1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 BAR MANDALEVY, Individually and on Case No.: 17cv667-GPC-KSC Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, 12 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND Plaintiff, 13 DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ v. SUPPLEMENTAL MOTION TO 14 DISMISS THE SECOND AMENDED BOFI HOLDING, INC., GREGORY 15 COMPLAINT ON GROUNDS THAT GARRABTRANTS, ANDREW J. PLAINTIFFS HAVE 16 MICHELETTI, ESHEL BAR-ADON and INADEQUATELY PLEADED PAUL J. GRINBERG, 17 SCIENTER Defendants. 18 [ECF No. 66] 19 20 Before the Court is Defendants’ Supplemental Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ 21 Second Amended Complaint. ECF No. 66. On November 3, 2020, the Ninth Circuit 22 affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded the Court’s previous order granting 23 Defendants’ motion to dismiss the second amended complaint. Grigsby v. BofI Holding, 24 Inc., 979 F.3d 1198 (9th Cir. 2020). In its decision, the Ninth Circuit stated that it would 25 not address the alternative ground that Plaintiffs did not adequately plead scienter 26 because this Court had not passed on the issue. Id. at 1209. On remand, the Court 27 therefore permitted the Parties to file additional briefing as to whether Defendants’ 28 1 motion to dismiss should be granted on the grounds that Plaintiffs have inadequately 2 pleaded scienter. ECF No. 64. 3 The motion has been fully briefed. ECF Nos. 66, 67, 68. The Court finds this 4 matter suitable for disposition without oral argument pursuant to Civ. L.R. 7.1(d)(1) and 5 accordingly VACATES the hearing on this matter currently set for March 5, 2021. For 6 the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Defendants’ 7 motion. 8 I. BACKGROUND 9 A. Factual History 10 The Court provides a brief history of the factual allegations relevant to this motion. 11 BofI Holding operates as the holding company for BofI federal bank. SAC, ECF No. 38 12 ¶ 2. BofI provides consumer and business banking products in the United 13 States. Id. BofI’s common stock trades on the NASDAQ. Id. ¶ 3. Plaintiffs in this case 14 purchased shares of BofI and claim that the revelation of a number of Defendants’ 15 misrepresentations caused the share price to drop. Id. ¶¶ 19, 24. Defendant Gregory 16 Garrabrants has served at all relevant times as BofI’s CEO, President, and Director. Id. ¶ 17 26. Defendant Andrew Micheletti served as BofI’s Executive Vice President and 18 CFO. Id. ¶ 27. Defendant Eshel Bar-Adon served as the Chief Legal Officer and 19 Executive Vice President. Id. ¶ 28. Defendant Paul Grinberg served as a member of the 20 Board of Directors and as Chairman of the Board since February 16, 2017. Id. ¶ 29. 21 Plaintiffs claimed that Defendants made a number of false or misleading 22 statements on two subjects: the company’s loans to criminals and governmental 23 investigations into BofI. However, the only statement found to be actionable relates to 24 governmental investigations into BofI. 25 On May 28, 2015, the SEC opened a Matter Under Inquiry (“MUI”) into BofI. Id. 26 ¶ 49. An MUI is an informal investigation and is generally less serious in nature than a 27 formal investigation. Id. However, on February 11, 2016, the SEC closed the MUI and 28 launched a formal investigation. Id. ¶ 51. In accordance with its investigation, on 1 February 22, 2016, SEC subpoenaed BofI regarding: 1) related party transactions; 2) 2 activities of the board, audit committee and a management regarding conflicts of interest; 3 and 3) loans given to two specific entities. Id. ¶ 52. On October 19, 2016, the SEC 4 expanded its investigation and issued a second subpoena that sought numerous 5 documents related to single-family residential loans extended to non-resident aliens. Id. ¶ 6 55. According to a confidential witness identified as CW1, Garrabrants and Micheletti 7 were aware of the formal SEC probe prior to March 2016. Id. ¶ 58. Moreover, CW1 8 discussed various federal investigations with Garrabrants in August 2015. Id. ¶ 60. 9 On March 31, 2017, the New York Post published an article entitled, “Feds probe 10 Bank of Internet for possible money laundering.” Id. ¶ 100. The article stated that 11 federal agents are investigating BofI for possible money laundering. Id. The article 12 disclosed that the Justice Department, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, SEC, 13 and Treasury Department are all conducting an investigation. Id. The New York Post 14 quoted Defendant Bar-Adon as stating that “there are no material investigations that 15 would require public disclosure and BofI remains in good regulatory standing.” Id. 16 That same day, BofI issued a press release in response to the New York Post article. 