UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________________________ ) LIBRE BY NEXUS, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Case No. 17-cv-01460 (APM) ) BUZZFEED, INC., et al., ) ) Defendants. ) _________________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
I. INTRODUCTION
This case arises out of the publication of a BuzzFeed News article about Plaintiff Libre by
Nexus and an alleged federal law enforcement investigation into its business practices. In response
to the article, Plaintiff filed this defamation action against BuzzFeed, Inc. (“BuzzFeed”), and its
editor-in-chief, Ben Smith (collectively “Defendants”). Defendants now move to dismiss
Plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and the District of
Columbia Anti-Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (“Anti-SLAPP”) Act of 2010, D.C.
Code §§ 16-5501 et seq. For the reasons stated below, the court grants in part and denies in part
Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion and denies Defendants’ special motion to dismiss under the
D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
Plaintiff Libre by Nexus is a Virginia-based company that helps immigrant detainees
nationwide to secure bail bonds. Am. Compl., ECF No. 2, ¶¶ 3, 8. Plaintiff provides such services by acting as a middleman between immigrant detainees and bail bond companies. See id. ¶ 8.
Plaintiff contracts with bail bond companies who actually post the immigration bonds, and
Plaintiff, in turn, secures the immigrations bonds through indemnifying bonds and by using GPS
technology to monitor released immigrant-detainees. Id. A released detainee does not have to pay
the full amount of the bond, nor is the detainee required to pay collateral or use his own property
as security. See id. According to Plaintiff, its “immigration bond initiative . . . has reunited
thousands of families.” Id.
On July 23, 2016, BuzzFeed published an online article (“the Article”) titled “Immigrants
Desperate To Get Out Of U.S. Detention Can Get Trapped By Debt” about Plaintiff and its
business practices. Id. ¶ 9. The Article begins with an interview of an immigrant detainee who
expresses gratitude to Plaintiff for securing his release, but laments the financial burden imposed
by one of the release conditions, specifically, a monthly fee of $420 he must pay to Plaintiff for
the GPS monitoring. See Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 6 [hereinafter Defs.’ Mot.], Decl. of
Chad R. Bowman, Ex. A, ECF No. 6-2 [hereinafter Article], at 1–2. The Article then goes on to
quote immigrant advocates who criticize Plaintiff’s business model. According to the advocates,
because of the prolonged period between release and a final hearing in court, some released
detainees end up paying more than the immigration bond itself, leaving them with a heavy financial
burden. Id. at 2–3.
The Article then details Plaintiff’s business model. It explains that Plaintiff’s “customers”
sign a contract agreeing to pay a nonrefundable $620 initial fee, a one-time 20 percent premium to
the bond issuer, and a $420 monthly rental fee for the GPS tracking equipment. Id. at 3. Upon
release, if the customer can pay 80 percent of the bond and agrees to cover the remaining 20 percent
in installments, Plaintiff will remove the GPS tracking device. Id. Because many immigrant
2 detainees do not have the assets or resources to pay 80 percent of the bond, even after release, the
monthly fee quickly accrues and can become a heavy financial burden. Id. at 3–4. As an example,
the Article cites and quotes from court papers in a case filed in Los Angeles, in which a released
detainee claims that he paid $1,390 more than his original bond. Id. at 4.
The Article is not one-sided, however. BuzzFeed interviewed for the Article Plaintiff’s
President, Michael Donovan, who rebuffed the notion that he runs a predatory business. Id. As
reflected in the Article, Donovan pointed out that detained immigrants would have few options to
secure release without Plaintiff’s service. Id. He also noted that Plaintiff repays all monies paid
toward the collateral, if any, upon resolution of a detainee’s case, and only 2 percent of customers
fail to appear in court. Id.
The Article then goes on to report that federal and state officials have made inquiries into
Plaintiff’s business practices. See id. at 5. It states that in 2015, U.S. Representative Norma Torres
“sent a letter to ICE requesting an investigation into [Plaintiff’s] business practices and ‘possible
exploitation’ of its clients.” Id. at 1, 5. The Article then notes—critically, for purposes of this
action—that Plaintiff “had already been investigated in 2013 by the commonwealth attorney for
the State of Virginia, the Fairfax City Police Department,” and, as most relevant here, by “ICE’s
[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (‘ICE’)] Homeland Security Investigation (HSI) unit
for allegedly targeting undocumented immigrants in custody and fraudulently charging them a fee
for services.” Id. at 5; see Am. Compl. ¶ 9. According to the Article, “[i]n internal ICE emails,
deportation officers also expressed concerns about some of [Plaintiff’s] business model and
practices.” Article at 5. “The investigations, however, were eventually closed due to lack of
evidence.” Id.; see Am. Compl. ¶ 9. The Article also notes that Donovan has had his own criminal
troubles, having been convicted for passing bad checks when he was 19. Article at 5–6. According
3 to Donovan, because he could not post bond, he sat in jail for seven months—an experience that
inspired him to work in prison diversion programs. Id. at 6.
