Opinion
DAWSON, J.
Janice Lingenfelter (plaintiff) appeals after judgment was entered in favor of County of Fresno and its Human Services System, [201] erroneously identified as the Department of Social Services (collectively, defendant). Plaintiff filed the action after her son, Levi, died while in foster care. Plaintiff attributes Levi’s death to the allegedly improper treatment he received for his medical conditions.
Plaintiff challenges the order that granted defendant summary adjudication on the first two causes of action in her complaint, as well as the judgment entered after the superior court granted defendant’s motion for nonsuit after plaintiff’s opening statement at trial on her third cause of action. In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we conclude that the superior court properly granted defendant’s motion for summary adjudication, because the claim plaintiff filed for her injuries was not presented in a timely manner. We also hold, however, that the trial court erred in granting defendant’s motion for nonsuit, on plaintiff’s third cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress, because the validity of the third cause of action did not depend, as defendant asserted, on plaintiff’s status as guardian of her son at the time the events alleged occurred. Generally, individuals have the right to be free from outrageous conduct by others that is undertaken with the intention of causing, or with reckless disregard of the probability of causing, emotional distress. Contrary to the trial court’s holding, plaintiff’s right and defendant’s corresponding duty not to intentionally inflict emotional distress was not dependent on plaintiff’s status as her son’s legal guardian.
In the published portion of this opinion, we hold that a motion for nonsuit, pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 581c, subdivision (a), does lie in a trial by the court. We publish on this issue because the disagreement of our concurring colleague demonstrates that there is a conflict of authority.
Accordingly, the judgment is reversed and the matter remanded for further proceedings.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
Plaintiff has two living children, Sarah and Fanny; Levi died on September 15, 2003, while in foster care. Defendant was responsible for removing Levi from plaintiff’s care. Plaintiff believes Levi died because his medical condition was diagnosed incorrectly and, consequently, he received improper medical care. Defendant believes Levi died due to a genetic condition, Lowe Syndrome.1
[202] Funeral arrangements for Levi were made by his foster parents, who were his legal guardians at the time of his death.*
2 Plaintiff claims she became distressed when, among other things, she was not told of his death in a timely fashion and when she was denied participation in the planning of his funeral services.
Plaintiff’s displeasure led to the filing of a complaint in Fresno Superior Court. Plaintiff included her daughters, Sarah and Fanny, as parties plaintiff. The complaint contained three causes of action. The first cause of action alleged defendant’s negligence caused Levi’s death. The second cause of action alleged plaintiffs suffered severe emotional distress as a result of defendant’s negligence in causing Levi’s death. The third cause of action alleged that defendant “did not inform or notify plaintiffs of [Levi’s] passing”; made funeral arrangements and decisions “independent of and without consulting with plaintiffs”; buried Levi without plaintiffs’ consent and without conducting an autopsy requested by them; “actively discouraged plaintiffs from attending Levi’s funeral”; compelled plaintiffs, at the funeral, “to occupy the back portion of the room” and made plaintiffs “to feel . . . like second-class citizens”; attempted to prevent plaintiffs from viewing Levi’s body and berated them “in an abusive manner” when they requested to do so; dressed Levi inappropriately in his coffin and “contrary to the way [plaintiffs] wanted him presented”; and denied plaintiffs’ request that Levi’s burial plot be located “near that portion in the cemetery near his other family members.” All of these actions were “deeply troubling and offensive to plaintiffs” and were done with malice toward them.
Defendant’s answer admitted Levi died while in foster care and that Levi was placed in foster care as a result of defendant’s actions. The answer denied the remaining charging allegations and asserted the defense of plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the California Tort Claims Act (Gov. Code, § 900 et seq.), along with other affirmative defenses.
Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment, which was denied because the motion did not seek to dispose of the entire action, only the first two causes of action. Defendant immediately filed a motion for summary adjudication directed at the first and second causes of action. Defendant asserted it was entitled to judgment because each cause of action was barred by plaintiffs’ failure to present a timely claim.
[203] Plaintiffs filed an opposition to the motion that admitted the claims were filed untimely, but argued they were entitled to a 30-day “grace period” because of the emotional distress they suffered as a result of Levi’s death. The trial court distinguished the case on which plaintiffs relied and granted defendant’s motion.
