Steele Hays, Justice.
This is an appeal brought by Carl Linell from a conviction for the capital murder of Charles and Louise Misho and the attempted capital murder of Austin Patterson, who survived a bullet wound to the stomach. All three were shot with a small caliber weapon around 7:00 p.m. on January 12, 1983 during the commission of an aggrevated robbery outside the 79 Bar and Grill in Pine Bluff.
Five days later Carl Linell, Carvin Thompson and Mamie Guy Curry were charged with the crimes. Thompson entered into a plea agreement for a sentence of life without parole and agreed to testify for the state. Linell was tried on July 11,1983, convicted and sentenced to life without parole for two counts of capital murder and twenty years for attempted capital murder, the sentences to run consecutively. Charges against Mamie Guy Curry were dismissed for lack of evidence. The appellant raises seven points for reversal, none of which are persuasive.
Carl Linell argues the trial court abused its discretion by not excusing one of the jurors for cause. The juror had indicated on a questionnaire that his business had been robbed and there had been acts of violence against his family. When asked if these events would make him predisposed about crime one way or another, the juror responded, “No, in a case like this, as serious as it is, I certainly wouldn’t be predisposed.” He said that he was not biased and would be fair and impartial. Appellant contends there is a clear assumption that the juror was biased and as he had used all his peremptory challenges, it was reversible error to hold a biased juror competent. The cases appellant cites to support his contention involved implied, rather than actual, bias. Implied bias arises by implication of law and its liberally construed in criminal cases. See Ark. Stat. Ann. § 43-1920; Beed v. State, 271 Ark. 526, 609 S.W.2d 898 (1980); Henslee v. State, 251 Ark. 125, 471 S.W.2d 352 (1971). An entirely different standard applies to actual bias, which is the issue here. When actual bias is in question, the qualification of a juror is within the sound discretion of the trial judge because he is in a better position to weigh the demeanor of the prospective juror’s response to the questions on voir dire. Allen v. State, 281 Ark. 1, 660 S.W.2d 922 (1983). Jurors are assumed to be unbiased and the burden of demonstrating actual bias is on the appellant. Jeffers v. State, 280 Ark. 458, 658 S.W.2d 869 (1953). In Jeffers we found no proof of bias where jurors on appellant’s panel had also served as jurors in a trial for the murder of the prosecutrix’s sister, and in Allen we found no abuse of discretion in the court’s refusal to excuse veniremen who knew two police officers expected to testify, but who could lay aside their friendship and weigh the testimony as that of a stranger.
Appellant Linell has not demonstrated actual bias and asks that we assume such bias was present. The juror was questioned on the issue and his responses were satisfactory to the trial judge. On review we are not in a position to assume actual bias, or to say that the trial court’s discretion was abused in holding otherwise.
The second and third arguments are essentially one. Linell contends his cross examination of accomplice Carvin Thompson on prior inconsistent statements about the shooting was unduly restricted and this denied him the right to be confronted with the witnesses against him under the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution. The appellant complains that he should have been permitted to cross examine Thompson on the statements to point out for the jury the incorrect details in each statement and how Thompson’s story changed as he was fed information by the police. He cites Arkansas Uniform Rules of Evidence, Rule 613 (b) and previous cases1 to support his position. Rule 613 (b) provides in pertinent part:
(b) Extrinsic Evidence of Prior Inconsistent Statement of Witness. Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is not admissible unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate him thereon, or the interests of justice otherwise require.
Neither the rule nor the cases support the arguments. Rule 613 (b) provides for the introduction of prior inconsistent statements and gives the witness the opportunity to deny or explain the statements, which was done in this case. The cases cited only support the theory of application of Rule 613 (b) and neither the statute nor those cases give any support for the type of cross examination appellant argues is appropriate.
All prior statements were read to Thompson, which he acknowledged and admitted were not true. He was cross examined on the circumstances surrounding the statements and the court allowed considerable latitude before limiting the questioning, including the repeated suggestion that Thompson’s statements were influenced by the police. In Beed v. State, 271 Ark. 526, 609 S.W.2d 898 (1980), a similar argument was made by the appellant as to undue restriction of cross examination while impeaching the state’s witness, the victim. The trial court sustained the objection to a question it found repetitious and argumentative and we upheld the ruling. We noted Ark. Unif. R. Evid. 611 (a) gives the trial court reasonable control over the mode of interrogating witnesses so as to avoid needless consumption of time and to protect the witness from harassment. The appellant has provided no supporting authority, nor does he show how his defense would have been fostered by this line of questioning. The issue he wanted was brought before the jury and the most that can be said of the point is that he was not permitted to question as extensively as he might have liked. But that right is not unlimited where discretion is not abused.
