BRANCH, Justice.
The threshold question presented by this appeal is whether defendant could demonstrate the existence of a genuine issue as to a material fact by raising an unpleaded defense by his evidence opposing plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.
Nowhere in his answer did defendant assert the defenses raised by his affidavits filed in opposition to the motion for summary judgment.
Earlier cases took the view that evidence offered at a hearing on a motion for summary judgment must be supported by allegations in the pleadings.
Cudahy Packing Co. v. U. S.,
37 F. Supp. 563. The later cases hold that, in light of the policy favoring liberality in the amendment of the pleadings, “ [e] ither the answer should be deemed amended to conform to the proof offered by the affidavits or a formal amendment permitted, the affidavits considered, and the motion for summary judgment decided under the usual rule pertaining to the adjudication of summary judgment motions.” 6 Moore’s Federal Practice ¶ 56.11 [3] (2d Ed. 1976).
See Rossiter v. Vogel,
134 F. 2d 908;
Bergren v. Davis,
287 F. Supp. 52. Chapter 1A, Rules of Civil Procedure.
We hold that unpleaded defenses, when raised by the evidence, should be considered in resolving a motion for summary judgment. However, we think in such cases it is the better practice to require a formal amendment to the pleadings.
The primary question presented by this appeal is whether defendant’s evidence in support of his defenses was admissible at the hearing upon plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.
Plaintiff’s evidence and defendant’s admissions establish that defendant executed the five notes upon which this action rests, thereby establishing a
prima fade
case. Plaintiff contends
that the evidence which defendant offered in opposition to its motion for summary judgment was barred by the parol evidence rule and that without such evidence there exists no material issue of fact for trial.
The recent case of
Borden, Inc. v. Brower,
284 N.C. 54, 199 S.E. 2d 414, considered the identical question presented by this case. There, the Court extensively reviewed the decisions and commentaries which have considered the North Carolina parol evidence rule and its many exceptions. In
Borden,
plaintiff brought action to recover on a renewal promissory note. Plaintiff moved for summary judgment supporting its motion by portions of a deposition of defendant in which defendant admitted the execution of the note in suit and admitted the plaintiff’s records '.reflected that in 1969 defendant owed plaintiff $11,970. Defendant offered affidavits to the effect that contemporaneously with the signing of the original note, defendant and plaintiff’s agent agreed verbally that the note would reflect amounts represented by two customers’ notes for bookkeeping purposes only, .but that defendant would not be liable for these amounts. The amount of the two customer notes was reflected in each renewal note given to plaintiff by defendant including the note sued upon. Holding that evidence of the parol agreement was admissible and reversing the lower court’s grant of summary judgment, this Court, speaking through Justice Moore, in part, stated:
Affidavits filed in opposition to a motion for summary judgment “shall set forth such facts as would be admissible' in evidence.” G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(e). If the pleadings, affidavits, and deposition offered by defendant do not set forth facts that would be admissible in evidence because of the parol evidence rule, then such evidence was properly stricken, and since there remained no genuine issue as to any material fact, the court correctly rendered summary judgment for plaintiff.
Singleton v. Stewart,
280 N.C. 460, 186 S.E. 2d 400 (1972);
Kessing v. Mortgage Corp.,
278 N.C. 523, 180 S.E. 2d 823 (1971).
The parol evidence rule in North Carolina was stated by Chief Justice Stacy in
Insurance Co. v. Morehead,
209 N.C. 174, 183 S.E. 606 (1936), as follows:
“It is well-nigh axiomatic that no verbal agreement between the parties to a written contract, made
before or at the time of the execution of such contract, is admissible to vary its terms or to contradict its provisions. [Citing- numerous cases.] . . -.
“On the other hand, there are a number of seeming exceptions, more apparent than real perhaps, as well established as the rüle itself.
Roebuck v. Carson,
196 N.C., 672, 146 S.E., 708. ...”
Chief Justice Stacy then sets out eight exceptions to the rule, citing numerous North Carolina cases for each exception. The third exception is that the parol evidence rule is not violated:
•“[B]y showing mode of payment and discharge as contemplated by the parties, other than that specified in the instrument.
