PER CURIAM.
In this inverse condemnation action,1 defendant city of Detroit (the city) appeals as of right a partial judgment for plaintiff William Ligón. Ligón cross-appeals the same judgment. We affirm in part, [123]*123vacate in part, and remand for entry of an amended judgment in favor of Ligón consistent with this opinion.
i
In 1980, Ligón and his partner, Fonzie Robinson, jointly executed a land contract to purchase from Paul Kales a certain parcel of real property located in the city. Ligón and Robinson each held a one-half interest in the property as cotenants and jointly operated a business in a building situated on the land. Although a deed was not recorded, Ligón claimed that he paid off the land contract in 1988.
In about 1990, Robinson filed for bankruptcy, and the bankruptcy estate acquired Robinson’s one-half interest in the property. In 1991, Ligón entered into a land contract to purchase Robinson’s former one-half interest from the bankruptcy estate. At the end of the land contract term in 1995, the bankruptcy trustee delivered a deed conveying Robinson’s former one-half interest to Ligón. The bankruptcy trustee’s deed was delivered in November 1995 and recorded in February 1996.
In January 1996, the city commenced tax foreclosure proceedings against the property, naming Ligón, Robinson, and other defendants. Detroit v Kales, Wayne Circuit Court Docket No. 96-601825-CH. Ligón argued that he had not personally received notice of the tax foreclosure proceedings. In July 1996, a default judgment was entered in the tax foreclosure proceedings. Then, in August 1996, an “Order Vacating Judgment as to William Ligón Only” was entered in the tax foreclosure proceedings. The city later agreed to voluntarily dismiss Ligón altogether as a party to the tax foreclosure proceedings. In October 1997, as a result of the tax [124]*124foreclosure proceedings, the state of Michigan executed a deed reconveying the property to the city. In 2000, the city took possession of the property and building. The city demolished the building “in error” in 2002. Ligón then commenced this action.
n
A trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition is reviewed de novo. Hess v Cannon Twp, 265 Mich App 582, 589; 696 NW2d 742 (2005). Constitutional claims are also reviewed de novo. Id. Specifically, appellate courts review de novo whether a taking of private property is constitutional. City of Novi v Robert Adell Children’s Funded Trust, 473 Mich 242, 248; 701 NW2d 144 (2005). Following a bench trial, we review for clear error the trial court’s factual findings and review de novo its conclusions of law. Glen Lake-Crystal River Watershed Riparians v Glen Lake Ass’n, 264 Mich App 523, 531; 695 NW2d 508 (2004). Finally, we review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s ruling on a motion to amend a judgment. See McDonald’s Corp v Canton Twp, 177 Mich App 153, 158; 441 NW2d 37 (1989).
m
Both the state and federal constitutions prohibit the taking of private property for public use without just compensation.2 US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 10, § 2; Adams Outdoor Advertising v East Lansing (.After Remand), 463 Mich 17, 23; 614 NW2d 634 (2000). The “property” protected by the constitutions includes not only title, but all character of vested rights, including [125]*125possession, dominion, control, and the right to make any legitimate use of the premises. Rassner v Fed Collateral Society, Inc, 299 Mich 206, 213-214; 300 NW 45 (1941).
IV
On the parties’ motions for summary disposition, the trial court ruled that at the time the city demolished the building, Ligón had a valid one-half ownership interest in the property. The city argues that this ruling was erroneous. We disagree with the city.
Ligón acquired a valid one-half interest in the property as a purchaser under the land contract with Kales, which was recorded. A land contract may be recorded, and the recording of a land contract “shall have the same force and effect” as the recording of a deed. MCL 565.354. As the city correctly concedes, a land-contract vendee is vested with equitable title, and his or her interest is an interest in the real estate. Darr v First Fed S&L Ass’n of Detroit, 426 Mich 11, 19-20; 393 NW2d 152 (1986); Gilford v Watkins, 342 Mich 632, 637; 70 NW2d 695 (1955). A land-contract vendee accordingly is the equitable owner of the property. Pittsfield Charter Twp v City of Saline, 103 Mich App 99, 104; 302 NW2d 608 (1981). Although no deed from Kales was ever recorded, Ligón never gave up his purchaser’s interest under the land contract and never relinquished his equitable title. Ligón acquired a protected one-half interest in the property by way of the land contract with Kales.