Appellant suggests that he was entitled to introduce evidence of other robberies committed by Carvin Thompson for which the state had elected not to file charges. But neither the proffer nor the ruling appear in the abstract and we will not consider the argument. Rule 9 (d) Rules of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. Adams v. State, 276 Ark. 18, 631 S.W.2d 828 (1982); Byers v. State, 267 Ark. App. 1097, 594 S.W.2d 252 (1980); Vail v. State, 267 Ark.App. 1078, 593 S.W.2d 491 (1980); Ellis v. State, 267 Ark.App. 690, 590 S.W.2d 309 (1979).
Two other closely related points are treated as one: Appellant’s motion for a directed verdict should have been granted because the testimony of the accomplice, Carvin Thompson, was not sufficiently corroborated and because the evidence did not support the verdict. The arguments are lacking, however, as there was substantial evidence to support the verdict and appellant’s connection with the crime was established by proof beyond that supplied by the accomplice.
Carvin Thompson testified that he and the appellant had been drinking beer and playing dominos with Mamie Guy Curry at Eva Cato’s house on January 12. Sometime around dark, he said, Mamie, appellant and he left to go to a liquor store on Highway 79.
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Steele Hays, Justice.
This is an appeal brought by Carl Linell from a conviction for the capital murder of Charles and Louise Misho and the attempted capital murder of Austin Patterson, who survived a bullet wound to the stomach. All three were shot with a small caliber weapon around 7:00 p.m. on January 12, 1983 during the commission of an aggrevated robbery outside the 79 Bar and Grill in Pine Bluff.
Five days later Carl Linell, Carvin Thompson and Mamie Guy Curry were charged with the crimes. Thompson entered into a plea agreement for a sentence of life without parole and agreed to testify for the state. Linell was tried on July 11,1983, convicted and sentenced to life without parole for two counts of capital murder and twenty years for attempted capital murder, the sentences to run consecutively. Charges against Mamie Guy Curry were dismissed for lack of evidence. The appellant raises seven points for reversal, none of which are persuasive.
Carl Linell argues the trial court abused its discretion by not excusing one of the jurors for cause. The juror had indicated on a questionnaire that his business had been robbed and there had been acts of violence against his family. When asked if these events would make him predisposed about crime one way or another, the juror responded, “No, in a case like this, as serious as it is, I certainly wouldn’t be predisposed.” He said that he was not biased and would be fair and impartial. Appellant contends there is a clear assumption that the juror was biased and as he had used all his peremptory challenges, it was reversible error to hold a biased juror competent. The cases appellant cites to support his contention involved implied, rather than actual, bias. Implied bias arises by implication of law and its liberally construed in criminal cases. See Ark. Stat. Ann. § 43-1920; Beed v. State, 271 Ark. 526, 609 S.W.2d 898 (1980); Henslee v. State, 251 Ark. 125, 471 S.W.2d 352 (1971). An entirely different standard applies to actual bias, which is the issue here. When actual bias is in question, the qualification of a juror is within the sound discretion of the trial judge because he is in a better position to weigh the demeanor of the prospective juror’s response to the questions on voir dire. Allen v. State, 281 Ark. 1, 660 S.W.2d 922 (1983). Jurors are assumed to be unbiased and the burden of demonstrating actual bias is on the appellant. Jeffers v. State, 280 Ark. 458, 658 S.W.2d 869 (1953). In Jeffers we found no proof of bias where jurors on appellant’s panel had also served as jurors in a trial for the murder of the prosecutrix’s sister, and in Allen we found no abuse of discretion in the court’s refusal to excuse veniremen who knew two police officers expected to testify, but who could lay aside their friendship and weigh the testimony as that of a stranger.
Appellant Linell has not demonstrated actual bias and asks that we assume such bias was present. The juror was questioned on the issue and his responses were satisfactory to the trial judge. On review we are not in a position to assume actual bias, or to say that the trial court’s discretion was abused in holding otherwise.
The second and third arguments are essentially one. Linell contends his cross examination of accomplice Carvin Thompson on prior inconsistent statements about the shooting was unduly restricted and this denied him the right to be confronted with the witnesses against him under the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution. The appellant complains that he should have been permitted to cross examine Thompson on the statements to point out for the jury the incorrect details in each statement and how Thompson’s story changed as he was fed information by the police. He cites Arkansas Uniform Rules of Evidence, Rule 613 (b) and previous cases1 to support his position. Rule 613 (b) provides in pertinent part:
(b) Extrinsic Evidence of Prior Inconsistent Statement of Witness. Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is not admissible unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate him thereon, or the interests of justice otherwise require.
Neither the rule nor the cases support the arguments. Rule 613 (b) provides for the introduction of prior inconsistent statements and gives the witness the opportunity to deny or explain the statements, which was done in this case. The cases cited only support the theory of application of Rule 613 (b) and neither the statute nor those cases give any support for the type of cross examination appellant argues is appropriate.
