Marcus Turner v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Georgia
• Decided: March 11, 2015
• Docket: A14A1858
• Status: Published

Opinion

THIRD DIVISION BARNES, P. J., BOGGS and BRANCH, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

March 11, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A14A1858. TURNER v. STATE.

BRANCH, Judge.

In April 2008, Marcus Turner was tried by a jury and convicted of burglary,

two counts of kidnapping, aggravated assault, armed robbery, and three counts of

possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. He was sentenced to life

imprisonment for the armed robbery conviction, concurrent twenty-year sentences for

the burglary, kidnapping, and aggravated assault convictions, and five-year sentences

for each of the three convictions for possession of a firearm during the commission

of a crime, to run concurrently with each other and consecutively to the life sentence.

Turner appeals all of his convictions and the denial of his motion for new trial. He

contends that the trial court erred by allowing the State to use his silence against him,

allowing witness statements to go out with the jury in violation of the continuing witness rule, and incorrectly charging the jury on kidnapping. Finding no reversible

error, we affirm.

On appeal from a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61

LE2d 560) (1979). So viewed, the evidence showed that on November 16, 2007,

Kendra Andrews was in her house with her boyfriend, DeRico Lewis, and their baby.

When Andrews heard a knock at the door, she picked up her baby and opened the

door slightly before two men pushed it in towards her. As she tried to push back, one

man pulled out a gun and the other man, whom Andrews identified as Turner,

grabbed her by the neck. While maintaining a grip on her neck, Turner pushed

Andrews, who was still holding her baby, back to the bedroom and onto the bed.

Turner continued to hold her neck while she was on the bed and held a liquor bottle

over her and the baby in a threatening manner. The man with the gun, identified as

Montrelle Teasley, asked Andrews where the money was, and she told him that her

purse was on the dresser. When the men noticed that the shower water was running,

they asked Andrews who was in there and she replied that it was her boyfriend.

Teasley then went into the bathroom. When Andrews asked Turner not to hurt her

2 boyfriend, he responded, “shut up, bitch,” and punched her in the face. She then asked

him not to hit her baby and he said, “fuck that baby.”

While Lewis was in the shower, he heard the bathroom door open and pulled

back the shower curtain to see Teasley pointing a gun at his face. Teasley asked him

where the money was, and Lewis told him that it was in his pants on the bathroom

floor. After Teasley got the money from Lewis’s pants, Lewis grabbed the gun.

Teasley turned it and fired, hitting Lewis in the forearm. Lewis ultimately gained

control of the gun and shot at Teasley and Turner, who still had Andrews and the

baby pinned down on the bed. Lewis eventually got both men out of the house, and

Andrews contacted the police.

That same day, Charles Norton of the Richmond County Sheriff’s Office was

dispatched to the hospital based on a report of two men arriving with gunshot

wounds. One of the men was Turner. When Officer Norton asked him about the

gunshot wound that he had received,1 Turner told him that he was walking down the

road and someone in an unknown vehicle fired shots at him. Turner said that the

incident had occurred approximately two hours before he came to the hospital.

1 Because Turner was not a suspect at the time, Norton did not read him his Miranda rights before talking to him.

3 Shawn Newsome, an investigator with the Richmond County Sheriff’s Office,

took statements of the incident from Andrews and Lewis. At the police station,

Newsome separated Andrews and Lewis and showed them photographic lineups.

They both picked Turner out of the lineup as a suspect. Turner and Teasley were

subsequently arrested.

Rochelle Johnson of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation performed DNA

typing on a jumpsuit worn by Turner, a jacket worn by Teasley, and buccal swabs

from Lewis, Teasley, and Turner. She determined that blood found on Turner’s

jumpsuit and on Teasley’s jacket came from Lewis.

Turner testified in his defense and admitted that he was at the house with

Teasley and that Teasley knocked on the door. He then heard two gunshots fired and

went up to the door, which was open, and saw Teasley and the victims facing each

other. He dropped the liquor bottle that he had been holding, grabbed Teasley, and

pulled him out the door. He was shot in the arm before the door slammed behind him.

When he was asked about his conversation with Officer Norton at the hospital, Turner

said that Norton had asked if he had ever been shot before and that he was telling

Norton about a prior shooting incident.

4 On cross-examination, Turner was asked, “When did you tell the police the

version of events that you’re telling us today?” Turner’s counsel objected that it was

“possibly an area of objection” because Turner had a right to remain silent and did not

have to tell the police his story. The court overruled the objection and the following

transpired:

[PROSECUTOR]: Please tell the jury when you told police the story that you’re telling us today. [TURNER]: I never told the police the story, sir. [PROSECUTOR]: In fact, this is the first time that anybody’s ever heard about it; isn’t that right? [TURNER]: No, sir. This ain’t the first time anyone’s heard about this, sir. [PROSECUTOR]: This is the first time that you’ve told anyone involved with this case, your current version of what happened, isn’t that right?