Bank v. Rosenstein,
207 N.C., 529, 177 S.E., 643;
Kindler v. Trust Co.,
204 N.C., 198, 167 S.E., 811;
Wilson v. Allsbrook,
203 N.C., 498, 166 S.E., 313;
Stockton v. Lenoir,
198 N.C., 148, 150 S.E., 886;
Bank v. Winslow,
193 N.C., 470, 137 S.E., 320.”
The sixth exception is:
“[B]y showing the whole of a contract, only a part of which is in writing, provided the contract is not one required by law to be in writing and the unwritten part does not conflict with the written.
Dawson v. Wright, supra
[208 N.C., 418, 181 S.E., 264];
Henderson v. Forrest,
184 N.C., 230, 114 S.E. 391;
Evans v. Freeman,
142 N.C., 61, 54 S.E., 847.”
* * *
Promissory notes are not generally subject to the parol evidence rule to the same extent as other contracts. Parties drawing such instruments tend to follow a rather definitely standardized form. If collateral terms and conditions had been agreed upon, they may be omitted from the note itself to insure its negotiability. Accordingly, it is rather common for a promissory note to be intended as only a .partial integration of the agreement in pursuance- of which it was given, and .parol evidence as between th.e original parties may well be admissible so far as it is ■ not inconsistent with the express terms of the note. See 3 Corbin on Contracts §. 587, at 510 (1960) ; 2 Stansbury’s N. C. Evidence, Brandis Rev. § 256 (1973) ; Dalzell, Twenty-five
Years of Parol Evidence in North. Carolina, 33 N.C.L. Rev. at 432-33 (1955).
* * *
This action is between the original parties to the note. When such an instrument is in the hands of a holder other than a holder in due course, this Court has permitted variance of its express terms by showing that it was to be enforced only on the happening of certain conditions, or only to the extent necessary to accomplish
a
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BRANCH, Justice.
The threshold question presented by this appeal is whether defendant could demonstrate the existence of a genuine issue as to a material fact by raising an unpleaded defense by his evidence opposing plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.
Nowhere in his answer did defendant assert the defenses raised by his affidavits filed in opposition to the motion for summary judgment.
Earlier cases took the view that evidence offered at a hearing on a motion for summary judgment must be supported by allegations in the pleadings.
Cudahy Packing Co. v. U. S.,
37 F. Supp. 563. The later cases hold that, in light of the policy favoring liberality in the amendment of the pleadings, “ [e] ither the answer should be deemed amended to conform to the proof offered by the affidavits or a formal amendment permitted, the affidavits considered, and the motion for summary judgment decided under the usual rule pertaining to the adjudication of summary judgment motions.” 6 Moore’s Federal Practice ¶ 56.11 [3] (2d Ed. 1976).
See Rossiter v. Vogel,
134 F. 2d 908;
Bergren v. Davis,
287 F. Supp. 52. Chapter 1A, Rules of Civil Procedure.
We hold that unpleaded defenses, when raised by the evidence, should be considered in resolving a motion for summary judgment. However, we think in such cases it is the better practice to require a formal amendment to the pleadings.
The primary question presented by this appeal is whether defendant’s evidence in support of his defenses was admissible at the hearing upon plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.
Plaintiff’s evidence and defendant’s admissions establish that defendant executed the five notes upon which this action rests, thereby establishing a
prima fade
case. Plaintiff contends
that the evidence which defendant offered in opposition to its motion for summary judgment was barred by the parol evidence rule and that without such evidence there exists no material issue of fact for trial.