The matter proceeded to trial on the remaining cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress related to the events that occurred after Levi died. The trial court first disposed of Fanny’s claims. She admittedly was a minor and, although plaintiff had successfully moved to be appointed her guardian ad litem, no lawyer was retained to represent her. Finding Fanny was a minor and not represented by counsel, the trial court dismissed her claim.
Sarah was an adult. Her claim was dismissed, however, because the trial court determined that she failed to file a claim with defendant in a timely manner.
Next, plaintiff, the only remaining party plaintiff, gave her opening statement. When she was finished, defendant moved for nonsuit, arguing the foster parents had the right to arrange for Levi’s burial because they remained his guardians until after his funeral. Thus, in defendant’s view, all of plaintiff’s claims about mistreatment after Levi’s death could not provide a basis for recovery because she did not have the right to request an autopsy or to participate in the planning of the funeral. The trial court granted the motion for nonsuit.
Only plaintiff appeals from the ensuing judgment.
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff continues to represent herself in this court. Her brief is difficult to understand. We believe she is claiming the trial court erroneously granted the motion for summary adjudication and erroneously granted the motion for nonsuit.
I. The Motion for Summary Adjudication*
[204] II. The Motion for Nonsuit
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Opinion
DAWSON, J.
Janice Lingenfelter (plaintiff) appeals after judgment was entered in favor of County of Fresno and its Human Services System, [201] erroneously identified as the Department of Social Services (collectively, defendant). Plaintiff filed the action after her son, Levi, died while in foster care. Plaintiff attributes Levi’s death to the allegedly improper treatment he received for his medical conditions.
Plaintiff challenges the order that granted defendant summary adjudication on the first two causes of action in her complaint, as well as the judgment entered after the superior court granted defendant’s motion for nonsuit after plaintiff’s opening statement at trial on her third cause of action. In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we conclude that the superior court properly granted defendant’s motion for summary adjudication, because the claim plaintiff filed for her injuries was not presented in a timely manner. We also hold, however, that the trial court erred in granting defendant’s motion for nonsuit, on plaintiff’s third cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress, because the validity of the third cause of action did not depend, as defendant asserted, on plaintiff’s status as guardian of her son at the time the events alleged occurred. Generally, individuals have the right to be free from outrageous conduct by others that is undertaken with the intention of causing, or with reckless disregard of the probability of causing, emotional distress. Contrary to the trial court’s holding, plaintiff’s right and defendant’s corresponding duty not to intentionally inflict emotional distress was not dependent on plaintiff’s status as her son’s legal guardian.
In the published portion of this opinion, we hold that a motion for nonsuit, pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 581c, subdivision (a), does lie in a trial by the court. We publish on this issue because the disagreement of our concurring colleague demonstrates that there is a conflict of authority.
Accordingly, the judgment is reversed and the matter remanded for further proceedings.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
Plaintiff has two living children, Sarah and Fanny; Levi died on September 15, 2003, while in foster care. Defendant was responsible for removing Levi from plaintiff’s care. Plaintiff believes Levi died because his medical condition was diagnosed incorrectly and, consequently, he received improper medical care. Defendant believes Levi died due to a genetic condition, Lowe Syndrome.1
[202] Funeral arrangements for Levi were made by his foster parents, who were his legal guardians at the time of his death.*
2 Plaintiff claims she became distressed when, among other things, she was not told of his death in a timely fashion and when she was denied participation in the planning of his funeral services.
Plaintiff’s displeasure led to the filing of a complaint in Fresno Superior Court. Plaintiff included her daughters, Sarah and Fanny, as parties plaintiff. The complaint contained three causes of action. The first cause of action alleged defendant’s negligence caused Levi’s death. The second cause of action alleged plaintiffs suffered severe emotional distress as a result of defendant’s negligence in causing Levi’s death. The third cause of action alleged that defendant “did not inform or notify plaintiffs of [Levi’s] passing”; made funeral arrangements and decisions “independent of and without consulting with plaintiffs”; buried Levi without plaintiffs’ consent and without conducting an autopsy requested by them; “actively discouraged plaintiffs from attending Levi’s funeral”; compelled plaintiffs, at the funeral, “to occupy the back portion of the room” and made plaintiffs “to feel . . . like second-class citizens”; attempted to prevent plaintiffs from viewing Levi’s body and berated them “in an abusive manner” when they requested to do so; dressed Levi inappropriately in his coffin and “contrary to the way [plaintiffs] wanted him presented”; and denied plaintiffs’ request that Levi’s burial plot be located “near that portion in the cemetery near his other family members.” All of these actions were “deeply troubling and offensive to plaintiffs” and were done with malice toward them.