The Article concludes by noting that Plaintiff has become an industry leader since its
founding in 2014 and by reiterating both criticism and approval of Plaintiff’s business model. The
Article reports that, although Plaintiff donates 60 to 70 percent of its profits to its charitable arm,
which provides pro bono legal services in immigration court, critics worry that this arrangement
incentivizes the pro bono attorneys to drag out proceedings to “squeeze” more rental income from
customers. Id. Donovan denied such conflict of interest. Id. The Article ends with quotes from
a detainee who expresses his gratitude to Plaintiff for allowing him to reunite with his family. See
id. at 7.
B. Procedural History
Plaintiff filed this single-count defamation action against Defendants on July 22, 2017, see
Compl., ECF No. 1, and amended its complaint the next day, see Am. Compl. In its Amended
Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that the Article is “full of false and defamatory statements concerning
[Plaintiff] and its business practices.” Am. Compl. ¶ 9; accord id. ¶ 1. Yet, Plaintiff identifies
only one statement from the Article as false and defamatory: “‘ICE’s Homeland Security
Investigations (HSI) unit [investigated Plaintiff] for allegedly targeting undocumented immigrants
in custody and fraudulently charging them a fee for services,’” but “the investigation was
‘eventually closed due to lack of evidence.’” Am. Compl. ¶ 9; see id. ¶¶ 1, 10, 13; see also id.
¶ 17 (“The statement that [Plaintiff] was under investigation for what amounts to fraud, and/or
criminal conduct, in the practice of its business is of such a type and nature to tend to prejudice [it]
in the eyes of clients, . . . business partners, bond brokers[] . . . [and] sureties, . . . and members of
its community in general.” (emphasis added)). Plaintiff avers that at the time the Article was
4 published, Defendants had “full knowledge” of a letter from ICE to U.S. Representative Torres,
dated November 15, 2015 (“November 2015 Letter”), which Plaintiff characterizes as having
“addressed and disposed of any question regarding a so-called ‘HSI investigation,’” “establishe[d]
beyond any reasonable doubt that [Plaintiff] was not under investigation by ICE,” and “practically
endorsed [Plaintiff’s] business model.” Id. ¶ 10. Plaintiff then offers what appears to be a single
quote from the November 2015 Letter: “ICE has no legal authority to investigate or prosecute bail
bond companies or other related service providers regarding allegations of inappropriate conduct
between two private parties such as an indemnitor and bond company.” Id. Plaintiff did not attach
the November 2015 Letter to its pleading.
On October 13, 2017, Defendants moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint with
prejudice for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
See Defs.’ Mot. Defendants contend that Plaintiff fails to allege facts that plausibly establish that
the challenged statement was false, capable of defamatory meaning, or even published with the
requisite intent (in this case, actual malice). See id. at 1–3. Alternatively, Defendants argue that
because the Article links to and accurately describes a governmental record, the “fair report
privilege” forecloses Plaintiff’s defamation claim. Id. at 1.
In addition to their Rule 12(b)(6) motion, Defendants also filed a “Special Motion to
Dismiss” pursuant to the District of Columbia Anti-SLAPP Act, D.C. Code § 16-5502(a). See
Defs.’ Special Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 7 [hereinafter Defs.’ Special Mot.]. In that motion,
Defendants submit that the Amended Complaint must be dismissed with prejudice under the
D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act because the Article constitutes “an act in furtherance of the right of
advocacy on issues of public interest,” D.C. Code § 16-5502(b), and, for the same reasons
articulated in Defendants’ 12(b)(6) motion, Plaintiff cannot demonstrate that its defamation claim
5 is “likely to succeed on the merits,” id. See Defs.’ Special Mot. at 4. Defendants seek, under the
D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act, dismissal of this action with prejudice and an award of reasonable
attorneys’ fees and costs. Id. at 12; see also D.C. Code § 16-5502(d); id. § 16-5504.