17 Id. ¶ 101. BofI stated that the article “is nothing more than a rehash of baseless 18 allegations that first surfaced over two years ago, and have been soundly refuted by BofI 19 in court filings and on conference calls.” Id. The press release included the following 20 paragraph which features the allegedly false or misleading statement in the last sentence: 21 The apparent basis for the headline that the Bank is under a federal money laundering probe is an assertion that “BofI allegedly filed incorrect call reports to 22 hide loans made to foreign nationals without requiring them to provide a tax 23 identification number.” This allegation is inexplicable given that applicable law does not require tax identification numbers of non-resident aliens who are not 24 engaged in a trade or business in the United States. The Company has received 25 no indication of, and has no knowledge regarding, such purported money laundering investigation. 26
27 ECF No. 66-4 (emphasis added). 28 1 On October 25, 2017, the New York Post published another BofI article entitled, 2 “Bank of Internet Was under 16-month SEC investigation.” SAC ¶ 130. The article 3 disclosed that BofI was subject of a 16-month formal SEC investigation until June 2017. 4 Id. ¶ 16. The article reported that the SEC investigation “was focused on alleged 5 conflicts of interests, auditing practices, and loans made to two entities, according to 6 subpoenas and government documents obtained by Probes Reporter, a publisher of 7 investment research.” ECF No. 32-9 at 1. These documents were “obtained through the 8 Freedom of Information Act.” Id. 9 B. Procedural History 10 On April 3, 2017, Plaintiffs filed a Class Action Complaint against Defendants 11 which asserted a claim under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 12 78j(b), by way of violation of the SEC’s Rule 10b-5, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. Plaintiffs 13 also alleged a count for violation of Section 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, 15 14 U.S.C. § 78t(a). Plaintiffs claimed that Defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) by 15 making misrepresentations about BofI’s loans to criminals and government 16 investigations. 17 Defendants countered with a Motion to Dismiss. ECF No. 32. Defendants 18 contended that Plaintiffs failed to plead particularized facts showing that Defendants 19 made misstatements and that Plaintiffs failed to plead loss causation. On June 19, 2018, 20 the Court granted Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. ECF No. 37. The Court found that 21 Plaintiffs had failed to plead several of the alleged statements were false or misleading. 22 However, the Court found that Plaintiffs had adequately demonstrated that it was false for 23 BofI to issue a press release on March 31, 2017, saying that it has received no indication 24 of and has no knowledge regarding the money laundering investigation. Id. at 18. 25 Nevertheless, the Court found dismissal was warranted because Plaintiffs had not 26 adequately alleged loss causation with respect to this statement. Plaintiffs identified the 27 corrective disclosure of this statement as the October 25, 2017 New York Post article 28 stating that BofI had been under SEC investigation. The Court found that this article did 1 not disclose any previously nonpublic information. Id. at 23. Because the Probes 2 Reporter obtained its information through a Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) 3 request, the Court determined the information was publicly available. Id. at 24. 4 Plaintiffs then filed a Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”), hoping to cure the 5 previous deficiencies. Plaintiffs again brought claims for violation of Sections 10(b) and 6 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Defendants moved to dismiss, arguing Plaintiffs had failed to 7 cure the deficiencies of the previous complaint. ECF No. 42. The Court once again ruled 8 that Plaintiffs had adequately alleged the falsity of the statement in the March 31, 2017 9 press release, but failed to plead loss causation because the alleged corrective disclosure 10 contained only publicly available information. ECF No. 50 at 18. Finding Plaintiffs 11 could not plead facts to remedy the deficiencies in the SAC, the Court granted 12 Defendants’ motion to dismiss with prejudice. Id. 13 Plaintiffs appealed. On November 3, 2020, the