Leuthauser v. United States of America

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: December 21, 2021
• Docket: 2:20-cv-00479
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 * * *

7 MICHELE LEUTHAUSER, Case No. 2:20-CV-479 JCM (VCF)

8 Plaintiff(s), ORDER

9 v.

10 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al.,

11 Defendant(s).

12 13 Presently before the court is defendant Anita Serrano’s (“Serrano”) motion to dismiss. 14 (ECF No. 31). Plaintiff Michele Leuthauser (“Leuthauser”) filed a response (ECF No. 39), to 15 which Serrano replied (ECF No. 46). 16 I. BACKGROUND 17 The present case stems from an incident that occurred at Las Vegas International Airport. 18 (See ECF No. 4). Leuthauser alleges that Serrano, a Transportation Security Administration 19 (TSA) employee, sexually assaulted her during an airport security screening. (Id. at 1). 20 On June 30, 2019, Leuthauser was a passenger for a flight departing from Las Vegas. 21 (Id. at 3). When Leuthauser proceeded through a TSA security screening checkpoint, she went 22 through a body scanner, which set off an alarm. (Id.). The body scanner operator informed 23 Leuthauser that she needed to submit to a “groin search” and Serrano instructed Leuthauser to 24 accompany her to a private room. (Id.). 25 Leuthauser followed Serrano into a private room where an additional TSA agent was 26 present. (Id.). There was a mat in the private room with footprints on it to indicate how a 27 passenger should stand during a pat-down. (Id. at 4). Leuthauser stood on the mat as indicated, 28 but Serrano instructed her to widen her stance. (Id.). Serrano began the pat-down by sliding her 1 hands along the inside of plaintiff’s thigh and allegedly proceeded to digitally penetrate and 2 inappropriately fondle Leuthauser. (Id.). As a result, Leuthauser became severely distressed. 3 (Id. at 5). A supervisor arrived and dismissed Serrano and completed the pat-down. (Id.). 4 Leuthauser then contacted airport police, but they advised her that TSA was outside of their 5 jurisdiction and did not take action. (Id.). 6 Leuthauser brings a claim of unreasonable search in violation of the Fourth Amendment, 7 and state law claims of battery and intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”). (Id. at 8 6–11). Serrano now moves to dismiss the Fourth Amendment claim for failure to state a claim 9 upon which relief can be granted. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). 10 II. LEGAL STANDARD 11 a. Rule 12(b)(6) 12 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 requires every complaint to contain a “short and plain 13 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. Although 14 Rule 8 does not require detailed factual allegations, it does require more than “labels and 15 conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 16 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation omitted). In other words, a complaint must have plausible 17 factual allegations that cover “all the material elements necessary to sustain recovery under some 18 viable legal theory.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 562 (2007) (citation omitted) 19 (emphasis in original); see also Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 1104 20 (9th Cir. 2008). 21 The Supreme Court in Iqbal clarified the two-step approach to evaluate a complaint’s 22 legal sufficiency on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. First, the court must accept as true all 23 well-pleaded factual allegations and draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Iqbal, 24 556 U.S. at 678–79. Legal conclusions are not entitled to this assumption of truth. Id. Second, 25 the court must consider whether the well-pleaded factual allegations state a plausible claim for 26 relief. Id. at 679. A claim is facially plausible when the court can draw a reasonable inference 27 that the defendant is liable for the alleged misconduct. Id. at 678. When the allegations have not 28 1 crossed the line from conceivable to plausible, the complaint must be dismissed. Twombly, 550 2 U.S. at 570; see also Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). 3 If the court grants a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, it should grant leave to amend 4 unless the deficiencies cannot be cured by amendment. DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 5 F.2d 655, 658 (9th Cir. 1992). Under Rule 15(a), the court should “freely” give leave to amend 6 “when justice so requires,” and absent “undue delay, bad faith, or dilatory motive on the part of 7 the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments . . . undue prejudice to the 8 opposing party . . . futility of the amendment, etc.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). 9 The court should grant leave to amend “even if no request to amend the pleading was made.” 10 Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (internal quotation marks 11 omitted). 12 b. Bivens Actions 13 The Constitution does not ordinarily provide a private right of action against federal 14 officers for constitutional violations. However, in 1971, the Supreme Court first recognized an 15 “implied private action for damages against federal officers alleged to have violated a citizen’s 16 constitutional rights.” Corr. Servs. Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 66 (2001) (emphasis added) 17 (citing Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 391 18 (1971)). In doing so, the Supreme Court established that “federal courts have the inherent 19 authority to award damages against federal officials to compensate plaintiffs for violations of 20 their constitutional rights.” W. Ctr. For Journalism v. Cederquist, 235 F.3d 1153, 1156 (9th Cir. 21 2000) (citations omitted). 