When the city began tax foreclosure proceedings in January 1996, it appears that Ligón did not receive notice. As a general rule, when notice to an affected party has been constitutionally deficient, a resulting tax foreclosure judgment against that party violates his or [126]*126her right to due process. See, generally, In re Petition by Wayne Co Treasurer, 478 Mich 1; 732 NW2d 458 (2007). In such a case, the proper remedy is to vacate the judgment of foreclosure and restore the party’s ownership interest in the property at issue. Id. Of particular note here, a party’s knowledge of a tax delinquency does not equate to notice of a foreclosure proceeding. Detroit v John J Blake Realty Co, 144 Mich App 432, 437; 376 NW2d 114 (1984).
Even if Ligón had received constitutionally adequate notice, after the tax foreclosure proceedings were commenced and a default judgment was entered, the city voluntarily dismissed Ligón as a party to the proceedings and the trial court entered an “Order Vacating Judgment as to William Ligón Only.” Because Ligón was dismissed as a party, the foreclosure proceedings necessarily could not have extinguished or impaired his vested property interest. The general rule is that an individual’s property rights cannot be affected or impaired by a tax foreclosure judgment unless he or she is a party to the proceedings. 72 Am Jur 2d, State & Local Taxation, § 805, pp 221-222; 85 CJS, Taxation, § 1278, p 389. Similarly, because the judgment of foreclosure was vacated “as to William Ligón,” it could no longer bind Ligón. A judgment of foreclosure “binds those only who are parties to it. . . .” West Michigan Park Ass’n v Pere Marquette R Co, 172 Mich 179, 187; 137 NW 799 (1912).
Ligón had a protected one-half interest in the property at issue. This property interest was not extinguished by the tax foreclosure proceedings, for which Ligón received deficient notice and from which Ligón was dismissed as a party. The trial court did not err in holding that Ligón had a valid one-half interest in the property at the time the city demolished the building.
[127]*127However, our conclusion in this regard does not answer the question whether the tax foreclosure proceedings affected or impaired the other one-half interest in the property, acquired by Ligón from the bankruptcy trustee in November 1995. Specifically, Ligón argues on cross-appeal that the trial court erred in ruling that the bankruptcy trustee’s conveyance to him of Robinson’s former one-half interest was invalid. We agree with Ligón.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
PER CURIAM.
In this inverse condemnation action,1 defendant city of Detroit (the city) appeals as of right a partial judgment for plaintiff William Ligón. Ligón cross-appeals the same judgment. We affirm in part, [123]*123vacate in part, and remand for entry of an amended judgment in favor of Ligón consistent with this opinion.
i
In 1980, Ligón and his partner, Fonzie Robinson, jointly executed a land contract to purchase from Paul Kales a certain parcel of real property located in the city. Ligón and Robinson each held a one-half interest in the property as cotenants and jointly operated a business in a building situated on the land. Although a deed was not recorded, Ligón claimed that he paid off the land contract in 1988.
In about 1990, Robinson filed for bankruptcy, and the bankruptcy estate acquired Robinson’s one-half interest in the property. In 1991, Ligón entered into a land contract to purchase Robinson’s former one-half interest from the bankruptcy estate. At the end of the land contract term in 1995, the bankruptcy trustee delivered a deed conveying Robinson’s former one-half interest to Ligón. The bankruptcy trustee’s deed was delivered in November 1995 and recorded in February 1996.
In January 1996, the city commenced tax foreclosure proceedings against the property, naming Ligón, Robinson, and other defendants. Detroit v Kales, Wayne Circuit Court Docket No. 96-601825-CH. Ligón argued that he had not personally received notice of the tax foreclosure proceedings. In July 1996, a default judgment was entered in the tax foreclosure proceedings. Then, in August 1996, an “Order Vacating Judgment as to William Ligón Only” was entered in the tax foreclosure proceedings. The city later agreed to voluntarily dismiss Ligón altogether as a party to the tax foreclosure proceedings. In October 1997, as a result of the tax [124]*124foreclosure proceedings, the state of Michigan executed a deed reconveying the property to the city. In 2000, the city took possession of the property and building. The city demolished the building “in error” in 2002. Ligón then commenced this action.
n
A trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition is reviewed de novo. Hess v Cannon Twp, 265 Mich App 582, 589; 696 NW2d 742 (2005). Constitutional claims are also reviewed de novo. Id. Specifically, appellate courts review de novo whether a taking of private property is constitutional. City of Novi v Robert Adell Children’s Funded Trust, 473 Mich 242, 248; 701 NW2d 144 (2005). Following a bench trial, we review for clear error the trial court’s factual findings and review de novo its conclusions of law. Glen Lake-Crystal River Watershed Riparians v Glen Lake Ass’n, 264 Mich App 523, 531; 695 NW2d 508 (2004). Finally, we review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s ruling on a motion to amend a judgment. See McDonald’s Corp v Canton Twp, 177 Mich App 153, 158; 441 NW2d 37 (1989).