Ninth Circuit affirmed in part, 14 reversed in part, and remanded the Court’s order dismissing the SAC. Grigsby v. BofI 15 Holding, Inc., 979 F.3d 1198, 1207 (9th Cir. 2020). In relevant part, the court found that 16 (1) this Court erred in concluding that because the information in the October 25, 2017 17 Post article was obtained through a FOIA request, it could not qualify as a corrective 18 disclosure as a matter of law; (2) that Plaintiffs adequately alleged that the information in 19 the October 25, 2017 Post article had not been publicly disclosed prior to its publication; 20 and (3) that Plaintiffs had adequately alleged that the October 25, 2017 Post article was in 21 fact “corrective” of the March 31, 2017 press release statement. Id. at 1204–08. The 22 Ninth Circuit also declined to reach Defendants’ argument regarding scienter because this 23 Court had not passed on the issue. Id. at 1209. 24 Following the remand, the Court permitted the Parties to file additional briefing 25 relating to Defendants’ argument, presented in their original motion to dismiss the SAC, 26 that Plaintiffs had failed to adequately plead the element of scienter. ECF No. 64. 27 \ \ \ 28 \ \ \ 1 II. DISCUSSION 2 A. Legal Standard 3 A Rule 12(b)(6) motion attacks the complaint as not containing sufficient factual 4 allegations to state a claim for relief. “To survive a motion to dismiss [under Rule 5 12(b)(6)], a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a 6 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009) 7 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). The complaint must 8 allege more than “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by 9 mere conclusory statements.” Id. at 678. “In sum, for a complaint to survive a motion to 10 dismiss, the non-conclusory ‘factual content,’ and reasonable inferences from that 11 content, must be plausibly suggestive of a claim entitling the plaintiff to relief.” Moss v. 12 U.S. Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). 13 A claim of securities fraud must satisfy the dual pleading requirements of Rule 14 9(b) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”). Rule 9(b) requires the 15 complaint to state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud. Satisfaction of 16 this heightened standard requires delineating “the time, place, and specific content of the 17 false representations as well as the identifies of the parties to the misrepresentation.” 18 Odom v. Microsoft Corp., 486 F.3d 541, 553 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Schreiber Distrib. 19 Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., 806 F.2d 1393, 1400 (9th Cir. 1986)). In the Ninth 20 Circuit, Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard applies to all elements of a securities 21 fraud claim. Oregon Pub. Empls. Ret. Fund v. Apollo Grp. Inc., 774 F.3d 598, 605 (9th 22 Cir. 2014). 23 The PSLRA also requires that a securities fraud complaint plead scienter with 24 particularity. Zucco Partners, LLC v. Digimarc Corp., 552 F.3d 981, 990–91 (9th Cir. 25 2009) (quoting Gompper v. VISX, Inc., 298 F.3d 893, 895 (9th Cir. 2002)). To meet this 26 standard, the complaint must “state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong 27 inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind.” Tellabs, Inc. v. 28 Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 321 (2007); 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2)(A). 1 To satisfy the requisite state of mind element, “a complaint must ‘allege that the 2 defendant[ ]made false or misleading statements either intentionally or with deliberate 3 recklessness.’” Zucco, 552 F.3d at 991 (citation omitted). To determine whether the facts 4 give rise to a “strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind”, 5 if no individual allegation is sufficient standing alone, the court must determine whether 6 “all of the facts alleged, taken collectively, give rise to a strong inference of scienter.” 7 Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 322–23; N.M. State Inv. Council v. Ernst & Young LLP, 641 F.3d 8 1089, 1095 (9th Cir. 2011); see also Matrixx Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano, 563 U.S. 27, 9 48 (2011) (quoting Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 326) (reiterating that courts should review all the 10 allegations in the complaint “holistically” to determine whether scienter has been 11 properly pled). In reviewing the complaint holistically, vague or ambiguous allegations 12 can be considered to determine whether the complaint as a whole raises a strong 13 inference of scienter. Zucco, 552 F.3d at 1006 (quoting South Ferry LP, No. 2 v. 14 Killinger, 542 F.3d 776, 784 (9th Cir. 2008)). However, “[i]t does not suffice that a 15 reasonable factfinder plausibly could infer . . . the requisite state of mind.” Tellabs, 551 16 U.S. at 313. 