Defendant’s answer admitted Levi died while in foster care and that Levi was placed in foster care as a result of defendant’s actions. The answer denied the remaining charging allegations and asserted the defense of plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the California Tort Claims Act (Gov. Code, § 900 et seq.), along with other affirmative defenses.
Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment, which was denied because the motion did not seek to dispose of the entire action, only the first two causes of action. Defendant immediately filed a motion for summary adjudication directed at the first and second causes of action. Defendant asserted it was entitled to judgment because each cause of action was barred by plaintiffs’ failure to present a timely claim.
[203] Plaintiffs filed an opposition to the motion that admitted the claims were filed untimely, but argued they were entitled to a 30-day “grace period” because of the emotional distress they suffered as a result of Levi’s death. The trial court distinguished the case on which plaintiffs relied and granted defendant’s motion.
The matter proceeded to trial on the remaining cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress related to the events that occurred after Levi died. The trial court first disposed of Fanny’s claims. She admittedly was a minor and, although plaintiff had successfully moved to be appointed her guardian ad litem, no lawyer was retained to represent her. Finding Fanny was a minor and not represented by counsel, the trial court dismissed her claim.
Sarah was an adult. Her claim was dismissed, however, because the trial court determined that she failed to file a claim with defendant in a timely manner.
Next, plaintiff, the only remaining party plaintiff, gave her opening statement. When she was finished, defendant moved for nonsuit, arguing the foster parents had the right to arrange for Levi’s burial because they remained his guardians until after his funeral. Thus, in defendant’s view, all of plaintiff’s claims about mistreatment after Levi’s death could not provide a basis for recovery because she did not have the right to request an autopsy or to participate in the planning of the funeral. The trial court granted the motion for nonsuit.
Only plaintiff appeals from the ensuing judgment.
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff continues to represent herself in this court. Her brief is difficult to understand. We believe she is claiming the trial court erroneously granted the motion for summary adjudication and erroneously granted the motion for nonsuit.
I. The Motion for Summary Adjudication*
[204] II. The Motion for Nonsuit
As stated earlier, the trial court granted a motion for nonsuit as to plaintiff’s cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress related to the events that occurred after Levi died. Before we address the propriety of granting nonsuit under the circumstances of this case, we must first address a threshold legal issue—to wit, the question whether nonsuit is available in a court trial. Our concurring colleague believes it is not. We disagree.
A. Nonsuit is available after an opening statement in a court trial
Defendant’s motion for nonsuit was made and granted pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 581c, subdivision (a) (hereafter section 581c(a)), which permits a defendant to make a motion for nonsuit after the plaintiff has presented an opening statement. The question is whether the availability of this motion is limited to jury trials. The relevant statutory language is as follows: “[Ajfter ... the plaintiff has completed his or her opening statement, or after the presentation of his or her evidence in a trial by jury, the defendant. . . may move for a judgment of nonsuit.” (Ibid.)
The nonsuit motion is to be distinguished from a motion for judgment pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 631.8. Both motions can be made without waiving the moving party’s right to offer evidence in the event the motion is denied. (§§ 581c(a), 631.8, subd. (a).) Unlike a motion for nonsuit, however, a motion for judgment is available only after the party against whom the motion is made has presented his or her evidence. Further, in ruling on a motion for nonsuit, the trial court is required to “assume that all relevant evidence” offered by the plaintiff is true, “and all reasonable inferences or doubts [are] to be resolved in [the] plaintiff’s favor. [Citation.] In ruling upon the motion, the court [is] not permitted to judge the credibility of the witnesses, or weigh the evidence.” (Estate of Pack (1965) 233 Cal.App.2d 74, 76-77 [43 Cal.Rptr. 361].) In a motion for judgment, on the other hand, the trial court must decide questions of credibility, must weigh the evidence, and must make findings of fact. (Ibid.; compare 7 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (4th ed. 1997) Trial, § 416, pp. 476-477 and authorities cited therein with id. at § 439, pp. 497-499 and authorities cited therein.) Finally, pursuant to the express terms of Code of Civil Procedure section 631.8, a motion for judgment is available only in a trial by the court.