m
Both the state and federal constitutions prohibit the taking of private property for public use without just compensation.2 US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 10, § 2; Adams Outdoor Advertising v East Lansing (.After Remand), 463 Mich 17, 23; 614 NW2d 634 (2000). The “property” protected by the constitutions includes not only title, but all character of vested rights, including [125]*125possession, dominion, control, and the right to make any legitimate use of the premises. Rassner v Fed Collateral Society, Inc, 299 Mich 206, 213-214; 300 NW 45 (1941).
IV
On the parties’ motions for summary disposition, the trial court ruled that at the time the city demolished the building, Ligón had a valid one-half ownership interest in the property. The city argues that this ruling was erroneous. We disagree with the city.
Ligón acquired a valid one-half interest in the property as a purchaser under the land contract with Kales, which was recorded. A land contract may be recorded, and the recording of a land contract “shall have the same force and effect” as the recording of a deed. MCL 565.354. As the city correctly concedes, a land-contract vendee is vested with equitable title, and his or her interest is an interest in the real estate. Darr v First Fed S&L Ass’n of Detroit, 426 Mich 11, 19-20; 393 NW2d 152 (1986); Gilford v Watkins, 342 Mich 632, 637; 70 NW2d 695 (1955). A land-contract vendee accordingly is the equitable owner of the property. Pittsfield Charter Twp v City of Saline, 103 Mich App 99, 104; 302 NW2d 608 (1981). Although no deed from Kales was ever recorded, Ligón never gave up his purchaser’s interest under the land contract and never relinquished his equitable title. Ligón acquired a protected one-half interest in the property by way of the land contract with Kales.
When the city began tax foreclosure proceedings in January 1996, it appears that Ligón did not receive notice. As a general rule, when notice to an affected party has been constitutionally deficient, a resulting tax foreclosure judgment against that party violates his or [126]*126her right to due process. See, generally, In re Petition by Wayne Co Treasurer, 478 Mich 1; 732 NW2d 458 (2007). In such a case, the proper remedy is to vacate the judgment of foreclosure and restore the party’s ownership interest in the property at issue. Id. Of particular note here, a party’s knowledge of a tax delinquency does not equate to notice of a foreclosure proceeding. Detroit v John J Blake Realty Co, 144 Mich App 432, 437; 376 NW2d 114 (1984).
Even if Ligón had received constitutionally adequate notice, after the tax foreclosure proceedings were commenced and a default judgment was entered, the city voluntarily dismissed Ligón as a party to the proceedings and the trial court entered an “Order Vacating Judgment as to William Ligón Only.” Because Ligón was dismissed as a party, the foreclosure proceedings necessarily could not have extinguished or impaired his vested property interest. The general rule is that an individual’s property rights cannot be affected or impaired by a tax foreclosure judgment unless he or she is a party to the proceedings. 72 Am Jur 2d, State & Local Taxation, § 805, pp 221-222; 85 CJS, Taxation, § 1278, p 389. Similarly, because the judgment of foreclosure was vacated “as to William Ligón,” it could no longer bind Ligón. A judgment of foreclosure “binds those only who are parties to it. . . .” West Michigan Park Ass’n v Pere Marquette R Co, 172 Mich 179, 187; 137 NW 799 (1912).
Ligón had a protected one-half interest in the property at issue. This property interest was not extinguished by the tax foreclosure proceedings, for which Ligón received deficient notice and from which Ligón was dismissed as a party. The trial court did not err in holding that Ligón had a valid one-half interest in the property at the time the city demolished the building.
[127]*127However, our conclusion in this regard does not answer the question whether the tax foreclosure proceedings affected or impaired the other one-half interest in the property, acquired by Ligón from the bankruptcy trustee in November 1995. Specifically, Ligón argues on cross-appeal that the trial court erred in ruling that the bankruptcy trustee’s conveyance to him of Robinson’s former one-half interest was invalid. We agree with Ligón.