17 In conducting the analysis, the court must also “take into account plausible 18 opposing inferences” that could weigh against a finding of scienter. Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 19 322. “Even if a set of allegations may create an inference of scienter greater than the sum 20 of its parts, it must still be at least as compelling as an alternative innocent explanation.” 21 Zucco, 552 F.3d at 1006; see also Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 313 (the inference of scienter must 22 be “cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent 23 intent”). 24 \ \ \ 25 \ \ \ 26 \ \ \ 27 \ \ \ 28 1 B. Analysis 2 The only issue for which the Court sought additional briefing on this motion to 3 dismiss is whether Plaintiffs have adequately pleaded scienter. ECF No. 64. Defendants 4 argue that Plaintiffs have failed to plead with sufficient particularity facts that would 5 show knowledge of any money laundering investigation at the time of the alleged false 6 statement as to both BofI and the Individual Defendants. Plaintiffs argue that the prior 7 rulings of this Court and the Ninth Circuit compel a finding that Defendants acted with 8 scienter, and in any case Plaintiffs have alleged specific facts that raise a strong inference 9 of scienter. 10 1. Scienter Generally 11 The question for the Court is whether the facts in the SAC raise a “strong 12 inference” that Defendants2 made the false statement in the March 31, 2017 press 13 release—that “[t]he Company has received no indication of, and has no knowledge 14 regarding, such purported money laundering investigation”—intentionally or with 15 deliberate recklessness. See Zucco, 552 F.3d at 991. 16 As a threshold issue, the Court notes that many of Defendants’ arguments hinge on 17 their position that the phrase “such purported money laundering investigation” refers to a 18 “criminal DoJ-led money laundering investigation” and would not encompass the SEC 19
20 21 1 Defendants ask the Court to take judicial notice of three Post articles and the March 31, 2017 press release referenced in the SAC. ECF No. 66-2. Because these documents are incorporated by reference 22 in the SAC, the Court need not take judicial notice of the articles to consider them. See Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 998 (9th Cir. 2018) (noting that incorporation by reference 23 and judicial notice are separate doctrines permitting the Court to consider materials outside of the complaint on a motion to dismiss). 24
25 2 This section refers to Defendants generally, as do much of the Parties’ briefing, to most easily address the Parties’ general disputes that do not pertain to any particular Individual Defendant. However, as 26 discussed infra, the Court does find that at least one Individual Defendant had the requisite scienter and thus BofI can be held liable. See Glazer Capital Mgmt., LP v. Magistri, 549 F.3d 736, 743–45 (9th Cir. 27 2008) (noting that “collective scienter” theory had not been ruled out by the Ninth Circuit, but that “the most straightforward way to raise [an inference of scienter] for a corporate defendant will be to plead it 28 1 investigation that was ultimately revealed in the October 25, 2017 Post article. E.g., ECF 2 No. 66-1 at 13; ECF No. 68 at 6. Defendants therefore argue that Plaintiffs have not 3 alleged scienter, and that the statement was not false or misleading, because Plaintiffs 4 have failed to plead that Defendants had knowledge of a criminal investigation by the 5 DOJ into money laundering at the time of the statement. This Court already determined 6 that Plaintiffs adequately alleged the statement was false, because Plaintiffs had alleged 7 that at the time of the statement, the SEC was investigating BofI and that CW2 stated 8 there was “no way” BofI officials would not have known about ongoing investigations. 9 ECF No. 37 at 18, ECF No. 50 at 13. Nowhere did the Court suggest that the statement 10 in the press release should be interpreted only as referring to money laundering 11 investigations led by the DOJ Criminal Division; in any case, the Post article referenced 12 the involvement of several federal agencies, including the SEC, and the paragraph of the 13 press release in which the statement appears does not limit the statement to criminal DOJ 14 investigations and was broad enough to disclaim knowledge of any of the government 15 probes referenced in the March 31, 2017 Post article. See ECF Nos. 66-3, 66-4. 