The Code of Civil Procedure section 631.8 motion for judgment came into being with the enactment of Senate Bill No. 570 (1961 Reg. Sess.) (hereafter Senate Bill No. 570) in 1961. (Stats. 1961, ch. 692, § 2, p. 1927.) The legislation was designed to address criticisms that had been leveled at the use [205] of the nonsuit motion, with its accompanying restrictions on judging the evidence, after presentation of the plaintiff’s evidence in court trials. The criticism was directed at the waste of judicial resources inherent in the use of the nonsuit motion in that context.
In Lasry v. Lederman (1957) 147 Cal.App.2d 480 [305 P.2d 663], for example, the trial court granted nonsuit to the defendant after the plaintiff presented his evidence, based on an inference adverse to the plaintiff drawn from the plaintiff’s evidence. The reviewing court was compelled to reverse. The trial court’s inference, while reasonable, was not the only reasonable inference to be drawn from the plaintiff’s evidence and, under the restrictions of the nonsuit motion, the lower court was bound to accept all inferences that favored the plaintiff and reject those that did not. (Id. at p. 488.) The appellate court recognized the potential for waste of resources: “It could well be argued that there is little purpose in requiring a trial judge to listen to a long, drawn-out defense when he is convinced the plaintiff has failed to prove a case. In theory, however, his mind must remain a blank with respect to the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the evidence and the inferences until the case is submitted. This, of course, is pure fiction. He is not brought to the consciousness of his convictions immediately upon submission of the case. But under the rule he must defer his decision although the evidence of the defendant will probably serve no purpose other than to bury a cause long since dead.” (Id. at pp. 488-489; see also Lich v. Carlin (1960) 184 Cal.App.2d 128, 138-140 [7 Cal.Rptr. 555] (conc. opn. of Duniway, J.); White v. Shultis (1960) 177 Cal.App.2d 641, 647 [2 Cal.Rptr. 414].)
The new Code of Civil Procedure section 631.8 motion for judgment, made available by Senate Bill No. 570, allowed the trial court to avoid the unnecessary deferral of a ruling that otherwise could be made after the plaintiff’s evidence. It also allowed the defendant to submit the case on the merits after presentation of the plaintiff’s evidence, without being put to the Hobson’s choice of presenting unnecessary evidence or taking the chance of losing without it. (Lich v. Carlin, supra, 184 Cal.App.2d at p. 140 (conc. opn. of Duniway, J.).)
At the same time that the motion for judgment was made available by Senate Bill No. 570, and by the same piece of legislation, section 581c was amended to add the words “in a trial by jury” to the first sentence of the first paragraph: “[A]fter ... the plaintiff has completed his or her opening statement, or after the presentation of his or her evidence in a trial by jury . . . .” (Underscoring added.)
[206] In Estate of Pack, the court stated that “[t]he enactment of Code of Civil Procedure section 631.8 effectively abolished motions for nonsuit, where . . . trial is before the court without a jury.” (Estate of Pack, supra, 233 Cal.App.2d at p. 77.) The court made this statement, however, in the context of a motion for nonsuit made after the plaintiff’s presentation of evidence. (Id. at p. 75.) We believe the court did not intend its comment to extend to motions for nonsuit made after the plaintiff’s opening statement.5
The idea that the motion for nonsuit in court trials was abolished by Senate Bill No. 570 has been stated several times. Each time, however, this has occurred in the context of a motion made after the plaintiff presented his or her evidence. (E.g., Ford v. Miller Meat Co. (1994) 28 Cal.App.4th 1196, 1200 [33 Cal.Rptr.2d 899] [“Initially, we note that although the parties contend the court granted Alpha Beta’s motion for nonsuit, in a trial by the court a motion for nonsuit is not recognized. The correct motion is for judgment pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 631.8, the purpose of which is to enable the court, after weighing the evidence at the close of the plaintiff’s case, to find the plaintiff has failed to sustain the burden of proof, without the need for the defendant to produce evidence”]; Commonwealth Memorial, Inc. v. Telophase Society of America (1976) 63 Cal.App.3d 867, 869, fn. 1 [134 Cal.Rptr. 58] [appeal from “nonsuit” granted after close of plaintiff’s evidence; “In a trial by the court, which this was, a motion for nonsuit is no longer recognized. The correct motion is a motion for judgment. [Citations.] Accordingly, we treat the order granting defendant’s motion for nonsuit as a judgment for defendant pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 631.8”]; Stockton v. Ortiz (1975) 47 Cal.App.3d 183, 199 [120 Cal.Rptr. 456] [in an appeal from judgment entered pursuant to Code Civ. Proc., § 631.8, court says “Although . . . section 631.8, enacted in 1961, was probably intended as a substitute for nonsuits in nonjury trials, it is still not a nonsuit” (fn. omitted)]; East-West Capital Corp. v. Khourie (1970) 10 Cal.App.3d 553 [89 Cal.Rptr. 369] [“judgment of nonsuit” after plaintiff’s presentation of evidence was erroneous because nonsuit not available in court trials and if treated as a judgment per § 631.8 still erroneous because required findings not made].)