Following the bench trial held in this matter, the trial court found that the bankruptcy trustee had “quit-claimed all the interest” once held by Robinson to Ligón. However, the trial court went on to opine that the bankruptcy trustee’s quitclaim deed actually conveyed nothing to Ligón because it “was, of course, subject to the lis pendens.” Indeed, a lis pendens had been filed by the city at the time the tax foreclosure proceedings were commenced in January 1996. Because this lis pendens was filed in January 1996, but the trustee’s deed to Ligón was not recorded until February 1996, the trial court concluded that Robinson’s former one-half interest, purportedly conveyed by the bankruptcy trustee’s deed, was a “subsequently acquired interest” and was therefore “subject to the foreclosure spoken [of] in the lis pendens.” Accordingly, the trial court found that the lis pendens prevented the trustee’s deed from transferring Robinson’s former one-half interest to Ligón in this case.
The court’s findings concerning the lis pendens and Robinson’s former one-half interest were clearly erroneous, and the court’s legal conclusion based on these erroneous findings was incorrect. Glen Lake-Crystal River Watershed, supra at 531. As the city admits in its briefs on appeal, the bankruptcy trustee’s deed to Ligón was delivered in November 1995, but the lis pendens [128]*128and tax foreclosure proceedings were not filed until January 1996. “A deed takes effect from the time of its delivery, and not from the time of its date, execution or recording].” Power v Palmer, 214 Mich 551, 559; 183 NW 199 (1921); see also Stevens v Burgess, 263 Mich 98, 102-103; 248 NW 560 (1933). As between the parties, an otherwise-conforming deed is valid even if it is not recorded. Smith v Fiting, 37 Mich 148, 150-151 (1877).
A lis pendens is “notice... of what [is] involved in the suit.” Maximovich v Wojtowicz, 236 Mich 643, 645; 211 NW 65 (1926). A lis pendens does not annul property interests, “but merely render[s] them ‘subordinate to the rights of the parties to the action as determined by the judgment or decree.’ ” Id. (citation omitted). A lis pendens has no effect on fixed property rights that already exist at the time the lis pendens is filed. Title & Trust Co v Jaster, 241 Mich 416, 420; 217 NW 42 (1928). Therefore, a lis pendens “does not take precedence over prior transactions, even those unrecorded at the time the lis pendens notice is recorded.” 1A Michigan Pleading & Practice (2d ed), Lis Pendens, § 17:1, p 549 (emphasis added), citing Hammond v Paxton, 58 Mich 393, 397; 25 NW 321 (1885).
Although the bankruptcy trustee’s deed was not recorded until February 1996, the deed had already become effective when it was delivered in November 1995. Power, supra at 559. The bankruptcy trustee validly conveyed Robinson’s former interest to Ligón in November 1995 — before the lis pendens or tax foreclosure proceedings were ever filed. The subsequent filing of a lis pendens therefore could not have affected the conveyance of Robinson’s former one-half interest in the property.3 Title & Trust Co, supra at 420. This is [129]*129true even though the bankruptcy trustee’s deed had not yet been recorded. 1A Michigan Pleading & Practice (2d ed), Lis Pendens, § 17:1, p 549. The trial court erred in determining that the bankruptcy trustee’s conveyance of Robinson’s former one-half interest to Ligón was impaired by the lis pendens filed in this case.4
After a thorough review of the record, we conclude that Ligón validly acquired a half interest in the property by way of the land contract with Kales, and the remaining half interest in the property from the bankruptcy trustee. Ligón acquired both of these interests before the building was demolished, and he accordingly held a valid interest in 100 percent of the property at the time the building was razed.
v
The city argues that Ligón merely held the property in cotenancy with the city and that a cotenant has the right to occupy and destroy the entire estate. Therefore, the city asserts that, as a cotenant, it cannot be held liable to Ligón for a taking or for the demolition of the building. Issues are generally preserved for appellate review only if they have been raised before and decided by the trial court. Brown v Loveman, 260 Mich App 576, 599; 680 NW2d 432 (2004). This issue was not raised in or decided by the trial court. Therefore, we could decline to review it. Kosch v Kosch, 233 Mich App 346, 354; 592 NW2d 434 (1999). Nonetheless, in light of our conclusion that Ligón held a 100 percent interest in the [130]*130property at the time of the demolition, the city’s argument in this regard is without merit.
VI
The city next argues that Ligón failed to satisfy his burden of proving the valid delivery of a deed by Kales. The city also argues that it was error for the trial court to rely on parol evidence to allow Ligón to establish the fact that Kales conveyed a one-half interest to him. We disagree.