16 Additionally, the Ninth Circuit held that the October 25, 2017 Post article that 17 referred to the SEC investigation qualified as a corrective disclosure of the statement in 18 the press release even though it “did not precisely mirror BofI’s denial,” Grigsby, 979 19 F.3d at 1208, which necessarily means the Ninth Circuit viewed the revelations in the 20 October article about the SEC investigation as inconsistent with BofI’s prior statement 21 that it was had no indication or knowledge of “such purported money laundering 22 investigation;” otherwise, they would not have been corrective of anything. The Court 23 declines to permit Defendants to relitigate the statement’s falsity at the pleading stage. 24 The Court therefore easily finds that the SAC, viewed holistically, raises a strong 25 inference that BofI intentionally made the misleading press release statement or acted 26 with deliberate recklessness as to its falsity. First, Plaintiffs allege that high level 27 members of BofI’s management knew that BofI was the subject of an SEC investigation 28 at the time of the March 31, 2017 statement. CW1 learned of the formal SEC probe from 1 Garrabrants and Micheletti in March 2016. SAC ¶ 58. The SAC also alleges that the 2 SEC issued subpoenas to BofI, directed to Bar-Adon, on February 22, 2016 and October 3 19, 2016. SAC ¶¶ 52, 55. The October 19, 2016 subpoena, in particular, sought 4 documents related to single-family residential loans extended to non-resident aliens. Id. ¶ 5 55. The March 31, 2017 Post article specifically referenced alleged loans made to 6 foreign nationals who did not provide tax identification numbers and tied these loans to 7 money laundering allegations. ECF No. 66-3. Although Defendants argue that they are 8 not required to obtain tax identification numbers, regardless of whether the Post’s 9 description of the law regarding tax identification numbers was accurate, the article 10 expressly connects what turned out to be the subject of the October 19, 2016 subpoena to 11 the alleged federal money laundering probe. Plaintiffs thus raise a strong inference that 12 Defendants knew that disclaiming having any indication of “such purported money 13 laundering investigation” was misleading, yet intentionally responded in that manner, or 14 that they at least made the statement with deliberate recklessness as to its falsity. 15 Defendants also argue that Plaintiffs have not presented a plausible motive to 16 support the conclusion that Defendants acted with scienter, citing to Nguyen v. 17 Endologix, Inc., 962 F.3d 405 (9th Cir. 2020). In Nguyen, the plaintiff alleged that the 18 defendants made false and misleading statements suggesting their product was likely to 19 be approved by the FDA, even though the FDA was almost certainly not going to 20 approve defendants’ product on the timeline defendants claimed. Id. at 415. The Ninth 21 Circuit found that the plaintiff’s theory of scienter was implausible because defendants 22 would have nothing to gain from concealing the truth, given that the company would 23 “face the inevitable fallout once [the] problem was revealed” when they failed to get 24 FDA approval. Id. The court found it relevant that the defendants had not attempted to 25 profit off the temporarily high stock prices by selling stock or the company in the interim. 26 Id. But unlike in Nguyen, common sense supports Plaintiffs’ theory here: by concealing 27 and denying the existence of the money laundering investigation, Defendants’ false 28 statement would ward off a drop in stock prices and prevent the investigation from 1 affecting BofI’s value. The Defendants here thus had something to gain from 2 representing that BofI was not, in fact, under investigation for money laundering. 