III. LEGAL STANDARD
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Sickle
v. Torres Advanced Enter. Sols., LLC, 884 F.3d 338, 344 (D.C. Cir. 2018). “To survive a motion
to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter . . . to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.” Id. at 344–45 (alteration in original) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
662, 678 (2009)). A claim is plausible on its face “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that
allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
When evaluating a motion under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must “accept the plaintiff’s
factual allegations as true,” Sickle, 884 F.3d at 345, and “construe the complaint in favor of the
plaintiff, who must be granted the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts
alleged,” Hettinga v. United States, 677 F.3d 471, 476 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks
omitted). The court need not accept as true, however, “a legal conclusion couched as a factual
allegation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)).
Accordingly, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id.
In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), a court “may
consider only the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated
in the complaint and matters of which [the court] may take judicial notice.” Trudeau v. FTC, 456
F.3d 178, 183 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621,
6 624–25 (D.C. Cir. 1997)). As relevant here, “[a] district court may consider documents attached
to a motion to dismiss, without converting the motion into a motion for summary judgment, if
those documents’ authenticity is not disputed, they were referenced in the complaint, and they are
‘integral’ to one or more of the plaintiff’s claims.” See Scott v. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., No. 17-
cv-249, 2017 WL 4990519, at *4 (D.D.C. Oct. 30, 2017) (citing Kaempe v. Myers, 367 F.3d 958,
965 (D.C. Cir. 2004); and Banneker Ventures, LLC v. Graham, 798 F.3d 1119, 1133 (D.C. Cir.
2015)).
In this case, the Article is clearly integral to Plaintiff’s defamation claim. Thus,
unsurprisingly, Plaintiff makes explicit reference to the Article throughout its Amended
Complaint, even though it does not attach the Article as an exhibit. See generally Am. Compl.
Defendants, however, do attach the Article to their motion, see Defs.’ Mot. at 3 & n.2, and Plaintiff
also not contest its authenticity, see Pl.’s Consolidated Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss & Special
Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 13 [hereinafter Pl.’s Opp’n]. Thus, the court may consider the Article
without converting Defendants’ motion into a motion for summary judgment. See Scott, 2017 WL
4990519, at *4; see also Marsh v. Hollander, 339 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5 n.4 (D.D.C. 2004) (applying
rule in defamation suit).
Importantly, however, the court does not read the Amended Complaint to incorporate the
Article wholesale. For example, by referring to the Article in its complaint, Plaintiff, of course,
does not purport to adopt the factual contents of the Article as true, thereby defeating its defamation
claim. See Banneker Ventures, 798 F.3d at 1133 (explaining that it may not always be appropriate
for a court “to treat [an] entire document as incorporated into the complaint,” and, by way of
example, noting that “a libel plaintiff who attaches to her complaint the allegedly libelous writing
7 does not adopt the libelous statement as true, thereby defeating her own claim” (emphases added)
(citing Gant v. Wallingford Bd. of Educ., 69 F.3d 669, 674 (2d Cir. 1995))).
IV. DISCUSSION
A. The Rule 12(b)(6) Motion
1. General Principles
The court begins by determining whether Plaintiff’s defamation claim is subject to
dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6). To state a claim for defamation under District of Columbia law, 1
a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to establish:
(1) that the defendant made a false and defamatory statement concerning the plaintiff; (2) that the defendant published the statement without privilege to a third party; (3) that the defendant’s fault in publishing the statement amounted to at least negligence; and (4) either that the statement was actionable as a matter of law irrespective of special harm or that its publication caused the plaintiff special harm.
Deripaska v. Associated Press, 282 F. Supp. 3d 133, 140–41 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Solers, Inc.
v. Doe, 977 A.2d 941, 948 (D.C. 2009)).
In this case, Defendants contend that Plaintiff fails to allege facts that make out a plausible
claim of defamation. The court agrees. The court finds that the Amended Complaint, as currently
pleaded, does not contain factual allegations that give rise to a plausible inference that the
challenged statement in the Article is false. Accordingly, the court need not reach Defendants’
other arguments in order to conclude that Plaintiff fails to state a claim of defamation under District
of Columbia law.
1 Both parties appear to agree that District of Columbia law applies to Plaintiff’s defamation claim in this diversity action. See Defs.’ Mot.; Pl.’s Opp’n. Thus, the court will apply District of Columbia law here. See Vasquez v. Whole Foods Market, Inc., No. 17-cv-112, 2018 WL 810232, at *16 n.11 (D.D.C. Feb. 9, 2018); cf. Abbas v. Foreign Policy Grp., LLC, 783 F.3d 1328, 1338 n.6 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (concluding that D.C. defamation law governed the dispute where the plaintiff alleged the conduct causing his injury took place in the District of Columbia, the defendants agreed that D.C. law should govern, and the parties relied upon D.C. law in briefing their appeal).