The recent case of
Borden, Inc. v. Brower,
284 N.C. 54, 199 S.E. 2d 414, considered the identical question presented by this case. There, the Court extensively reviewed the decisions and commentaries which have considered the North Carolina parol evidence rule and its many exceptions. In
Borden,
plaintiff brought action to recover on a renewal promissory note. Plaintiff moved for summary judgment supporting its motion by portions of a deposition of defendant in which defendant admitted the execution of the note in suit and admitted the plaintiff’s records '.reflected that in 1969 defendant owed plaintiff $11,970. Defendant offered affidavits to the effect that contemporaneously with the signing of the original note, defendant and plaintiff’s agent agreed verbally that the note would reflect amounts represented by two customers’ notes for bookkeeping purposes only, .but that defendant would not be liable for these amounts. The amount of the two customer notes was reflected in each renewal note given to plaintiff by defendant including the note sued upon. Holding that evidence of the parol agreement was admissible and reversing the lower court’s grant of summary judgment, this Court, speaking through Justice Moore, in part, stated:
Affidavits filed in opposition to a motion for summary judgment “shall set forth such facts as would be admissible' in evidence.” G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(e). If the pleadings, affidavits, and deposition offered by defendant do not set forth facts that would be admissible in evidence because of the parol evidence rule, then such evidence was properly stricken, and since there remained no genuine issue as to any material fact, the court correctly rendered summary judgment for plaintiff.
Singleton v. Stewart,
280 N.C. 460, 186 S.E. 2d 400 (1972);
Kessing v. Mortgage Corp.,
278 N.C. 523, 180 S.E. 2d 823 (1971).
The parol evidence rule in North Carolina was stated by Chief Justice Stacy in
Insurance Co. v. Morehead,
209 N.C. 174, 183 S.E. 606 (1936), as follows:
“It is well-nigh axiomatic that no verbal agreement between the parties to a written contract, made
before or at the time of the execution of such contract, is admissible to vary its terms or to contradict its provisions. [Citing- numerous cases.] . . -.
“On the other hand, there are a number of seeming exceptions, more apparent than real perhaps, as well established as the rüle itself.
Roebuck v. Carson,
196 N.C., 672, 146 S.E., 708. ...”
Chief Justice Stacy then sets out eight exceptions to the rule, citing numerous North Carolina cases for each exception. The third exception is that the parol evidence rule is not violated:
•“[B]y showing mode of payment and discharge as contemplated by the parties, other than that specified in the instrument.
Bank v. Rosenstein,
207 N.C., 529, 177 S.E., 643;
Kindler v. Trust Co.,
204 N.C., 198, 167 S.E., 811;
Wilson v. Allsbrook,
203 N.C., 498, 166 S.E., 313;
Stockton v. Lenoir,
198 N.C., 148, 150 S.E., 886;
Bank v. Winslow,
193 N.C., 470, 137 S.E., 320.”
The sixth exception is:
“[B]y showing the whole of a contract, only a part of which is in writing, provided the contract is not one required by law to be in writing and the unwritten part does not conflict with the written.
Dawson v. Wright, supra
[208 N.C., 418, 181 S.E., 264];
Henderson v. Forrest,
184 N.C., 230, 114 S.E. 391;
Evans v. Freeman,
142 N.C., 61, 54 S.E., 847.”
* * *
Promissory notes are not generally subject to the parol evidence rule to the same extent as other contracts. Parties drawing such instruments tend to follow a rather definitely standardized form. If collateral terms and conditions had been agreed upon, they may be omitted from the note itself to insure its negotiability. Accordingly, it is rather common for a promissory note to be intended as only a .partial integration of the agreement in pursuance- of which it was given, and .parol evidence as between th.e original parties may well be admissible so far as it is ■ not inconsistent with the express terms of the note. See 3 Corbin on Contracts §. 587, at 510 (1960) ; 2 Stansbury’s N. C. Evidence, Brandis Rev. § 256 (1973) ; Dalzell, Twenty-five
Years of Parol Evidence in North. Carolina, 33 N.C.L. Rev. at 432-33 (1955).
* * *
This action is between the original parties to the note. When such an instrument is in the hands of a holder other than a holder in due course, this Court has permitted variance of its express terms by showing that it was to be enforced only on the happening of certain conditions, or only to the extent necessary to accomplish
a
certain purpose, or that it was payable only out of a certain fund, or that it was given as evidence of an advancement, or that it might be discharged by a method of payment or performance different from that stated in the writing.
Insurance Co. v. Morehead, supra,
and above cited cases. . . .