3 Plaintiffs’ explanation is “at least as plausible” as the “alternative innocent 4 explanation” that BofI knew of the SEC investigation, the SEC subpoena related to 5 single-family residential loans extended to non-resident aliens, and that the March 31, 6 2017 Post article connected loans to foreign nationals with an alleged federal money 7 laundering probe including the SEC, but did not realize their statement would serve “as 8 some sort of blanket representation about” pending investigations other than a criminal 9 investigation by the DOJ. ECF No. 66-1 at 15–16. The broad language of the statement, 10 the fact that it was in response to an article regarding the investigation of BofI by 11 multiple agencies including the SEC, and the fact that the article related the money 12 laundering allegations to the lending practice that had been the subject of an SEC 13 subpoena, renders this explanation less compelling than Plaintiffs’.3 Even if Defendants 14 had intended to word the press release carefully to avoid explicitly denying the existence 15 of the particular SEC investigation, that does not foreclose the possibility that they 16 intentionally phrased it broadly to attempt to dispel all suspicion raised by the Post 17 article. The SAC therefore raises a strong inference that BofI made the false or 18 misleading press release statement intentionally or with reckless disregard. 19 \ \ \ 20 \ \ \ 21 \ \ \ 22
23 3 The argument Defendants present in their reply memorandum—that Plaintiffs must show “on day X 24 government agency Y was conducting an investigation into Z” and not “replace them with A or B or 25 C”—is not persuasive. ECF No. 68 at 2–3. Plaintiffs allege that as of March 31, 2017, Defendants were aware of the formal SEC investigation that related in part to single-family residential loans extended to 26 non-resident aliens, which the Post article had connected to money laundering. Viewing the SAC holistically and in light of the fact that the Ninth Circuit found the October Post article relating to the 27 SEC investigation was a corrective disclosure, the allegations raise a strong inference that Defendants were aware the statement responding to the article in the press release would be misleading. 28 1 2. Scienter and Involvement of Individual Defendants 2 Defendants also contend that Plaintiffs have not pleaded with the requisite 3 particularity facts that would show Individual Defendants acted with scienter or were 4 involved in making the misrepresentation in the press release.4 Plaintiffs oppose, arguing 5 that the SAC alleges actual knowledge on the part of Individual Defendants and presents 6 circumstances suggesting it would be “absurd to suggest that management was without 7 knowledge” of the SEC investigation in March 2017. ECF No. 67 at 13 (quoting South 8 Ferry, 542 F.3d at 786). Plaintiffs also assert that the Individual Defendants are liable for 9 the false or misleading statement in the press release because their positions in the 10 company gave them authority over BofI’s statement. 11 i. Whether each Individual Defendant was a ‘maker’ of the misrepresentation 12 The Court first considers whether each of the individual defendants can be held 13 liable under Section 10(b) for the allegedly misleading statement in the press release. 14 “For purposes of Rule 10b–5, the maker of a statement is the person or entity with 15 ultimate authority over the statement, including its content and whether and how to 16 communicate it.” Janus Capital Group, Inc. v. First Derivative Traders, 564 U.S. 135, 17 142 (2011); see also In re Solarcity Corp. Sec. Litig., 274 F. Supp. 3d 972, 1006 (N.D. 18 Cal. 2017) (collecting cases applying Janus to corporate officers). 19 Several district courts applying Janus have found that a corporate officer’s position 20 alone, without additional allegations as to the officer’s ability to control the contents of 21 the statement at issue, does not suffice to render the officer a ‘maker’ of the statement. 22 E.g., Hampton v. Aqua Metals, Inc., No. 17-CV-07142-HSG, 2020 WL 6710096, at *17 23 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 16, 2020) (“Here, there is no allegation that [defendant] signed any of 24
25 26 4 Plaintiffs argue that Defendants’ arguments relating to the personal involvement of Individual Defendants in the misrepresentation should be ignored because this Court limited briefing to “the issue 27 of scienter.” ECF No. 67 at 7 (quoting ECF No. 64). The Court will consider Defendants’ arguments for the sake of completeness although they do not affect the Court’s ultimate conclusion. 