All prior statements were read to Thompson, which he acknowledged and admitted were not true. He was cross examined on the circumstances surrounding the statements and the court allowed considerable latitude before limiting the questioning, including the repeated suggestion that Thompson’s statements were influenced by the police. In Beed v. State, 271 Ark. 526, 609 S.W.2d 898 (1980), a similar argument was made by the appellant as to undue restriction of cross examination while impeaching the state’s witness, the victim. The trial court sustained the objection to a question it found repetitious and argumentative and we upheld the ruling. We noted Ark. Unif. R. Evid. 611 (a) gives the trial court reasonable control over the mode of interrogating witnesses so as to avoid needless consumption of time and to protect the witness from harassment. The appellant has provided no supporting authority, nor does he show how his defense would have been fostered by this line of questioning. The issue he wanted was brought before the jury and the most that can be said of the point is that he was not permitted to question as extensively as he might have liked. But that right is not unlimited where discretion is not abused.
Appellant suggests that he was entitled to introduce evidence of other robberies committed by Carvin Thompson for which the state had elected not to file charges. But neither the proffer nor the ruling appear in the abstract and we will not consider the argument. Rule 9 (d) Rules of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. Adams v. State, 276 Ark. 18, 631 S.W.2d 828 (1982); Byers v. State, 267 Ark. App. 1097, 594 S.W.2d 252 (1980); Vail v. State, 267 Ark.App. 1078, 593 S.W.2d 491 (1980); Ellis v. State, 267 Ark.App. 690, 590 S.W.2d 309 (1979).
Two other closely related points are treated as one: Appellant’s motion for a directed verdict should have been granted because the testimony of the accomplice, Carvin Thompson, was not sufficiently corroborated and because the evidence did not support the verdict. The arguments are lacking, however, as there was substantial evidence to support the verdict and appellant’s connection with the crime was established by proof beyond that supplied by the accomplice.
Carvin Thompson testified that he and the appellant had been drinking beer and playing dominos with Mamie Guy Curry at Eva Cato’s house on January 12. Sometime around dark, he said, Mamie, appellant and he left to go to a liquor store on Highway 79. He had a shotgun and Linell had a pistol and while Mamie Guy Curry was in the liquor store they decided to rob someone. After walking Mamie Guy Curry to Eva Cato’s house they went back and waited near the 79 Bar and Grill. When a pickup truck pulled in Linell shot both occupants of the truck (the Mishos) and a third individual (Patterson) who came out of the bar to investigate the noise. They ran back to Eva Cato’s house with the purse and billfold of the victims, where they removed their clothing, which Mamie Guy Curry concealed in a bathroom cabinet. The purse was placed behind a couch and later retrieved by Linell.
Appellant relies on our statute, Ark. Stat. Ann. § 43-2116 (Repl. 1977):
A conviction cannot be had in any case of felony upon the testimony of an accomplice unless corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense; and the corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows that the offense was committed, and the circumstances thereof. Provided, That in misdemeanor cases a conviction may be had upon the testimony of an accomplice.
The test for determining the sufficiency of corroborating evidence is whether, if the testimony of the accomplice is disregarded, there is other, independent evidence to establish the crime and connect the defendant with its commission. Henderson v. State, 279 Ark. 435, 652 S.W.2d 16 (1983);Froman v. State, 232 Ark. 697, 339 S.W.2d 601 (1960). The corroborating evidence may be circumstantial, so long as it is of a material nature and tends to connect the defendant with the crime. Pollard v. State, 264 Ark. 753, 574 S.W.2d 656 (1978); Roath v. State, 185 Ark. 1039, 505 S.W.2d 985 (1932). False statements to the police by the defendant may constitute corroborating evidence. Bly v. State, 267 Ark. 613, 593 S.W.2d 450 (1980).
The independent evidence of Linell’s involvement in the crime is entirely sufficient. The victims were shot with the pistol which was in his possession, according to Eva Cato’s testimony, immediately after Linell and Thompson returned to her house from what had been thought to be a trip to the liquor store. She said they both removed their outer clothing, which was hidden, and Mamie Guy Curry concealed Linell’s pistol in her bra. She said Linell put a woman’s purse behind her couch and took it with him when he left. Linell gave conflicting versions to the police of his whereabouts on the evening of the crimes and other evidence placed him in the vicinity of the crimes at the time they occurred. We have no difficulty in determining that independent, material evidence was offered which connected appellant to the crimes for which he was convicted.
Finally, appellant insists the trial court erred in seating a death qualified jury, citing Grigsby v. Mabry, 569 F. Supp. 1273 (1983). However, we have rejected the premise of death qualified juries in several cases, notably in Rector v. State, 280 Ark. 385, 659 S.W.2d 168 (1983).
We find no prejudicial error in any other matters brought to our attention under Rule 11 (f).
Affirmed.
Purtle and Hollingsworth, JJ., dissent.