IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA JOHN MAHONEY, : CIVIL ACTION Plaintiff, :
v. No. 19-3836 BITTREX, INC., Defendant. : MEMORANDUM I. INTRODUCTION Plaintiff John Mahoney is a visually impaired and legally blind individual. He brings this action on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated for disability discrimination under Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., against Defendant Bittrex, Inc. for its failure to make its website accessible to blind people. Plaintiff alleges, as a blind person, he is a member of a protected class of persons under the ADA, Defendant’s website is a “public accommodation” within the definition of 42 U.S.C. § 12181(7) and, as such, it is subject to Title III of the ADA and the protections it affords disabled individuals. ECF No. | at 15. Currently before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's Complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), see ECF No. 7, Plaintiffs Response, see ECF No. 12, and Defendant’s Reply, see ECF No. 14.
Il. BACKGROUND The facts contained herein are drawn from Plaintiff's Complaint, see ECF No. 1, and the Court construes those facts in a light most favorable to Plaintiff. Plaintiff is a visually impaired and legally blind individual, who cannot use a computer without the assistance of seeerereadine software. ECF No. | at 8. Defendant is a cryptocurrency exchange company that owns and operates www.bittrex.com (“Website”). Jd. When Plaintiff attempted (“at least once in the past”) to access Defendant’s Website, “he [was] unable to understand” it due to Defendant’s “failure to build its Website in a manner that is compatible with screen reader programs.” Jd. As a result, Plaintiff claims he is denied the benefit of “much of the content and services he wishes to access or use” on Defendant’s Website. /d. Plaintiff describes the
access barriers to Defendant’s Website in detail. Jd. at 8-10. “Due to Defendant’s failure and refusal to remove access barriers to its website, Plaintiff and visually impaired persons have been and are still being denied equal access to Defendant’s Website, and the numerous goods and services and benefits offered to the public through the Website.” Jd. at 10. According to Plaintiff, if Defendant removed the access barriers, he, along with those individuals similarly situated, “could independently research the Website’s offerings, including making a purchase.” Jd.
At this stage, the Defendant does not dispute that the access barriers exist. Instead, Defendant asserts that it has “no publicly-available physical presence ... [and because] Plaintiff does not (and cannot) allege otherwise” its Website is not a “public accommodation” under the ADA. ECF No. 7 at 4-5. Plaintiff filed his Complaint on August 23, 2019 and Defendant filed the instant Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff responded to the Motion, Defendant submitted its reply, and the Motion is ripe for review. Il. STANDARD OF REVIEW “The purpose of a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss is to test the legal sufficiency of the complaint,’ not the merits.” Walker v. Sam's Oyster House, LIC, 2018 WL 4466076, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 18, 2018) (citing Wainberg v. Dietz & Watson, Inc., 2017 WL 5885840, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 28, 2017)); see also Liou v. Le Reve Rittenhouse Spa, LLC, 2019 WL 1405846, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 28, 2019) (citing Nelson v. Temple Univ., 920 F. Supp. 633, 634 n.2 (E.D. Pa. 1996)).
_ To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), the complaint must allege “sufficient factual matter to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is plausible on its face when the factual content allows the court to draw a reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the alleged conduct. Id.
The Court “accept[s] as true all allegations in plaintiff's complaint as well as all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from them, and [the court] construes them in a light most favorable to the non-movant.” Tatis v. Allied Interstate, LLC, 882 F.3d 422, 426 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting Sheridan v. NGK Metals Corp., 609 F.3d 239, 262 n.27 (3d Cir. 2010)). IV. DISCUSSION Plaintiff filed his claim for discrimination in violation of the ADA and requests injunctive and declaratory relief. Defendant moves to dismiss Plaintiff's claim because the services it offers on its Website “do not constitute ‘public accommodations’ as the term is used and defined under Title III of the ADA.” ECF No. 7 at 4. Plaintiff contends that the Defendant’s Website is a “place of accommodation” under the ADA and recent court decisions. ECF No. 12 at 1. A. Place of Public Accommodation under the ADA Title II of the ADA provides that “[n]o individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation.” 42 U.S.C § 12182(a). Despite the Third Circuit’s holdings in Peoples v. Discover Fin. Servs., Inc., 387 Fed.Appx. 179, 182 (3d Cir. 2010) and Ford v. Schering-Plough Corp., 145 F.3d 601 (3d Cir. 1998), Plaintiff relies on a decision from the Western District of Pennsylvania, see Gniewkowski v.