28 1 the SEC filings or press releases, nor are there any allegations that he was responsible for 2 or had ultimate authority over their content.”); Hefler v. Wells Fargo & Co., No. 16-CV- 3 05479-JST, 2018 WL 1070116, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 27, 2018) (finding that plaintiffs 4 had failed to plead specific facts showing certain corporate officers had ultimate authority 5 over statements, including press releases, “as opposed to more senior Wells Fargo 6 leadership”). However, although Janus recognized that the scope of liability under Rule 7 10b-5 is narrow, a plaintiff need not plead that the defendant directly issued the allegedly 8 misleading statement. See Janus, 564 U.S. at 142. Rather, a plaintiff must plead 9 sufficient facts to show that the defendant had the power and authority to control the 10 content and issuance of the statement. See In re Rocket Fuel, Inc. Sec. Litig., No. 14– 11 CV–3998–PJH, 2015 WL 9311921, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 23, 2015) (finding allegations 12 that individual defendants “possessed the power and authority to control the contents of 13 the Company’s press releases [and] investor and media presentations” sufficient to satisfy 14 Janus and withstand motion to dismiss). 15 The Court finds that Plaintiffs have alleged specific facts at the motion to dismiss 16 stage to adequately plead that Garrabrants, Micheletti, and Bar-Adon had the “ultimate 17 authority” over the press release. While Plaintiffs’ allegation that “Individual Defendants 18 possess the power and authority to, and did, control the contents of BofI’s . . . press 19 releases” likely would not meet the particularity requirement standing alone, Plaintiffs 20 provide additional factual allegations that plausibly suggest these Individual Defendants 21 were the ‘makers’ of the press release statement under Janus. SAC ¶ 66. Plaintiffs allege 22 that Garrabrants, as CEO, President, and Director, “was so involved in the day-to-day 23 operations that essentially everyone at BofI reported to him.” Id. ¶ 26. Micheletti, as 24 CFO, “was very involved in the oversight of the Company’s finances” and, according to 25 confidential witnesses, actively discussed the response to the SEC probe with Garrabrants 26 and others. Id. ¶¶ 27, 58, 63. Bar-Adon, the Chief Legal Officer and Executive Vice 27 President, “was intimately involved in all legal and regulatory matters concerning the 28 Company” and directly responded to the Post article that prompted the press release. Id. 1 ¶¶ 28, 100. Although not dispositive, the Court also takes into account the reasonable 2 inference that high-level officers who are alleged to have been intimately involved with 3 the Company’s response to the SEC investigation would play a part in ensuring the 4 accuracy of BofI’s public statements regarding such significant allegations in the press. 5 On the other hand, the SAC falls short in alleging Grinberg’s authority over the 6 press release with sufficient particularity. The allegations in the SAC pertaining to 7 Grinberg mainly relate to Grinberg’s signing of SEC filings, as well as an alleged related- 8 party transaction relevant to the first SEC subpoena, prior to when the SEC expanded its 9 investigation. SAC ¶¶ 53, 55, 80, 108. None of the confidential witnesses discuss 10 Grinberg’s involvement. Id. ¶¶ 58–63. Plaintiffs also do not allege Grinberg, who was 11 then Chairman of the Board of Directors, was involved in the everyday operation of the 12 business such that he would be responsible for BofI’s press releases. The Court therefore 13 finds that Plaintiffs have not alleged sufficient facts to show Grinberg was the ‘maker’ of 14 the press release statement. 15 ii. Whether each Individual Defendant had scienter 16 “Where, as here, the Plaintiffs seek to hold individuals and a company liable on a 17 securities fraud theory,” the Court “require[s] that the Plaintiffs allege scienter with 18 respect to each of the individual defendants.” Oregon Pub. Empls., 774 F.3d at 607 19 (citing Glazer Capital Mgmt., LP v. Magistri, 549 F.3d 736, 743–44 (9th Cir. 2008)). 20 Plaintiffs’ allegations therefore must raise “a strong inference” that each Individual 21 Defendant acted intentionally or with deliberate recklessness in the issuance of the press 22 release statement. See Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 322–23; Zucco, 552 F.3d at 991. 23 As with their allegations regarding the Individual Defendants’ personal 24 involvement, Plaintiffs also raise a strong inference of scienter with respect to 25 Garrabrants, Micheletti, and Bar-Adon. Plaintiffs allege specific facts to show that 26 Garrabrants, Micheletti, and Bar-Adon had actual knowledge of the SEC investigation. 