22 In Bivens, the Supreme Court recognized that an implied private cause of action arises 23 when law enforcement officials violate a plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment right by executing a 24 warrantless search of a plaintiff’s home. Bivens, 403 U.S. at 391. In the 47 years since Bivens, 25 the Supreme Court “ha[s] recognized two more nonstatutory damages remedies, the first for 26 employment discrimination in violation of the Due Process Clause, . . . and the second for an 27 Eighth Amendment violation by prison officials[.]” Wilkie v. Robbins, 551 U.S. 537, 549–50 28 (2007) (internal citations omitted); see Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228, 245–48 (1979) 1 (allowing a Bivens claim for a congressional staff member who was wrongfully terminated on 2 the basis of her sex); see also Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 17–18 (1980) (allowing a Bivens 3 claim under the Eight Amendment for a deceased federal prisoner against prison officials for 4 failing to provide proper medical attention). 5 The Supreme Court has “recently and repeatedly said that a decision to create a private 6 right of action is one better left to legislative judgment in the great majority of cases.” Sosa v. 7 Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 695 (2004). Thus, the Supreme Court “ha[s] consistently 8 refused to extend Bivens liability to any new context or new category of defendants.” Malesko, 9 534 U.S. at 68; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675 (holding that the Supreme Court disfavors implied 10 causes of action like Bivens and therefore limits their availability). 11 Nevertheless, courts may extend Bivens in rare circumstances in order “to provide an 12 otherwise nonexistent cause of action against individual officers alleged to have acted 13 unconstitutionally, or to provide a cause of action for a plaintiff who lacked any alternative 14 remedy for harms caused by an individual officer’s unconstitutional conduct.” Malesko, 534 15 U.S. at 70. The decision to recognize a new Bivens cause of action is a two-step analysis. First, 16 courts can extend Bivens only if there does not exist an alternative remedy. Mirmehdi v. United 17 States, 689 F.3d 975, 982 (9th Cir. 2012). Second, if an alternative remedy does not exist, courts 18 must consider whether special factors counsel against creating a new Bivens claim. Id. 19 III. DISCUSSION 20 a. New Bivens Context 21 The first question the court must answer is whether the facts and allegations presented in 22 this case constitute a new Bivens context. The Supreme Court has instructed that a Bivens 23 context is new if it is “different in a meaningful way from previous Bivens cases.” Ziglar, 137 24 S.Ct. at 1859. The Ziglar court offered a non-exhaustive list of meaningful differences, 25 including, inter alia, “the rank of the officers involved; the constitutional right at issue…[or] the 26 statutory or other legal mandate under which the officer was operating.” Id. at 1860. The Court 27 further clarified that “even a modest [Bivens] extension is still an extension.” Id. at 1864. 28 1 Leuthauser argues that her claim is “substantially similar” to Bivens since her claim 2 implicates the Fourth Amendment and involves a “one-time incident of misconduct directed 3 solely at the plaintiff.” (ECF No. 39 at 7). While true that Leuthauser’s claim implicates the 4 same constitutional right as Bivens, the alleged unconstitutional search occurred under very 5 different circumstances. In Bivens, the search occurred at a private residence as part of 6 traditional law-enforcement during a criminal investigation, and without a warrant. Bivens, 409 7 F.2d 718. Here, the challenged conduct occurred during an administrative search as part of a 8 security checkpoint in a public airport. 9 Moreover, the federal officials in Bivens were operating under a statutory mandate 10 entirely distinct from that of TSA screeners. The TSA’s legal mandate comes under the Aviation 11 and Transportation Security Act (See generally Pub. L. No. 107-71, 115 Stat. 597 (2001)) with a 12 national security focus, whereas the federal officials in Bivens were operating under the former 13 Bureau of Narcotics with a mandate to aid in the detection and prevention of unlawful drug 14 importation (See An Act to create in the Treasury Department a Bureau of Narcotics and for 15 other purposes, 71 Cong. Ch. 488, 46 Stat. 585 (1930)). This difference alone renders the 16 context meaningfully different under the Supreme Court’s Ziglar standard. Ziglar, 137 S.Ct. at 17 1860. 18 b. Bivens Extensions 19 The court must next consider whether a Bivens extension into this new context is 20 judicially prudent. Leuthauser argues that even if this court does not find her factual scenario to 21 be within the same context as Bivens or its two progeny, Davis and Carlson, a Bivens extension 22 is nevertheless proper. She points to two Ninth Circuit cases in which she contends that the court 23 extended Bivens into the TSA arena. Ibrahim v. Department of Homeland Security, 538 F.3d 24 1250 (9th Cir. 2008) involved the actions of a TSA employee, but the primary issue in that case 25 was a jurisdictional threshold; the Ninth Circuit did not weigh in on the merits of whether a 26 Bivens-like extension was proper for an action against a TSA employee.1 Furthermore, Fiore v.