Turner responded that he had told his lawyer that version, but admitted that the trial

was the first time anyone else had heard that what he had tried to do that night was

to help.

1. Turner contends that the trial court erred by allowing the State to use his

silence against him during his cross-examination in violation of Doyle v. Ohio, 426

5 U. S. 610 (96 SCt 2240, 49 LE2d 91) (1976). Because Doyle is inapplicable here, we

discern no error.

In Doyle, the United States Supreme Court held that the use for impeachment

purposes of a defendant’s silence, at the time of arrest and after receiving Miranda

warnings, violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Doyle, 426

U. S. at 619 (II). The Georgia Supreme Court has held that in criminal cases “a

comment upon a defendant’s silence or failure to come forward . . . will not be

allowed even where the defendant has not received Miranda warnings and where he

takes the stand in his own defense.” Mallory v. State, 261 Ga. 625, 630 (5) (409 SE2d

839) (1991), overruled on other grounds, Chapel v. State, 270 Ga. 151, 155 (4) (510

SE2d 802) (1998), as recognized in Clark v. State, 271 Ga. 6, 9 (5) (515 SE2d 155)

(1999).2

This case, however, is distinguishable on its facts from Doyle and Mallory.

Turner did not remain silent, but gave his version of events to Officer Norton while

he was in the hospital. Because Turner “had chosen to speak to the investigating

2 Mallory was decided under the old rules of evidence, but the Georgia Supreme Court has offered no opinion about the continuing viability of Mallory under the new Evidence Code. See Romer v. State, 293 Ga. 339, 343 (2), n. 4 (745 SE2d 637) (2013); Yancey v. State, 292 Ga. 812, 817 (2), n. 9 (740 SE2d 628) (2013).

6 officer, the State could properly impeach him with his prior inconsistent statement[].”

Kendrick v. State, 287 Ga. 676, 678 (2) (699 SE2d 302) (2010) (citations omitted);

see also Anderson v. Charles, 447 U. S. 404, 408 (100 SCt 2180, 65 LE2d 222)

(1980)(Doyle does not apply to cross-examination that merely inquires into prior

inconsistent statements; although “[e]ach of two inconsistent descriptions of events

may be said to involve ‘silence’ insofar as it omits facts included in the other version,

. . . Doyle does not require any such formalistic understanding of ‘silence.’”); Carter

v. State, 324 Ga. App. 118, 126 (2) (b) (749 SE2d 404) (2013) (where appellant was

not silent and willingly talked to detective, Mallory principle did not require the

exclusion of testimony about her failure to mention certain facts during her interviews

with police officers). Accordingly, the trial court did not err in allowing the State to

cross-examine Turner about his prior inconsistent statement.

2. Turner contends that the trial court erred by allowing photographic lineup

identification forms signed by Andrews and Lewis to go out with the jury, thereby

violating the continuing witness rule. We disagree.

The photographic lineup identification forms included the following

information: instructions for the lineup, the witnesses’ signatures, the witnesses’

initials under the number of the photograph the witness selected from the lineup, the

7 date and time of the selection, and the signature of the investigator who conducted the

lineup. Turner’s counsel objected to the forms going out with the jury based on a

violation of the continuing witness rule. The trial court overruled the objection.

In Georgia, the continuing witness objection is based on the notion that written testimony is heard by the jury when read from the witness stand just as oral testimony is heard when given from the witness stand. But, it is unfair and places undue emphasis on written testimony for the writing to go out with the jury to be read again during deliberations, while oral testimony is received but once. The types of documents that have been held subject to the rule include affidavits, depositions, written confessions, statements, and dying declarations.

Davis v. State, 285 Ga. 343, 348 (8) (676 SE2d 215) (2009) (citations and

punctuation omitted). The photographic lineup identification forms are documents

supporting a photographic lineup, however, and are not equivalent to testimony, but

rather are documentary evidence of the lineup itself. Dockery v. State, 287 Ga. 275,

276-277 (4) (695 SE2d 599) (2010). Accordingly, the admission of these exhibits did

not violate the continuing witness rule. Id; Kenney v. State, 196 Ga. App. 776, 777

(2) (397 SE2d 131) (1990) (photographic lineup documents not viewed as statements

of witness, but as tools to explain the photographic lineup display shown to witnesses

prior to trial).