8 Before turning to the sufficiency of the allegations in the complaint with respect to falsity,
however, a few general principles should be established. First, while there is no heightened
pleading standard for defamation, see Croixland Props. Ltd. P’ship v. Corcoran, 174 F.3d 213,
215 n.2 (D.C. Cir. 1999), courts in this District have routinely held that a plaintiff must generally
allege the content of the purportedly defamatory matter, see Mattiaccio v. DHA Grp., Inc., 908
F. Supp. 2d 136, 138 (D.D.C. 2012); see, e.g., Stovell v. James, 810 F. Supp. 2d 237, 248 (D.D.C.
2011) (holding that the plaintiff failed to adequately plead his defamation claim where he “failed
to identify any of the specific statements” he alleged were defamatory); cf. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
Second, falsity and defamatory meaning “are distinct elements of the tort of defamation
and are considered separately.” Zimmerman v. Al Jazeera Am., LLC, 246 F. Supp. 3d 257, 273
(D.D.C. 2017) (quoting White v. Fraternal Order of Police, 909 F.2d 512, 520 (D.C. Cir. 1990));
see Rosen v. Am. Israel Pub. Affairs Comm., Inc., 41 A.3d 1250, 1256 (D.C. 2012). Thus, when
confronted with a motion to dismiss a defamation claim, a court must determine not only whether
a statement is capable of defamatory meaning but also whether the statement is plausibly false.
Zimmerman, 246 F. Supp. 3d at 278 n.13 (noting that the court would assume that the plaintiffs
“sufficiently alleged the falsity of the accusations on the face of the complaint” because the
defendants did not appear to argue “that the complaint [was] insufficient with respect to its
allegations of falsity”); cf. Oparaugo v. Watts, 884 A.2d 63, 77 (D.C. 2005) (noting that the
defendants “made no serious challenge to the sufficiency of the allegations with respect to the
element[] of falsity” (emphasis added)).
Third, and relatedly, while the question “whether a statement is capable of defamatory
meaning” is indisputably a “threshold question of law,” see, e.g., Zimmerman, 246 F. Supp. 3d at
273 (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted), falsity, under some circumstances, may
9 also be decided as a matter of law, see Trudeau, 456 F.3d at 194 (citing Moldea v. New York Times
Co., 15 F.3d 1137 (D.C. Cir.), rev’d in part on other grounds, 22 F.3d 310 (D.C. Cir. 1994)); see
also Smith v. Clinton, 253 F. Supp. 3d 222, 239 (D.D.C. 2017) (“A court must also determine
the threshold question of law of whether the statement is false.”). 2 Although not a defamation case
per se, the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Trudeau is illustrative. There, the plaintiff brought a claim
against the Federal Trade Commission, alleging that the agency had infringed upon his First
Amendment rights and committed statutory violations by issuing a press release containing false
statements about a settlement he had reached with the agency. The court identified as the “essential
element common to both of Trudeau’s claims” the allegation that “the FTC’s press release is false
or misleading.” Trudeau, 456 F.3d at 191. As relevant here, the Circuit rejected Trudeau’s
assertion that the falsity of the press release was a question of fact that could not be decided on a
motion to dismiss, and adopted as the applicable standard for the threshold determination of falsity
whether any reasonable person could find the statement to be false. Id. at 193–94. 3 The court then
2 The court recognizes that the D.C. Circuit has, on at least two occasions, stated that “in reviewing the dismissal of the complaint,” a court “‘must assume, as the complaint alleges, the falsity of any . . . factual statements made’ in the publications at issue” and that the defendant “made such statements with the requisite state of mind.” Farah v. Esquire Magazine, 736 F.3d 528, 534 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (quoting Weyrich v. New Republic, Inc., 235 F.3d 617, 623 (D.C. Cir. 2001)). The court does not, however, read those statements as requiring application of anything other than the Twombly/Iqbal pleading standard. In Weyrich, the court merely cited to the plaintiff’s complaint in support of the aforementioned proposition and, in any event, the court was operating under a pre-Twombly/Iqbal pleading standard. See Weyrich, 235 F.3d at 623 (citing Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974), which relied upon the disavowed Rule 12(b)(6) formulation of Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45–46 (1957)). Moreover, while Farah was decided after the Supreme Court’s decisions in Twombly and Iqbal, the D.C. Circuit did not explain how, if at all, those cases affect the rule recited in Weyrich. See Farah, 736 F.3d at 533–34. Thus, despite the “seemingly broad pronouncement” in Farah, courts in this District still grant motions to dismiss where the facts alleged do not make out a plausible defamation claim. Cf. Deripaska, 282 F. Supp. 3d at143 (citing cases in which courts have dismissed in part because of “the failure of a public figure to plausibly allege facts that support an inference of actual malice in a defamation case”). Perhaps for this reason, Plaintiff does not appear to dispute the need to allege facts that plausibly establish that the statement in the Article was false. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 7. 3 Notably, in adopting this standard and rejecting Trudeau’s assertion that “the truth or falsity of a statement can never be decided as a matter of law,” id. at 193, the D.C. Circuit relied in part on its decision in Moldea, in which the district court granted “summary judgment to a defamation defendant on the pleadings and without discovery,” and the Circuit, at least with respect to two of the defamatory statements, agreed with the district court’s conclusion that the statements “were not actionable as a matter of law because ‘no reasonable juror could find them to be false.’” Trudeau, 456 F.3d at 193–94 (emphasis added) (citing Moldea, 15 F.3d at 1139, 1148–49).