27 1 The court did allow a Bivens suit to proceed past the motion to dismiss stage, but only 28 based on the appellate court’s finding that the federal courts had personal jurisdiction; the court made no ruling on whether a Bivens extension was proper in the context presented in the case. 1 Walden, 657 F.3d 838 (9th Cir. 2011) did not involve a TSA employee at all; the case involved 2 an allegedly unconstitutional seizure of cash by federal police officers that happened to occur at 3 an airport.2 4 By the court’s estimation, the question of whether Bivens should be extended to Fourth 5 Amendment violations within the context of airport security screening by a TSA employee 6 appears to be an issue of first impression in the Ninth Circuit. 7 Therefore, Leuthauser seeks to bolster her claim by pointing to two purportedly 8 analogous, but non-binding, circuit decisions. Tobey v. Jones, 706 F.3d 379 (4th Cir. 2013); Big 9 Cats of Serenity Springs, Inc. v. Rhodes, 843 F.3d 853 (10th Cir. 2016). Upon closer 10 examination, the two holdings from these cases are unavailing. 11 Tobey is inapposite because the Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court’s dismissal of 12 the Bivens Fourth Amendment claim by TSA employees. 706 F.3d 379. The question on appeal 13 was whether the denial of qualified immunity on a First Amendment retaliation claim was 14 proper, not a question of Bivens extension.3 Id. 15 In Big Cats, the Tenth Circuit did extend a Bivens action to the new context of an 16 agriculture inspector engaged in a warrantless search of an animal refuge. 843 F.3d at 864. The 17 court held this after finding the alternative remedy inadequate and that no special factors 18 counseled hesitation since the plaintiff alleged a garden-variety constitutional violation. Id. 19 Accordingly, Leuthauser contends that the search in Big Cats is analogous the search here—that 20 is, a violative administrative search at an airport security checkpoint. The court disagrees. 21 Big Cats was decided pre-Ziglar and the garden-variety constitutional violation of a 22 warrantless search of private property in pursuit of a separate and distinct legal mandate is not 23 sufficiently analogous to the facts at hand. Indeed, the Supreme Court made it prominently clear 24 25 2 The Ninth Circuit clearly stated in Fiore: “We do not, of course, decide in this personal jurisdiction appeal any merits issues, including whether a Bivens action is available and whether 26 any immunities apply.” Id. n.17. 27 3 See also, id. (Wilkinson, J., dissenting) (“Whether the cause of action asserted by Tobey would lie under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 28 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971), is not before us, and I do not address it.”) (emphasis added). 1 in Ziglar—decided six months after Big Cats—that expanding the Bivens remedy is (now) a 2 “disfavored judicial activity.” Ziglar, 137 S.Ct. at 1857 (internal quotations omitted). 3 Finally, Leuthauser directs the court’s attention to a recent Eastern District of Virginia 4 decision where a traveler was prevented by TSA employees from filming a pat-down procedure 5 of his spouse with his phone camera. Dyer v. Smith, et al., No. 3:19-cv-921 (E.D. Va. Feb. 23, 6 2021). The court held, as we do here, that the extension of a Bivens action for a Fourth 7 Amendment violation claim against TSA employees is, in fact, a new Bivens context. Id. at 6. 8 The court found, however, that the alternative remedy available in the Travelers Redress Inquiry 9 Program (TRIP), pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 44926, was not satisfactory and therefore justified a 10 Bivens extension. Id. at 9.4 The court further held that special factors such as national security, 11 practicality, or absence of a statutory damages remedy did not counsel against the extension of 12 Bivens into this new arena. Id. at 6–9.5 13 The court is more persuaded by two other recent district court opinions, whose facts are 14 more akin to the ones here. 15 In Mengert v. U.S. Transportation Security Administration, 2020 WL 7029893 (N.D. 16 Okla. Nov. 30, 2020), a passenger flying home to Las Vegas from Tulsa, Oklahoma went 17 through a body scanner and was required to submit to additional pat-down screening. Following 18 the pat-down, she was further instructed to enter a private room nearby with TSA agents because 19 the agents detected an object near her genital area. Id. at 1. The passenger complied and was 20 instructed to take her pants and underwear down to her knees and remove the item so they could 21 inspect it. Id. She objected, but eventually complied. Id. She was released once TSA 22 determined she was not carrying contraband. Id. 23 The court refused to extend Bivens damages into this new context because special factors 24 counseled hesitation. Id. at 9. Specifically, the court found that since TSA employees are tasked 25 with assisting in critical national security measures, it would be inappropriate and “highly

