v.
Laisure, 97 Wash.422, 430, 166 P. 1158 (1917). The Servatron court reasoned
that the two older cases were displaced by Morin. But Morin does not use the
terms "void" and "voidable." Morin does not hold that the court that entered the
default judgment lacked personal or subject matter jurisdiction, and it does not
9 No. 77053-5-1/10
overrule Person or Chehalis Coal. Those two cases should be followed, not
disregarded. Not only are they Supreme Court cases that have not been
overruled, they correctly recognize that only a jurisdictional defect can make a
judgment void.
In personam jurisdiction is obtained upon the initial service of
process. Mid-City Materials, Inc. v. Heater Beaters Custom Fireplaces, 36 Wn.
App. 480, 483,674 P.2d 1271 (1984). A plaintiffs failure to give a defendant
proper notice of a default judgment does not destroy in personam jurisdiction that
was established over the defendant by proper initial service of a summons and
complaint. It simply means that "the court has no authority to enter a default
judgment because the defendant is not in default." Tiffin, 44 Wn.2d at 847.
The use of the term "void" in Servatron, Daley, and a few similar cases1 is
incautious and should not be repeated because it leads to analytical error. A
failure to provide notice of default proceedings when required is generally
regarded as "a serious procedural error" that justifies vacation, not as a
jurisdictional flaw. Gage v. Boeing Co., 55 Wn. App. 157, 164, 776 P.2d 991,
quoting 10 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT, ARTHUR R. MILLER & MARY KAY KANE, FEDERAL
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 2687, at 438(2d ed. 1983); 6 JAMES
WM. MOORE, MOORE'S FEDERAL PRACTICE IR 55.05[3], at 55-27(2d ed. 1988),
1 For example, Servatron has already been cited for the erroneous proposition that "once a default order is set aside for lack of notice, any default judgment relying on that order is void." Azpitarte v. Biscay, No. 72749-4-1, slip op. at 5(Wash. Ct. App. June 27, 2016)(unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.g ov/opinions/pdf/727494.pdf. 10 No. 77053-5-1/11
review denied, 113 Wn.2d 1028 (1989). The plain language of CR 55(a)speaks
of motion notice, not original process.
A judgment that is void due to lack of jurisdiction can be vacated at any
time, but a motion to vacate any other type of judgment must be brought within
the time constraints of CR 60. Chai, 122 Wn. App. at 254-55. Under CR 60(b),
the time limit is "within a reasonable time and for reasons (1),(2) and (3) not
more than 1 year after the judgment, order, or proceeding was entered."
Imposing a time limit to seek relief from a voidable default judgment is not unfair.
A party who has been served with original process and has appeared in the
action knows that the formal process of litigation has begun and is in a position to
monitor it, in contrast to a person who has not been served with original process.
We hold as a matter of law that the default decree of dissolution in this
case was not void. Kennedy's motion to vacate it was timely. If Britton had
advised the court of Rabbage's remarriage, Judge Ramseyer could have
considered the option of setting aside only the property distribution aspects of the
(b)The default decree of dissolution could have been bifurcated.
Rabbage argues, though, that the option of setting aside only part of the
decree was foreclosed by In re Marriage of Little, 96 Wn.2d 183, 185,634 P.2d
498(1981). In Little, the court held that at the time a superior court enters a
decree of dissolution, it must rule on all ancillary matters. Little, 96 Wn.2d at 197.
The dissolution of a marriage ordinarily should not be bifurcated from issues such
as parenting and distribution of property. Little, 96 Wn.2d at 194. But if no one
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objects to bifurcation in the trial court, no relief need be granted on appeal. The
failure to object to bifurcation constitutes a waiver. Little, 96 Wn.2d at 198.
Rabbage contends that Kennedy would have objected due to his generally
uncooperative attitude, and his objection would have tied the hands of Judge
Ramseyer so that she had to vacate all of the decree or none of it.
