Luhmann v. Hoenig

588 S.E.2d 550, 161 N.C. App. 452, 2003 N.C. App. LEXIS 2187
CourtCourt of Appeals of North Carolina
DecidedDecember 2, 2003
DocketCOA03-23
StatusPublished
Cited by3 cases

This text of 588 S.E.2d 550 (Luhmann v. Hoenig) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals of North Carolina primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Luhmann v. Hoenig, 588 S.E.2d 550, 161 N.C. App. 452, 2003 N.C. App. LEXIS 2187 (N.C. Ct. App. 2003).

Opinions

[453]*453TYSON, Judge.

I. Background

The Cape Carteret Volunteer Fire and Rescue Department, Inc. (“Fire Department”) was originally incorporated as Cape Carteret Volunteer Fire Department, a North Carolina non-profit corporation, on 23 May 1966. The Fire Department changed its name to include “and Rescue” on 11 June 1998. On 13 October 1997, the Fire Department contracted with Carteret County to provide fire protection for all property lying within the boundaries of the Cape Carteret Fire and Rescue Service District. On 26 February 2000, a brush fire started in Eric Luhmann’s (“plaintiff’) neighborhood. The Fire Department responded to the scene to suppress the fire with several vehicles, including a tanker truck and a pumper truck. The two trucks were connected by a fire hose. Plaintiff obtained a beer from a neighbor and went down to the fire trucks. He started a conversation with his acquaintance, fireman John Clark (“Clark”). Plaintiff and Clark talked with each other and walked around to the side of one of the fire trucks. No fire lines or tape marked off the area. Plaintiff was not asked to leave the scene. The scene became chaotic as the Fire Department continued its efforts to suppress the fire.

Fire Department Chief Harold Henrich (“Chief Henrich”) directed Billy Hoenig (“Hoenig”) to leave the scene and replenish his water supply. The parties stipulated that Hoenig, a Fire Department employee, attempted to drive one of the fire trucks away from the scene without disconnecting the fire hose from the trucks. Hoenig engaged the “back up alarm” and looked behind the truck in his mirrors. Hoenig did not see plaintiff standing between the other truck and the hose. As Hoenig backed the truck, the hose connecting the two trucks gradually tightened. Plaintiff became pinned against the other truck and began screaming for help. Clark yelled into the radio for Hoenig to stop. The vehicle stopped, the pressure was relieved, and plaintiff fell to the ground.

Several emergency medical technicians on the scene rendered aid to plaintiff and loaded him in an ambulance. He was transported to Carteret General Hospital where he was diagnosed with a displacement fracture of the upper part of the tibia, the bone between the knee and the ankle. The day after the accident, Dr. Jeffrey Moore (“Dr. Moore”), an orthopedic surgeon, performed surgery on plaintiff to support the bone and repair the meniscus cartilage and the anterior cruciate ligaments. Following the surgery, plaintiff wore a large [454]*454leg immobilizer, took pain medication, and underwent physical therapy. On 20 September 2000, Dr. Moore performed another surgery to stabilize plaintiffs knee. Prior to the accident, plaintiff owned an auto repair business. Following the accident, he attempted to return to work, but eventually sold the business to an employee.

Plaintiff filed suit against Hoenig and the Fire Department (“defendants”). Both parties filed motions for summary judgment. The trial court found that: (1) Hoenig and the Fire Department were negligent as a matter of law, (2) plaintiff was entitled to partial summary judgment on the issue of negligence, and (3) both parties’ motions for summary judgment on the issue of contributory negligence were denied. At trial, the jury found that plaintiff was contrib-utorily negligent but that Hoenig had the last clear chance to avoid plaintiffs injuries or damages. The jury awarded plaintiff $950,000.00. Defendants appeal.

II. Issues

Defendants contend the trial court erred by: (I) denying their motion for summary judgment, motion for directed verdict, and post-trial motions because Hoenig and the Fire Department were immune from liability pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 58-82-5; (2) granting plaintiffs motion for summary judgment on the issue of negligence; (3) submitting the issue of last clear chance to the jury; (4) denying defendants’ motion to continue and motion for mistrial, as defendants were allowed only three days to obtain an independent medical examination; and (5) allowing evidence and testimony to be admitted when defendants were not provided with supplemental discovery responses in a timely manner.

Plaintiff cross-appeals and contends the trial court erred by: (1) allowing defendants to introduce evidence of signs on the fire trucks that read “Keep Back 400 Feet;” (2) submitting the issue of contributory negligence instead of comparative negligence; and (3) allowing defendants to include documents in the record on appeal, which were neither admitted nor considered by the trial court.

TTT. Immunity

A. Failure to Assert

Defendants argue the trial court’s denial of their motion for summary judgment, motion for directed verdict, and posttrial motions constitutes error. Summary judgment is proper where the movant [455]*455shows that plaintiff cannot survive an affirmative defense. Trexler v. Norfolk S. Ry. Go., 145 N.C. App. 466, 469, 550 S.E.2d 540, 542 (2001). Defendants contend N.C. Gen. Stat. § 58-82-5 grants them immunity and bars plaintiffs claims. Plaintiff asserts that defendants failed to assert this defense in their answer and are barred from asserting this defense on appeal. N.C.R. Civ. P. 8(c) requires that a party shall set forth a “short and plain statement. . . sufficiently particular to give the court and the parties notice ....” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 8(c) (2001). Here, defendants’ answer asserted as the fourth defense “sovereign, governmental, and qualified immunity.”

Defendants asserted the immunity found in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 58-82-5 in their motion for summary judgment and at the hearing on the motion. “[U]npled affirmative defenses may be raised for the first time on a motion for summary judgment, even if not asserted in the answer, if both parties are aware of the defense.” Mullis v. Sechrest, 126 N.C. App. 91, 95, 484 S.E.2d 423, 425-26 (1997), rev’d on other grounds, 347 N.C. 548, 495 S.E.2d 721 (1998); see also Bank v. Gillespie, 291 N.C. 303, 306, 230 S.E.2d 375, 377 (1976). Plaintiff was provided ample notice that defendants would assert this defense as required by N.C.R. Civ. P. 8(c).

B. Statutory Immunity

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 58-82-5(b) (2001) provides that:

A rural fire department or a fireman who belongs to the department shall not be liable for damages to persons or property alleged to have been sustained and alleged to have occurred by reason of an act or omission, either of the rural fire department or of the fireman at the scene of the reported fire, when that act or omission relates to the suppression of a reported fire . . . unless it is established that the damage occurred because of gross negligence, wanton conduct or intentional wrongdoing of the rural fire department or the fireman.

Plaintiff did not allege “gross negligence, wanton conduct, or intentional wrongdoing” by the defendants in his complaint.

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Related

LUHMANN v. Hoenig
603 S.E.2d 167 (Court of Appeals of North Carolina, 2004)
Luhmann v. Hoenig
597 S.E.2d 763 (Supreme Court of South Carolina, 2004)

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Bluebook (online)
588 S.E.2d 550, 161 N.C. App. 452, 2003 N.C. App. LEXIS 2187, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/luhmann-v-hoenig-ncctapp-2003.