26 4 The court’s concern was that TRIP provided relief only for passengers wrongly 27 identified as a “threat,” which was not the case in Dyer. Id. at 9. 28 5 The court did not, however, elect to extend Bivens to the plaintiff’s First Amendment claim in Dyer. Id. at 10. 1 disruptive” to interject a judicially created remedy since hundreds of millions of passengers pass 2 through TSA screening checkpoints every year, each potentially implicating similar invasions of 3 privacy.6 Id. The court reasoned: 4 Whether a particular invasion violates the Fourth Amendment will necessarily be a question of degree. Clearly, the potential for personal liability would discourage 5 overreach by TSA screeners, but it also risks chilling their willingness to engage in thorny—but constitutionally valid—exercises of their authority, thereby putting 6 the public at risk. Id. 7 Osmon v. The United States of America and TSO Robinson, No. 1:20-cv-31-MR-WCM 8 (W.D. N.C. Mar. 29, 2021) is even more similar on the facts here. In Osmon, the plaintiff was 9 traveling by plane to Los Angeles, California, from Asheville, North Carolina, and was also 10 directed to a body scanner by TSA agents for a security screening. Id. at 2. The body scanner 11 alarm alerted the TSA agents that plaintiff would need to submit to a groin search. Id. Plaintiff 12 similarly alleged that she was instructed to spread her legs wider than the illustrated footprint 13 markings on the ground and that the TSA agent made direct contact with plaintiff’s genitals after 14 sliding a hand up along the inside of plaintiff’s legs. Id. at 3. 15 Plaintiff alleged in Osmon—as Leuthauser alleges here—that the TSA agent’s conduct 16 was intended to “humiliate” and “dominate” the plaintiff. Id.; (ECF No. 4 at 4). The court 17 declined to extend Bivens to this context because of the availability of alternative remedial 18 processes7 and special factors counseling hesitation for judicial intervention. Osmon, No. 1:20- 19 cv-31-MR-WCM at 25. The court reasoned that TSA screening checkpoints are “uniquely 20 sensitive areas” and that extending a damages remedy in this context could have a “potential 21 chilling effect” on TSA employees’ due diligence in detecting security threats at airports, 22 resulting in potentially catastrophic consequences. Id. 23 . . . 24