Lettuce Entertain You Enterprises, Inc., 251 F. Supp. 3d 908 (W.D. Pa. 2017) to support his position that “a website can be considered a ‘public accommodation’
... and Defendant’s website itself falls squarely in that category.” ECF No 12 at 2, 5 (emphasis in original). Plaintiff urges this Court to follow the Western District’s lead and find that “[b]ecause [the defendant] owns, operates, and controls the property through which persons access its services, this matter is distinguishable from the Ford and Peoples cases.” See Gniewkowski, 251 F. Supp. 3d at 918. This Court is not so inclined. The Third Circuit has expressly limited “public accommodations” to physical places. See Ford v. Schering-Plough Corp., 145 F.3d 601, 613 (3d Cir. 1998); see also Peoples v. Discover Fin. Servs., Inc., 387 F. App’x 179, 183 (3d Cir. 2010) (holding that “public accommodations” are limited to physical places). A website, by itself, is not a physical location and therefore does not constitute a place of public accommodation under Section 12182(a) of the ADA. Walker v. Sam's Oyster House, LLC, 2018 WL 4466076, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 18, 2018) (citing Tawam v. APCI Fed. Credit Union, 2018 WL 3723367, at *6 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 6, 2018)).
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA JOHN MAHONEY, : CIVIL ACTION Plaintiff, :
v. No. 19-3836 BITTREX, INC., Defendant. : MEMORANDUM I. INTRODUCTION Plaintiff John Mahoney is a visually impaired and legally blind individual. He brings this action on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated for disability discrimination under Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., against Defendant Bittrex, Inc. for its failure to make its website accessible to blind people. Plaintiff alleges, as a blind person, he is a member of a protected class of persons under the ADA, Defendant’s website is a “public accommodation” within the definition of 42 U.S.C. § 12181(7) and, as such, it is subject to Title III of the ADA and the protections it affords disabled individuals. ECF No. | at 15. Currently before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's Complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), see ECF No. 7, Plaintiffs Response, see ECF No. 12, and Defendant’s Reply, see ECF No. 14.
Il. BACKGROUND The facts contained herein are drawn from Plaintiff's Complaint, see ECF No. 1, and the Court construes those facts in a light most favorable to Plaintiff. Plaintiff is a visually impaired and legally blind individual, who cannot use a computer without the assistance of seeerereadine software. ECF No. | at 8. Defendant is a cryptocurrency exchange company that owns and operates www.bittrex.com (“Website”). Jd. When Plaintiff attempted (“at least once in the past”) to access Defendant’s Website, “he [was] unable to understand” it due to Defendant’s “failure to build its Website in a manner that is compatible with screen reader programs.” Jd. As a result, Plaintiff claims he is denied the benefit of “much of the content and services he wishes to access or use” on Defendant’s Website. /d. Plaintiff describes the
access barriers to Defendant’s Website in detail. Jd. at 8-10. “Due to Defendant’s failure and refusal to remove access barriers to its website, Plaintiff and visually impaired persons have been and are still being denied equal access to Defendant’s Website, and the numerous goods and services and benefits offered to the public through the Website.” Jd. at 10. According to Plaintiff, if Defendant removed the access barriers, he, along with those individuals similarly situated, “could independently research the Website’s offerings, including making a purchase.” Jd.
At this stage, the Defendant does not dispute that the access barriers exist. Instead, Defendant asserts that it has “no publicly-available physical presence ... [and because] Plaintiff does not (and cannot) allege otherwise” its Website is not a “public accommodation” under the ADA. ECF No. 7 at 4-5. Plaintiff filed his Complaint on August 23, 2019 and Defendant filed the instant Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff responded to the Motion, Defendant submitted its reply, and the Motion is ripe for review. Il. STANDARD OF REVIEW “The purpose of a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss is to test the legal sufficiency of the complaint,’ not the merits.” Walker v. Sam's Oyster House, LIC, 2018 WL 4466076, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 18, 2018) (citing Wainberg v. Dietz & Watson, Inc., 2017 WL 5885840, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 28, 2017)); see also Liou v. Le Reve Rittenhouse Spa, LLC, 2019 WL 1405846, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 28, 2019) (citing Nelson v. Temple Univ., 920 F. Supp. 633, 634 n.2 (E.D. Pa. 1996)).
_ To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), the complaint must allege “sufficient factual matter to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is plausible on its face when the factual content allows the court to draw a reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the alleged conduct. Id.