The effect of a course of dealings between the same parties was considered by this Court in
Worth Co. v. Feed Co.,
172 N.C. 335, 90 S.E. 295. Headnote #4 of that decision accurately states its pertinent holding. We quote:
Where a bank takes a negotiable paper by indorsement from its depositor, who had always sufficient funds there to protect its payment, and gives him credit for the amount, with the right to check on it, the transaction is evidence that the bank purchased for value; and when the evidence is conflicting as to an agreement between them that the bank should charge the item back upon
nonpayment,
it is for the jury to determine the intent of the parties, upon which they may
consider the course of dealings,
the rate of discount, the state of the account, and other relevant circumstances. [Emphasis ours.]
The Court of Appeals reasoned that
Borden
was inapplicable to the facts of this case because
Borden
was concerned with renewal notes. We do not agree. In
Borden,
there was an agreement contemporaneous with the execution of the original note. Thereafter, there was a course of dealings in which renewal notes were executed in reliance upon the oral agreement.. Here, according to defendant, notes and security agreements were originally executed by him to plaintiff’s predecessor contemporaneously with an oral agreement. Thereafter, new notes and security agreements were executed in a course of dealings pursuant to the oral agreement. We are unable to find a viable distinction between the execution of the renewal notes in
Borden
and the execution of- notes in instant case pursuant to an established course of dealings.
A motion for summary judgment shall be allowed only when the evidence reveals no genuine issue as to any material fact and-when the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. An issue is material if the facts alleged would constitute a- legal defense or. would affect the result. of the action. Summary judgment should be used cautiously and the burden of clearly establishing lack of a triable issue is on the moving party. The .moving party’s papers must be carefully scrutinized and .those of the opposing party must ..be regarded with indulgence.
Koontz v. City of Winston-Salem,
280 N.C. 513, 186 S.E. 2d 897;
Kessing v. Mortgage Corp.
278 N.C. 523, 180 S.E. 2d 823.
Defendant’s evidence, when taken in the light most favorable to him, establishes the execution of certain notes and security instruments accompanied by a prior or contemporaneous parol agreement as to the mode of payment and the fund from which it would be paid. The evidence tending' to show a continued course of dealings pursuant to this oral agreement was sufficient to have affected the result of the action, thereby creating a conflict between plaintiff’s evidence and defendant’s evidence as to a material fact. Thus, a jury question was presented and the trial judge erred when he granted plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.
Finally, defendant contends that the trial judge erred by failing to disqualify himself from hearing this cause.
On 19 May 1975, the date set for the hearing of the motions for summary judgment, defendant filed his unverified motion in the cause asking that Judge Clark disqualify himself on the ground that the judge was biased and prejudiced toward defendant because: (1) There had been an unfriendly termination of attorney-client relationship between Judge Clark and defendant’s family, (2) Judge Clark had prosecuted defendant in a criminal action while the judge was serving as solicitor of the Mount Airy Recorder’s Court, (3) Judge Clark had money on deposit with plaintiff and enjoyed friendly relations with some of plaintiff’s employees.
The only thing before Judge Clark in support of defendant’s motion was the unverified motion in the cause. There was no evidence in contradition.
In the present posture of this case, we need not consider this question at length. We are, however, constrained to observe that when the trial judge found sufficient force in the allegations contained in defendant’s motion to proceed to find facts, he should have either disqualified himself or referred the matter to another judge before whom he could have filed affidavits in reply or sought permission to give oral testimony. Obviously it was not proper for this trial judge to find facts so as to rule on his own qualification to preside when the record contained no evidence to support his findings.
Ponder v. Davis,
233 N.C. 699, 65 S.E. 2d 356.
In this connection, we think the language found in
Kentucky Journal Publishing Co. v. Gaines,
139 Ky. 747, 110 S.W. 268, quoted in
Ponder v. Davis, supra,
warrants repeating:
. . . “It is but the utterance of a legal platitude to say that it is of the utmost importance that every man should have a fair and impartial trial of his case, and that to secure this great boon two things are absolutely essential; an impartial jury and an unbiased judge. But we go further, and say that it is also important that every man should know that he has had a fair and impartial trial; or, at least, that he should have no just ground for the suspicion that he has not had such a trial.”
For the reasons stated, the decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed. This cause is remanded to that court with directions that it be returned to the District Court of Surry County with order that the judgment granting summary judgment be vacated and that there be a trial by jury of all issues raised by the pleadings and evidence.
Reversed and remanded.
Justice Copeland did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.