10 proceeded to evaluate each allegedly false statement in the press release under that standard. See
id. at 194–97. The court follows the approach taken in Trudeau here. The court therefore must
determine whether Plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to plausibly establish that the allegedly
defamatory statement is false.
2. The Article’s Alleged False Statement
With these general principles in mind, the court turns to the factual allegations in the
Amended Complaint. Plaintiff advances a precise theory of defamation in its pleading.
It identifies only a single false and defamatory statement in the Article: that Plaintiff was
investigated by ICE in 2013 for “‘targeting undocumented immigrants in custody and fraudulently
charging them a fee for services.’” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 9, 13; see id. ¶¶ 2, 15, 17; cf. Pl.’s Opp’n at
7–8. Plaintiff also offers a specific explanation for why Defendants knew that the statement was
false when made. Plaintiff points to an excerpt from the November 2015 Letter from ICE to U.S.
Representative Torres, which Plaintiff claims Defendants possessed before publishing the Article,
which reads: “ICE has no legal authority to investigate or prosecute bail bond companies or other
related service providers regarding allegations of inappropriate conduct between two private
parties such as an indemnitor and bond company.” Am. Compl. ¶ 10; see Pl.’s Opp’n at 2, 7–8.
According to Plaintiff, the November 2015 Letter alone establishes that Plaintiff “was not under
investigation in 2013, as falsely represented by BuzzFeed.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 7.
In its degree of precision, Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint is much like the complaint the
D.C. Circuit considered in Trudeau. There, the court observed that “Trudeau’s complaint makes
quite clear which text he regards as false (specified sentences in the press release), and why he
regards it as false (because of specified inconsistencies with the [settlement agreement]).”
Trudeau, 456 F.3d at 193. The same is true here. Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint “makes quite
11 clear which text [it] regards as false” (the Article’s allegation that ICE investigated Plaintiff in
2013 for allegedly targeting immigrant detainees and fraudulently charging them a fee for
services), “and why [it] regards [that text] as false” (because of its inconsistency with the specified
quote from the November 2015 Letter). Thus, much as the Circuit did in Trudeau, the court
evaluates whether Plaintiff’s specific theory of defamation is plausible in light of the complaint’s
allegations and, importantly, the Article itself. 4
The court finds that it is not. To begin, contrary to what Plaintiff claims, there is no material
inconsistency between the alleged defamatory statement contained in the Article and the above-
quoted excerpt from the November 2015 Letter. In the November 2015 Letter, ICE represented
that it lacked the “legal authority to investigate” businesses like Plaintiff “regarding allegations of
inappropriate conduct between two private parties such as an indemnitor and bond company.”
Am. Compl. ¶ 10 (emphasis added). Thus, the focus of the quoted portion of the November 2015
Letter pertains to ICE’s absence of authority to investigate conduct between two private parties
involved in the bail bonding business. That quote says nothing, however, about whether ICE had
the power in 2013 to investigate conduct between a private bail-bonds indemnitor like Plaintiff,
and detained immigrants under ICE custody. The Article, at least implicitly, asserts that ICE did
have such power, but the quoted portion of the November 2015 Letter does not say otherwise. All
it does is speak to ICE’s investigatory authority with respect to conduct between private parties—
not a private party’s acts directed at ICE detainees. Thus, the specific theory of falsity that Plaintiff
advances is not supported by the factual allegations that it makes.