“The burden of proving delivery ... remains with the party relying on the deed.” Havens v Schoen, 108 Mich App 758, 761; 310 NW2d 870 (1981). Moreover, Michigan’s real-property statute of frauds, MCL 566.106, provides in pertinent part that “[n]o estate or interest in lands, other than leases for a term not exceeding 1 year,. . . shall hereafter be created, granted, assigned, surrendered or declared, unless by act or operation of law, or by a deed or conveyance in writing.. . .”
We acknowledge that Ligón provided only his own oral testimony to support the proposition that he and Robinson actually received a deed from Kales at the termination of their land contract term:
Q. Now, I’m talking about the Kales contract, Mr. Ligón?
A. That was paid off in 1988.
Q. Did you and Mr. Robinson get a deed for that?
A. Yes, we did.
Q. Did you record it?
A. Mr. Robinson handled that, but that information was all in the business. And it got destroyed.
[131]*131However, despite this oral testimony, the statute of frauds was not violated in this case, and Ligón was not required to prove the valid delivery of a deed by Kales.
This oral testimony was unnecessary to prove Ligon’s interest in the property. The oral testimony was offered solely to establish that, at the conclusion of the land-contract term, Kales delivered a deed for the property to Ligón and Robinson. However, it was never necessary to establish the existence of a deed from Kales in the first instance because Ligon’s one-half interest in the property had already been proved by way of the land contract itself. Indeed, even the city acknowledges that Ligón and Robinson purchased their respective half interests under the land contract with Kales. The trial court did not rely on oral evidence in violation of MCL 566.106 to determine that Ligón had acquired a valid one-half interest in the real property from Kales. Further, in light of the uncontroverted nature of the land contract with Kales, the failure to adequately prove the existence and delivery of a deed could not have been fatal to Ligon’s claim. We perceive no error in this regard.
VII
The city next argues that the demolition of the building did not constitute a taking in violation of the United States and Michigan constitutions. We disagree.
“To be liable for a ‘taking’ for purposes of inverse condemnation, the property owner must demonstrate that the government, by its actions, has effectively and permanently deprived the owner of any possession or use of the property.” Dep’t of Transportation v Tomkins, 270 Mich App 153, 161-162; 715 NW2d 363 (2006); see [132]*132also Electro-Tech, Inc v H F Campbell Co, 433 Mich 57, 89; 445 NW2d 61 (1989). The city demolished the building in question. Therefore, the building could no longer be possessed or used by Ligón.
The demolition of the building was not a mere regulatory taking. In other words, it was not the type of taking in which the government, by overburdening property with regulation, effectively takes property that it has not physically appropriated. See K & K Constr, Inc v Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 267 Mich App 523, 526; 705 NW2d 365 (2005). The building was physically invaded and intentionally destroyed by governmental actors. “The paradigmatic taking requiring just compensation is a direct government appropriation or physical invasion of private property.” Lingle v Chevron USA, Inc, 544 US 528, 537; 125 S Ct 2074; 161 L Ed 2d 876 (2005). When a governmental taking results from an actual, physical invasion of the property, “ ‘a reviewing court need not apply a case-specific analysis, and the owner should automatically recover for a taking of his property.’ ” Adams Outdoor Advertising, supra at 23-24, quoting K & K Constr, Inc v Dep’t of Natural Resources, 456 Mich 570, 577; 575 NW2d 531 (1998). In this case, the real property was physically invaded by the city and the building was subsequently demolished. The trial court did not err in holding that a taking occurred, requiring the city to pay Ligón just compensation.5
[133]*133vin
Lastly, Ligón argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to amend the judgment. He contends that the trial court should have increased the amount of his recovery from 50 percent to 100 percent of the total damages incurred in this case. We agree.
The trial court concluded that Ligón possessed only a half interest in the property at the time of the taking and that he was accordingly entitled to only 50 percent of the total damages incurred in this case. However, as previously noted, we have determined that Ligón possessed a valid interest in 100 percent of the property at the time the building was demolished. Thus, the trial court abused its discretion in declining to amend its judgment in this regard. See McDonald’s Corp, supra at 158. We vacate the judgment entered by the trial court and remand. On remand, the trial court shall enter an amended judgment indicating that (1) Ligón validly acquired Robinson’s former one-half interest from the bankruptcy estate and (2) is entitled to recover 100 percent of the damages incurred in this case. We do not disturb the trial court’s findings concerning the actual, specific amount of damages incurred in this matter.
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for entry of an amended judgment in favor of Ligón consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.