27 Although the other confidential witnesses’ testimony in this regard may fall short of the 28 particularity requirement, CW1 stated that he or she learned of the formal SEC 1 investigation directly from Garrabrants and Micheletti in or around March 2016, before 2 the press release. SAC ¶ 58. Bar-Adon, as the Chief Legal Officer, would have received 3 the SEC subpoenas and also directly responded to the allegations in the Post article. Id. 4 ¶¶ 28, 100. These specific factual allegations, in addition to the more general allegations 5 regarding these three Defendants’ involvement in responding to federal investigations of 6 BofI and their role in company management, raise a strong inference that they knew of 7 the SEC investigation and that it related in part to the potential money laundering issues 8 raised by the Post article. See South Ferry, 542 F.3d at 784 (“Allegations that rely on the 9 core-operations inference are among the allegations that may be considered in the 10 complete PSLRA analysis.”). 11 However, there are no other allegations regarding Grinberg’s exposure to 12 information regarding the SEC investigation, particularly with regard to the expanded 13 scope of the investigation into matters that potentially touched on money laundering 14 following the October 19, 2016 subpoena. “Where a complaint relies on allegations that 15 management had an important role in the company but does not contain additional 16 detailed allegations about the defendants’ actual exposure to information, it will usually 17 fall short of the PSLRA standard,” although “in some unusual circumstances,” facts 18 critical to a business’s core operations may establish scienter. South Ferry, 542 F.3d at 19 784–85. Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that this case falls “into the exceedingly rare 20 category of cases in which the core operations inference, without more, is sufficient 21 under the PSLRA.” Id. at 785 n.3. The pendency of an SEC investigation into a bank, 22 even related to money laundering, is far from the “unusual circumstance[]” in which the 23 Ninth Circuit has found “it would be absurd to suggest’ that top management was 24 unaware of” the underlying facts. Berson v. Applied Signal Tech., Inc., 527 F.3d 982, 25 989 (9th Cir. 2008); South Ferry, 542 F.3d at 785. In Applied Signal, although the 26 plaintiffs had not pleaded specific facts that the CEO and CFO knew about the “stop- 27 work orders” that they allegedly concealed from investors, the court found plaintiffs had 28 adequately pleaded scienter because “it is hard to believe that they would not have known 1 about stop-work orders that allegedly halted tens of millions of dollars of the company’s 2 work.” Applied Signal Tech., Inc., 527 F.3d at 987–89. Here, Grinberg was a director 3 rather than a member of management and Plaintiffs do not allege that he had personal 4 involvement in responding to the SEC investigation. SAC ¶¶ 29, 58–63. It is therefore 5 not inconceivable that Grinberg would have been ignorant of the fact that the SEC probe 6 had expanded to include matters related to money laundering as referenced in the Post 7 article. 8 Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Section 10(b) 9 claims against Garrabrants, Micheletti, and Bar-Adon, and GRANTS Defendants’ motion 10 to dismiss the Section 10(b) claim against Grinberg. However, because Defendants did 11 not previously raise this ground for dismissal and Plaintiffs could plead additional facts 12 consistent with the SAC that could state a claim against Grinberg, the dismissal of this 13 count will be with leave to amend. See DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 14 658 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Schreiber, 806 F.2d at 1401). 15 2. Section 20(a) Claim 16 Plaintiffs’ Section 20(a) claim is derivative of their Section 10(b) claims. 17 Defendants challenge the Section 20(a) only on the basis that Plaintiffs have failed to 18 state a primary violation of the securities laws. Because the Court finds Plaintiffs have 19 stated a primary violation, the Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Section 20 20(a) claim. 21 III. CONCLUSION 22 The Court therefore VACATES the hearing on this matter and orders as follows. 23 The Court: 24 1. DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Section 10(b) claims against BofI, 25 Garrabrants, Micheletti, and Bar-Adon; 26 2. GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Section 10(b) claim against Grinberg 27 without prejudice; and 28 3. DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Section 20(a) claim. 1 If Plaintiffs wish to file an amended complaint to attempt to cure the deficiencies 2 || with respect to the Section 10(b) claim against Grinberg, they must do so within 20 days 3 || of this order. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 || Dated: March 2, 2021 (Qraaho Ok 6 Hon. Gonzalo P. Curiel , United States District Judge
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