And there is more. The Article contains hyperlinks to three records, each of which is meant
to be respective evidence of the claims that, in 2013, Plaintiff’s business practices were the subject
4 Because Trudeau was decided pre-Twombly, the court actually applied the less stringent standard from Conley. See id.
12 of investigation by “the commonwealth attorney for the State of Virginia,” “the Fairfax City Police
Department,” and “ICE’s Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) unit.” Article at 5. Plaintiff
challenges the authenticity of the document hyperlinked as evidence that ICE investigated Plaintiff
in 2013 but closed the investigation for lack of evidence. The court therefore does not consider
that record. See Scott, 2017 WL 4990519, at *4 (explaining that a court may consider a document
to be incorporated in the complaint by reference if, among other things, its authenticity is not
disputed). But Plaintiff does not contest the authenticity of the other two hyperlinked records,
which concern purported investigations by “the commonwealth attorney for the State of Virginia”
and “the Fairfax City Police Department,” and both of which appear in the very same sentence in
the Article as the challenged statement concerning the ICE investigation. Article at 5. These
records appear to come from ICE’s files circa 2013. One record, referencing the date
“10/21/2013,” bears an “ICE” Bates stamp number and exemption markings (e.g., “(b)(6),
(b)(7)(C)”) consistent with withholdings under the Freedom of Information Act. Id. (linking to
“commonwealth attorney” record). The other record, referencing the date “10/30/2013,” likewise
contains redactions consistent with FOIA withholdings. Id. (linking to “Fairfax City Police
Department” record). The court, at this stage, need not conclusively determine that these
hyperlinked records in fact come from ICE’s files circa 2013. It is sufficient at this juncture to
observe that the records—again, whose authenticity Plaintiff does not dispute—make less
plausible Plaintiff’s allegation that ICE did not conduct at least some kind of an investigation into
Plaintiff’s business practices in 2013, even if it did no more than gather investigative records from
local law enforcement. 5
5 The Article also cites, as the basis for its contention that Donovan has accumulated his own criminal history, “records from the HSI investigation that were obtained by BuzzFeed News under the Freedom of Information Act.” Article at 5–6 (emphasis added). The Article goes on to explain that “[i]n a statement, [Plaintiff] said that the HSI documents misrepresented Donovan’s record . . . .” Id. at 6. Plaintiff does not directly challenge this portion of the Article in its
13 Finally, Plaintiff’s failure to attach the November 2015 Letter to the Amended Complaint,
or at least further quote from it, leaves the factual predicate for Plaintiff’s defamation claim
wanting here. Cf. Alston v. Johnson, 208 F. Supp. 3d 293, 298 (D.D.C. 2016) (observing that a
legally deficient claim ought not to survive a motion to dismiss simply because the plaintiff did
not attach a dispositive document on which it relies). The Article quotes from, and links to, an
October 16, 2015 letter from U.S. Representative Norma J. Torres to ICE, which lists a series of
questions for the agency concerning “possible exploitation” of immigrant detainees by Plaintiff.
See Article at 5; see id. (linking to “letter”). The very first question the Representative asks is, “Is
ICE aware of the practices employed by Libre By Nexus? If so, when did ICE learn of this
activity?” Id. The court does not know whether the November 2015 Letter referenced in Plaintiff’s
complaint is a direct response to the October 16, 2015 letter from Representative Torres. It may
be. If so, the November 2015 Letter presumably would shed substantial light on whether ICE in
fact investigated Plaintiff in 2013. Plaintiff’s failure to attach such a critical record to its Amended
Complaint, when combined with the deficiencies in his pleading discussed above, therefore leaves
further questions about the plausibility of Plaintiff’s defamation claim. For these reasons, the court
finds the Amended Complaint fails to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). Cf. Liberty Lobby, Inc.
v. Dow Jones & Co., Inc., 838 F.2d 1287, 1292 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (holding, albeit in summary
judgment context, that “[w]here the question of truth or falsity is a close one, a court should err on
the side of nonactionability”).
Notwithstanding the foregoing conclusion, the court declines Defendants’ invitation to
dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint with prejudice for failure to state a claim under Rule
complaint. See Am. Compl. While the Article does not link to a full statement from Plaintiff (to the extent there is one), the court notes that if Plaintiff failed to challenge the existence of the HSI investigation in such a statement, then that failure would serve as an additional reason to doubt the plausibility of its allegations with respect to falsity here.