Little provides no reason to hold that a trial court needs the permission of
both parties to bifurcate a motion to vacate a decree after it is entered. In these
circumstances, where vacating the dissolution of the marriage puts a party in the
position of having two spouses, the rationale for bifurcation is compelling. The
avoidance of bigamy is an important public policy. In re the Marriage of Pratt, 99
Wn.2d 905, 909,665 P.2d 400(1983). In other contexts, a court has discretion
to give separate consideration to claims within a default judgment, for example
by vacating damages while leaving intact a judgment as to liability. Shepard
Ambulance, Inc. v. HeiseII, Fetterman, Martin, Todd & Hokanson, 95 Wn. App.
231, 241, 974 P.2d 1275(1999), review denied, 140 Wn.2d 1007 (2000); Fowler
v. Johnson, 167 Wn. App. 596, 607, 273 P.3d 1042(2012).
We are confident that Judge Ramseyer, or any reasonable judge in her
position, would have exercised her discretion to leave intact the portion of the
decree that dissolved the Rabbage-Kennedy marriage if Britton had asked her to.
We therefore conclude the outcome of the motion to vacate likely would have
been different if Britton, the successor attorney, had informed Judge Ramseyer
that Rabbage was married to Bajuk.
12 No. 77053-5-1/13
5. The record does not conclusively prove that Britton's alleged negligence
superseded Lorella's
While we hold LoreIla has a plausible argument that Britton could have
prevented Rabbage's emotional distress, this does not necessarily mean that
Britton's negligence was the sole and superseding proximate cause of
Rabbage's injuries.
Above, we determined as a matter of law that Judge Ramseyer would not
have vacated the marriage dissolution if she had known of Rabbage's
remarriage. Whether Britton's failure to mention the remarriage was an
intervening act that broke the causal chain between Lorella's negligence and
Rabbage's damage presents a jury question. The question can be decided on
summary judgment "only when the facts are undisputed and inferences therefrom
are plain and incapable of reasonable doubt or difference of opinion." Daugert,
104 Wn.2d at 257.
Material issues of fact stand in the way of Lorella's theory that Britton's
alleged negligence was an intervening cause. First, LoreIla has not established
that Britton was negligent. It is not even clear that Rabbage told Britton she had
remarried. Second, a negligent intervening act by a successor attorney does not
necessarily relieve the first attorney of liability for negligence. If the causal chain
is unbroken, the negligent parties share blame, and it is for the finder of fact to
apportion the relative fault. Diamond v. Sokol, 468 F. Supp. 2d 626,643
(S.D.N.Y. 2006).
13 No. 77053-5-1/14
To be regarded as a superseding cause, the intervening act must be one
that is not reasonably foreseeable. Maltman v. Sauer, 84 Wn.2d 975, 982, 530
P.2d 254 (1975). To be unforeseeable, the intervening act must be "highly
unusual or extraordinary." Cline v. Watkins, 66 Cal. App. 3d 174, 178, 135 Cal.
Rptr. 838 (1977). Here, a jury could find that Britton's alleged negligence was
not unforeseeable. In Diamond, 468 F. Supp. 2d at 643, the court ruled that
causation remained an open question for the jury because if the original attorney
had not acted negligently, the successor attorney would not have needed to
remedy the error. That is true in this case as well. One of the considerations to
determine whether an intervening act constitutes a superseding cause is whether
the intervening act created a different type of harm than otherwise would have
resulted from the actor's negligence. Campbell v. ITE Imperial Corp., 107 Wn.2d
807, 812-13, 733 P.2d 969 (1987). The type of harm likely to result from
Lorella's alleged negligence was the vacation of the dissolution decree, which is
precisely what occurred.
LoreIla has not established beyond reasonable dispute that Britton's
omission was the superseding cause of the emotional distress Rabbage
experienced as a result of being married to two men at the same time. A jury
could find that Lorella's negligence was a proximate cause of Rabbage's distress
and her other damages.
14 No. 77053-5-1/15
The order granting summary judgment to LoreIla is reversed.
WE CONCUR:
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