[207] In contrast, in Gonsalves v. City of Dairy Valley (1968) 265 Cal.App.2d 400 [71 Cal.Rptr. 255] (Gonsalves), the appeal was from a judgment of nonsuit granted pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 581c after the plaintiff’s opening statement. (Gonsalves, at p. 401.) The Gonsalves court flatly rejected the appellants’ argument that, after Senate Bill No. 570, the motion for nonsuit was not available after the plaintiff’s opening statement in court trials. We agree with and adopt the court’s reasoning: “Appellants’ argument is predicated upon an ungrammatical and illogical reading of amended section 581c. Appellants say the words ‘in a trial by jury’ qualify the phrase ‘after the plaintiff has completed his opening statement,’ just as they qualify the phrase ‘the presentation of his evidence,’ with the result that the right to a judgment of nonsuit upon completion of the opening statement applies only to jury trials. The argument accords no potency to the use of a comma in the separation of the two phrases, a most significant and efficacious use of this unit of punctuation. Appellants’ interpretation is also illogical and unacceptable in that it would mean that a motion for nonsuit upon the completion of the opening statement could be made and granted in a jury case but not in a case tried by the court. This is not the law.” (Gonsalves, supra, 265 Cal.App.2d at p. 403.)
Other opinions of the Courts of Appeal, as well as secondary authorities, agree. (Nelson v. Specialty Records, Inc. (1970) 11 Cal.App.3d 126, 141 [89 Cal.Rptr. 540] (Nelson) [“The motion for dismissal (nonsuit) was properly granted upon the pleadings on which the case went to trial. As we earlier noted, a motion for a nonsuit upon opening statement of counsel is not foreclosed by the 1961 amendment to section 581c . . . even in a trial to a court sitting without a jury”]; Enterprise Leasing Corp. v. Shugart Corp. (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 737, 747, fn. 5 [282 Cal.Rptr. 620] [citing Gonsalves and Nelson, court rejects plaintiff’s contention that a § 581c motion for nonsuit after an opening statement will lie only in a jury trial]; see also Abeyta v. Superior Court (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 1037, 1040 [21 Cal.Rptr.2d 680], Walker v. Capistrano Saddle Club (1970) 12 Cal.App.3d 894, 897 [90 Cal.Rptr. 912] [both opinions assume, without discussion, that nonsuit is available in court trial after plaintiff’s opening statement]; see 7 Witkin, Cal. Procedure, supra, Trial, § 416, p. 477 [“Although procedures for a ‘motion for judgment’ in court trials have been established . . . , the nonsuit motion remains available in court trials on completion of the plaintiff’s opening statement”]; Wegner et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Trials and Evidence (The Rutter Group 2006) ¶ 12.215, p. 12-44 [“A nonsuit may be granted after (but not before) completion of plaintiff’s opening statement in either a jury or nonjury trial”].)
Under the “last antecedent rule” of statutory construction, “[e]vidence that a qualifying phrase is supposed to apply to all antecedents instead of only to the immediately preceding one may be found in the fact that it is separated from the antecedents by a comma.” (White v. County of Sacramento [208] (1982) 31 Cal.3d 676, 680 [183 Cal.Rptr. 520, 646 P.2d 191].) Under the last antecedent rule, if the words “in a trial by jury” in section 581c(a) applied not only to the phrase “after the presentation of his . . . evidence” but also to the phrase “after ... the plaintiff has completed his . . . opening statement,” there would be a comma before “in a trial by jury.” (See Garcetti v. Superior Court (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 1113, 1120 [102 Cal.Rptr.2d 703].)