14 12(b)(6). “Dismissal with prejudice is the exception, not the rule, in federal practice because it
‘operates as a rejection of the plaintiff’s claims on the merits and [ultimately] precludes further
litigation of them.’” Rudder v. Williams, 666 F.3d 790, 794 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (alteration in original)
(quoting Belizan v. Hershon, 434 F.3d 579, 583 (D.C. Cir. 2006)). Accordingly, the court will
allow Plaintiff an opportunity to re-plead. See Vasaturo v. Peterka, 177 F. Supp. 3d 509, 512
(D.D.C. 2016) (dismissing without prejudice and allowing plaintiff to re-plead his claims, even
though the court had “grave doubts” about the factual legitimacy of the complaint); see also infra
(denying Defendants’ special motion to dismiss under the D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act).
B. The D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act Motion
That leaves Defendants’ Special Motion to Dismiss under the D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act.
Generally speaking, the D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act “requires courts, upon motion by the defendant, to
dismiss defamation lawsuits that target . . . public advocacy,” Abbas v. Foreign Policy Grp., 783
F.3d 1328, 1331 (D.C. Cir. 2015); see D.C. Code § 16-5502(a), unless the plaintiff can
“demonstrate[] that the claim is likely to succeed on the merits,” id. § 16-5502(b). This case,
however, presents a threshold question: whether a federal court exercising diversity jurisdiction
may even apply the D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act’s special motion to dismiss provision in the first
instance. See generally Defs.’ Special Mot. at 1–2, 4–7; Pl.’s Opp’n at 8–9. The D.C. Circuit has
ruled that “[t]he answer is no,” see Abbas, 783 F.3d at 1333, but Defendants submit that the Circuit
reached this conclusion by relying on a prediction of District of Columbia law that “has since been
proven wrong” by the D.C. Court of Appeals’ decision in Competitive Enterprise Institute v. Mann,
150 A.3d 1213 (D.C. 2016). See Defs.’ Special Mot. at 5. “The result of Mann,” Defendants
contend, is that “Abbas no longer forecloses application of the D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act in diversity
cases.” Id. at 6.
15 The D.C. Circuit has never “squarely addressed” the issue whether a court is bound by the
D.C. Circuit’s interpretation of District of Columbia law or should instead follow a subsequent
and conflicting decision by the D.C. Court of Appeals. Deripaska v. Associated Press, No. 17-cv-
913, 2017 WL 8896059, at *1 (D.D.C. Oct. 17, 2017) (quoting Easaw v. Newport, 253 F. Supp.
3d 22, 34 (D.D.C. 2017)). Nevertheless, several courts in this District have held that, “‘when faced
with conflicting authority on D.C. law,’ if the D.C. Court of Appeals ‘has spoken clearly and
unmistakably as to the current state of D.C. law,’ the district court should defer to that
interpretation.” Id. (quoting Easaw, 253 F. Supp. 3d at 34).
The question before this court then is whether Mann “clearly and unmistakably” interprets
the D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act in a way that renders the holding in Abbas “inaccurate.” See Easaw,
253 F. Supp. 3d at 35. In this court’s view, Mann does not.
In Abbas, the D.C. Circuit held that a federal court exercising diversity jurisdiction must
apply Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12 and 56, instead of the D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act’s special
motion to dismiss provision, because they “answer the same question.” 783 F.3d at 1337. The
court explained that “[f]or the category of cases that it covers,” the Act “establishes the
circumstances under which a court must dismiss a plaintiff’s claim before trial—namely, when the
court concludes that the plaintiff does not have a likelihood of success on the merits.” Id. at 1333.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not, however, require such showing to avoid dismissal
before trial. Id. at 1333–34. And “[t]hat difference matters.” Id. at 1334. “Under the Federal
Rules, a plaintiff is generally entitled to trial if he or she meets the Rules 12 and 56 standards to
overcome a motion to dismiss or for summary judgment.” Id. For example, “under Federal Rule
12(b)(6), a plaintiff can overcome a motion to dismiss by simply alleging facts sufficient to state
16 a claim that is plausible on its face.” Id. “But the D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act nullifies that entitlement
in certain cases”:
Under the D.C. Anti–SLAPP Act, the plaintiff is not able to get to trial just by meeting those Rules 12 and 56 standards. The D.C. Anti–SLAPP Act, in other words, conflicts with the Federal Rules by setting up an additional hurdle a plaintiff must jump over to get to trial.
Id. In short, the court held, “unlike the D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act, the Federal Rules do not require a
plaintiff to show a likelihood of success on the merits in order to avoid pre-trial dismissal.” Id.;
see also id. at 1335 (noting that the Act’s likelihood of success standard “is different from and
more difficult for plaintiffs to meet than the standards imposed by Federal Rules 12 and 56”).