The Court “accept[s] as true all allegations in plaintiff's complaint as well as all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from them, and [the court] construes them in a light most favorable to the non-movant.” Tatis v. Allied Interstate, LLC, 882 F.3d 422, 426 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting Sheridan v. NGK Metals Corp., 609 F.3d 239, 262 n.27 (3d Cir. 2010)). IV. DISCUSSION Plaintiff filed his claim for discrimination in violation of the ADA and requests injunctive and declaratory relief. Defendant moves to dismiss Plaintiff's claim because the services it offers on its Website “do not constitute ‘public accommodations’ as the term is used and defined under Title III of the ADA.” ECF No. 7 at 4. Plaintiff contends that the Defendant’s Website is a “place of accommodation” under the ADA and recent court decisions. ECF No. 12 at 1. A. Place of Public Accommodation under the ADA Title II of the ADA provides that “[n]o individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation.” 42 U.S.C § 12182(a). Despite the Third Circuit’s holdings in Peoples v. Discover Fin. Servs., Inc., 387 Fed.Appx. 179, 182 (3d Cir. 2010) and Ford v. Schering-Plough Corp., 145 F.3d 601 (3d Cir. 1998), Plaintiff relies on a decision from the Western District of Pennsylvania, see Gniewkowski v.
Lettuce Entertain You Enterprises, Inc., 251 F. Supp. 3d 908 (W.D. Pa. 2017) to support his position that “a website can be considered a ‘public accommodation’
... and Defendant’s website itself falls squarely in that category.” ECF No 12 at 2, 5 (emphasis in original). Plaintiff urges this Court to follow the Western District’s lead and find that “[b]ecause [the defendant] owns, operates, and controls the property through which persons access its services, this matter is distinguishable from the Ford and Peoples cases.” See Gniewkowski, 251 F. Supp. 3d at 918. This Court is not so inclined. The Third Circuit has expressly limited “public accommodations” to physical places. See Ford v. Schering-Plough Corp., 145 F.3d 601, 613 (3d Cir. 1998); see also Peoples v. Discover Fin. Servs., Inc., 387 F. App’x 179, 183 (3d Cir. 2010) (holding that “public accommodations” are limited to physical places). A website, by itself, is not a physical location and therefore does not constitute a place of public accommodation under Section 12182(a) of the ADA. Walker v. Sam's Oyster House, LLC, 2018 WL 4466076, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 18, 2018) (citing Tawam v. APCI Fed. Credit Union, 2018 WL 3723367, at *6 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 6, 2018)). “The Third Circuit has held, however, that the ADA applies to services and privileges of a place of public accommodation as long as there is ‘some nexus between the services or privileges denied and the physical place ... as a public accommodation.’” Jd. at *2 (citing Menkowitz v. Pottstown Mem’ Med. Ctr., 154
F.3d 113, 122 (Gd Cir. 1998)); see also McGann v. Cinemark USA, Inc., 873 F.3d 218, 229 (3d Cir. 2017) (finding a nexus between physical location and necessary auxiliary services). If the cause of action is tethered to the physical location of the place of public accommodation, a plaintiff must allege an injury suffered in relation to the place of public accommodation. Walker, 2018 WL 4466076, at *2. Therefore, a website can be a public accommodation under the ADA when “at the
very least” the injury “shares some ‘nexus’ between the physical place of public accommodation and the services denied in a discriminatory manner.” Menkowitz, 154 F.3d at 120 (citing Ford, 145 F.3d at 1011); see, e.g., James v. GEICO Ins. Co., 2016 WL 9776068 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 16, 2016). Here, Plaintiff has not satisfied the Third Circuit’s nexus requirement. In order to survive Derencanis Motion, Plaintiff must allege something more than the inability to oe the information or services on Defendant’s Website. The Website may be pe to the ADA if Plaintiff alleges that it shares some nexus with a physical Place of public accommodation. However, Plaintiff has not alleged the Website shares a nexus with a physical place of public accommodation and Defendant maintains such physical places do not exist in this case. Because the Third Circuit has not extended the ADA’s protections to websites beyond the nexus requirement, this Court cannot. See Peoples, 387 Fed.Appx. at 183 (“Despite Peoples's request that we ‘clarify or reconsider’ our
holding in Ford and extend our interpretation of public accommodations to include things other than physical places [], we are bound by our precedent.”). Accordingly, this Court is bound by the Third Circuit’s “position that the term [public accommodation] is limited to physical accommodations.” Jd. (citing Ford, 145 F.3d at 612). Defendant’s Website, by itself, is not a public accommodation and, therefore, Plaintiffs claim fails as a matter of law. Vv. CONCLUSION Consistent with the reasoning herein, the Court finds that Plaintiff's Complaint fails to state a cognizable claim under Title IT] of the ADA and Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is granted. The Court will, however, grant Plaintiff leave to amend his Complaint, if proper under the facts and applicable law. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum.
BY THE COURT:
Dated: January 14, 2020 * CHAD 7 J.