We conclude that the words and punctuation used in section 581c(a) produce a plain and unambiguous meaning—specifically, a superior court conducting a court trial has the authority to grant a motion for nonsuit after the plaintiff’s opening statement.
Often, our statutory analysis does not extend beyond identifying a statute’s plain and unambiguous meaning. (Pratt v. Vencor, Inc. (2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 905, 909 [129 Cal.Rptr.2d 741] [“ ‘ “If there is no ambiguity in the language, we presume the Legislature meant what it said and the plain meaning of the statute governs” ’ ”].) The presumption mentioned in Pratt is not conclusive. Further analysis is necessary where arguments are raised that the unambiguous language of the statute, when applied, will produce results that frustrate, rather than comport with, the purpose of the statute. (County Sanitation Dist. No. 2 v. County of Kern (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 1544, 1620 [27 Cal.Rptr.3d 28]; see Provigo Corp. v. Alcoholic Beverage Control Appeals Bd. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 561, 567 [28 Cal.Rptr.2d 638, 869 P.2d 1163] [plain meaning of constitutional provision rejected to avoid absurdity].)
Here, our concurring colleague appears concerned that, as a practical matter, our statutory interpretation will produce results that frustrate the statutory purpose of providing parties with a fair procedure that promotes judicial efficiency. We recognize that each statutory interpretation has strengths and weaknesses. For example, our interpretation will avoid the expenditure of court time in taking a plaintiff’s evidence where the plaintiff’s opening statement unequivocally exposes the inability of the plaintiff to prove a cause of action. The balancing of these strengths and weaknesses of the two interpretations of section 581c(a) is not so one sided as to justify deviating from the plain language of the statute.6
In particular, we disagree with the prediction that, because of our ruling, plaintiffs will be required to make “a substantive opening statement in every court trial.” (Conc. & dis. opn., post, at p. 212.) Instead, plaintiffs in [209] court trials are required to present an opening statement where the defendant makes a motion for nonsuit. Further, under the proper procedures for nonsuit, plaintiffs are required to address only those shortcomings in their case that are explicitly made grounds for the motion. (John Norton Farms, Inc. v. Todagco (1981) 124 Cal.App.3d 149, 161 [177 Cal.Rptr. 215] [“ ‘only the grounds specified should be considered by the lower court in its ruling, or by the appellate court on review’ ”].) Further, plaintiffs must be permitted the opportunity to amend their opening statement in response to a subsequent motion for nonsuit. (Panico v. Truck Ins. Exchange (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 1294, 1299 [109 Cal.Rptr.2d 638] [nonmoving “party must be given the opportunity to amend the opening statement so as to correct its supposed defects”]; see John Norton Farms, Inc. v. Todagco, supra, at p. 161 [“since the motion for nonsuit is designed to call attention to correctable defects, granting such a motion after the plaintiff’s opening statement can be upheld only where it is clear that counsel has stated all the facts”].) The dire prediction that courts across the state will be disrupted because of our holding in this case fails to take into account that, though two much-cited practice books have for some time stated that the motion for nonsuit is available as we today rule it is, none of the predicted disruption has thus far occurred.
Our concurring colleague is correct in the view that we could decide this case without deciding the issue whether nonsuit is available in a court trial after the plaintiff’s opening statement. Were we to avoid the issue, however, there would still be a potential conflict between the opinions in Estate of Pack, supra, 233 Cal.App.2d 74 (at least as our colleague reads it) and Gonsalves, supra, 265 Cal.App.2d 400. Further, if our holding as to the application of section 581c(a) is incorrect, there would be at least two oft-used secondary authorities—7 Witkin, California Procedure, supra, Trial, and Wegner et al., California Practice Guide: Civil Trials and Evidence, supra, chapter 12B— that would be wrong also but left uncorrected.
For those reasons, and based on the legislative history, case law, secondary authorities, and rule of statutory construction we have discussed, we conclude that superior courts are authorized to grant motions for judgment of nonsuit after a plaintiff’s opening statement in a court trial.
We proceed, therefore, to the question whether the nonsuit motion here was properly granted, which we answer in the negative.
B. Nonsuit was not appropriate*
[210] DISPOSITION11
The judgment is reversed and the matter remanded to the superior court with directions to vacate the order granting the motion for judgment of nonsuit as to the third cause of action. The order granting defendant’s motion for summary adjudication is affirmed. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
Levy, Acting P. J., concurred.