8 3. Turner contends that the trial court erred by incorrectly charging the jury on

the offense of kidnapping in violation of Garza v. State, 284 Ga. 696 (670 SE2d 73)

(2008). We agree that Turner is entitled to a jury instruction consistent with the rule

established in Garza, but conclude that the charging error was not reversible.

In this case, the trial court instructed the jury that

a person commits the offense of kidnapping when he abducts or steals away any person without lawful authority or warrant and holds such person against his will. I further charge you that any unlawful taking or movement of a person, however slight, is sufficient to show the abduction or stealing away of a person. The distance the person is carried is not material.

The charge given was a correct statement of the law at the time of Turner’s trial, but

in Garza, the Georgia Supreme Court overruled prior law regarding the need for only

slight movement to satisfy the asportation element of kidnapping and set out a four-

part test to determine whether the movement at issue constitutes asportation. Garza,

284 Ga. at 702 (1).

Because Garza must be applied retroactively, the given charge is rendered

erroneous, and Turner is entitled to a jury instruction consistent with the rule

established in Garza with respect to satisfaction of the asportation element of

9 kidnapping.3 Hammond v. State, 289 Ga. 142, 144 (2) (710 SE2d 124) (2011); Arnold

v. State, 324 Ga. App. 58, 64 (3) (749 SE2d 245) (2013). Nonetheless, Turner’s

kidnapping conviction should be upheld if, after applying the Garza factors, it is still

“highly probable that the [erroneous jury charge] did not contribute to the judgment.”

Arnold, 324 Ga. App. at 64 (3) (citation and punctuation omitted).

The four factors that should be considered in determining whether the

movement at issue constitutes asportation include:

(1) the duration of the movement; (2) whether the movement occurred during the commission of a separate offense; (3) whether such movement was an inherent part of that separate offense; and (4) whether the movement itself presented a significant danger to the victim independent of the danger posed by the separate offense.

Garza, 284 Ga. at 702 (1) (citation and footnote omitted). Not all four factors must

be satisfied to establish that asportation has occurred. Hammond, 289 Ga. at 144-145

(2). And “even a minimal movement that enhances the control of the perpetrator over

the victim will constitute asportation when it is not an inherent part of a separate

offense.” Arnold, 324 Ga. App. at 62-63 (2) (citations omitted).

3 Following Garza, the Georgia General Assembly amended the kidnapping statute, OCGA § 16-5-40, but the revised statute only applies to crimes committed on or after July 1, 2009. Thus, the Garza rule is applicable here.

10 Here, we assume without deciding that the first factor of the Garza test was not

established because the movement of Andrews and the baby was from the living room

to the bedroom and was of minimal duration. The evidence did, however, establish

the last three factors of the Garza test. The movement did not occur during the

commission of a separate offense against Andrews and the baby because the burglary

(OCGA § 16-7-1) had already been completed when they entered the house,4 the

aggravated assault (OCGA § 16-5-21) occurred after the movement to the bedroom

(when Teasley brandished a handgun while demanding money from Andrews), and

the victim of the armed robbery (OCGA § 16–8-41) was not Andrews, but Lewis

(robbery of money from his pants by use of a handgun). Nor was the movement an

inherent part of the other crimes because it was not necessary to effect the completion

of the burglary or aggravated assault. See Henderson v. State, 285 Ga. 240, 245 (5)

(675 SE2d 28) (2009) (movement within duplex was minimal but such movement not

inherent part of armed robbery, which had already been completed); Holden v. State,

314 Ga. App. 36, 38 (1) (722 SE2d 873) (2012) (movement from kitchen to bedroom

not inherent part of rape, aggravated sodomy, or armed robbery); Dixon v. State, 303

4 See Whittlesey v. State, 192 Ga. App. 667, 668 (385 SE2d 757) (1989) (crime of burglary complete at time appellant entered the residence without authority and with intent to commit a felony therein).

11 Ga. App. 517, 519 (1) (693 SE2d 900) (2010) (movement from hotel room door to

bed occurred before aggravated assault and rape occurred and was not inherent part

of either offense). Further, the movement created an additional danger to Andrews

and the baby because it moved them farther from the front door, a possible means of

escape, and it enhanced Turner’s control over them. See Peralta v. State, 312 Ga.

App. 414, 416 (1) (718 SE2d 326) (2011); Holden, 314 Ga. App. at 38 (1).

Based upon the evidence in this case, it is highly probable that the trial court’s

error in not instructing the jury to consider the asportation element of kidnapping

using the Garza factors did not contribute to the judgment of guilt on the kidnapping

charge. Accordingly, the trial court’s error is not reversible.

Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., and Boggs, J., concur.