Mann presented the D.C. Court of Appeals with its first opportunity to interpret the
D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act’s special motion to dismiss standard, i.e., the requirement that a plaintiff
“demonstrate[] that the claim is likely to succeed on the merits,” D.C. Code § 16-5502(b). See
Mann, 150 A.3d at 1220. In Mann, the court first noted that “the word ‘demonstrate’ indicates
that once the burden has shifted to the [plaintiff]” after a prima facie showing by the defendant
that the claim “aris[es] from an act in furtherance of the right of advocacy on issues of public
interest,” D.C. Code § 16-5502(a), “the statute requires more than mere reliance on allegations in
the complaint, and mandates the production or proffer of evidence that supports the claim.” Mann,
150 A.3d at 1232–33. Next, the court defined “likely to succeed” to mean “whether a jury properly
instructed on the applicable legal and constitutional standards could reasonably find that the claim
is supported in light of the evidence that has been produced or proffered in connection with the
motion.” Id. at 1232; see id. at 1236. The application of this standard should result in dismissal,
the court explained, “only if the court can conclude that the [plaintiff] could not prevail as a matter
of law, that is, after allowing for the weighing of evidence and permissible inferences by the jury.”
17 Id. at 1236. In announcing this standard, the D.C. Court of Appeals also expressed some
disagreement with the D.C. Circuit’s interpretation in Abbas and explained that the Act’s
likelihood of success standard does, in fact, “simply mirror the standards imposed by Federal Rule
56.” Id. at 1238 n.32 (internal quotation mark omitted).
Notwithstanding Mann’s clarification of the D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act standard, Mann does
not “clearly and unmistakably” compel the court to deviate from the Circuit’s holding in Abbas.
The two motion-to-dismiss standards are fundamentally at odds. First, under the D.C. Anti-SLAPP
Act, a plaintiff must produce or proffer evidence to survive a special motion to dismiss. Id. at
1233. On the other hand, a plaintiff need only plead facts establishing a “plausible” defamation
claim to survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). See Abbas, 783 F.3d at 1334. The court
in Mann expressly recognized this difference. See 150 A.3d at 1233 (“[U]nless something more
than argument based on the allegations in the complaint is required, the special motion to dismiss
created by the Act would be redundant in light of the general availability, in all civil
proceedings . . . of motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).”).
Second, Rule 12 and the D.C. Anti-SLAPP Act differ in terms of the allocation of the
burden among the parties:
[T]he Act reverses “the allocation of burdens for dismissal of a complaint under” Rule 12(b)(6), giving defendants “the option to up the ante early in the litigation, by filing a special motion to dismiss that will require the plaintiff to put his evidentiary cards on the table . . . [which] makes the plaintiff liable for the defendant’s costs and fees in the motion succeeds.”
Deripaska, 2017 WL 8896059, at *2 (second and third alterations in original) (citation and
footnote omitted) (quoting Mann, 150 A.3d at 1237–38). Such burden-shifting at the motion to
dismiss is anathema to the Rule 12(b)(6) standard, which places the burden squarely on the
defendant to justify dismissal. Cf. 3M Co. v. Boulter, 842 F. Supp. 2d 85, 102 (D.D.C. 2012)
18 (“There is no question that the special motion to dismiss under the Anti-SLAPP Act operates
greatly to a defendant’s benefit by altering the procedure otherwise set forth in Rule[] 12 . . . for
determining a challenge to the merits of a plaintiff’s claim and by setting a higher standard upon
the plaintiff to avoid dismissal.” (emphasis added)).
In view of these differences, this court must follow Abbas. The court is not alone in
reaching that conclusion. Recently, in Deripaska v. Associated Press, Judge Huvelle held that
Mann did not “‘clearly and unmistakably’ resolve the question at issue here.” See 2017 WL
8896059, at *1, *3 (dismissing the defendant’s special motion to dismiss and finding that the court
was still bound by the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Abbas); see also Defs.’ Notice of Suppl.
Authorities, ECF No. 10. Finding the reasoning in Deripaska to be persuasive, this court declines
Defendants’ invitation to forge a different path.
Accordingly, like the court in Deripaska, this court concludes that it “must follow the clear
guidance of the D.C. Circuit [in Abbas] and deny the special motion to dismiss.” 2017 WL
8896059, at *3.
V. CONCLUSION AND ORDER
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 6, is granted in part
and denied in part, and Defendants’ Special Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 7, is denied. The court
will dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint without prejudice and allow Plaintiff the opportunity
to re-plead its defamation claim consistent with this opinion. Plaintiff shall file any amended
complaint no later than 21 days from this date, or face a final order of dismissal.
Dated: May 16, 2018 Amit P. Mehta United States District Judge