25 6 TSA Year in Review: A Record Setting 2018, (Feb. 7, 2019), 26 http://www.tsa.gov/blog/2019/02/07/tsa-year-review-record-setting-2018 (noting that nearly 814 million passengers and flight crew passed through TSA checkpoints in 2018). 27 7 Specifically, the Department of Homeland Security’s civil rights complaint process 28 pursuant to 6 U.S.C. § 345(a)(1) and review of TSA’s standard operating procedures by the U.S. Court of Appeals pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 46110. 1 c. The facts here do not justify a Bivens extension 2 First, unlike in Dyer, an alternative remedy exists here. Congress directed the 3 Department of Homeland Security—the parent agency for the TSA—to establish a civil rights 4 complaint process pursuant to 6 U.S.C. § 345(a).8 The mere presence of this congressionally 5 directed remedy militates against an extension of Bivens. This is because “Congress is in a far 6 better position than a court to evaluate the impact of a new species of litigation against those who 7 act on the public’s behalf.” Wilkie, 551 U.S. at 562 (internal citations omitted). This is also true 8 even if the alternative remedy provides less complete relief than a Bivens damages claims. Bush 9 v. Lucas, 462 U.S. 367, 388 (1983) (refusing to create a Bivens action for an employee unfairly 10 disciplined for exercising his First Amendment right in criticizing his agency employer, even 11 though the congressionally created administrative system of remedies did not provide complete 12 relief for the employee). 13 Leuthauser argues that this alternative remedy is not sufficient—and thus judicial 14 intervention is necessary—because TSA is not “even authorized, let alone duty-bound, to 15 provide any kind of remedy to one in the situation of [Leuthauser].” (ECF No. 39 at 8). Serrano 16 argues that Leuthauser mistakenly believes that a Bivens extension is justified simply because 17 there is no assurance of a remedy, as opposed to availability of a remedy. (ECF No. 46 at 6). 18 While Leuthauser laments the insufficiency of the congressionally directed remedy, the 19 court cannot ignore that Congress has in fact circumscribed remedies in the airport security 20 context. See Ziglar, 137 S.Ct. at 1862 (“Congress’ failure to provide a damages remedy might 21 be more than mere oversight, and that congressional silence might be more than inadvertent.”). 22 The court joins the Third Circuit in hesitating to “create new remedies when it appears that the 23 24 25 8 The Officer for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, who reports directly to the relevant secretary (Secretary of Homeland Security here), shall “investigate complaints and information 26 indicating possible abuses of civil rights or civil liberties, unless the Inspector General of the Department determines that any such complaint or information should be investigated by the 27 Inspector General.” 6 U.S.C. § 345 (a)(6). According to Serrano, the Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Inspector General did, in fact, conduct an investigation into Leuthauser’s 28 allegations. (ECF No. 46 at n.7). Serrano does not indicate the conclusions of that investigation in her motion or briefing. 1 available ones are limited by congressional design.” Vanderklok v. United States, 868 F.3d 189, 2 208 (3d Cir. 2017). 3 Even assuming, arguendo, that no alternate remedy exists for Leuthauser, significant 4 special factors counsel against the creation of a judicial damages remedy in the context of TSA 5 security screening. The court finds the reasoning in Mengert and Osmon both applicable and 6 persuasive here. Supra Part III.B. 7 Courts should indeed exercise caution before intruding on national security matters—an 8 area typically reserved for the legislative and executive branches. Allowing a potential Bivens 9 damages claim for the hundreds of millions of passengers screened during airport security each 10 year runs the risk of inviting an “onslaught of Bivens actions,” Wilkie, 551 U.S. at 562, thereby 11 implicating national security. The encumbrance of such liability for TSA screeners would likely 12 inject hesitance and second-guessing during screening procedures, leading to potentially 13 disastrous lapses in security. This potential impact on national security surely counsels 14 hesitation; and this hesitation is especially justified when considering the alternative remedy 15 available through the TSA civil rights complaint process. 16 Leuthauser contends that “[g]arden-variety TSA checkpoint screening does not have 17 ‘national security implications’ more than activities of other agencies where courts have no 18 hesitation applying Bivens.” (ECF No. 39 at 10). In reply, Serrano asserts that special factors 19 need not conclusively demonstrate that extending Bivens is unwise, but rather simply counsel 20 hesitation about “whether the [j]udiciary is well suited, absent congressional action or 21 instruction, to consider and weigh the costs and benefits of allowing a damages action to 22 proceed.” Ziglar, 137 S. Ct. at 1857-58. The court agrees with Serrano. The special factor of 23 national security implications, combined with the presence of congressional action in this sphere, 24 counsels hesitation, even if the anticipated outcomes are not conclusively demonstrated.9 25 26 27 9 The court notes that TSA was created in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, specifically for the purpose of securing our nation’s airports and air traffic. Transp. 28 Workers Union of Am., AFL-CIO v. Transp. Sec. Admin., 492 F.3d 471, 473 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (citing Pub L. No. 107-71, 115 Stat. 597 (2001) (codified in part at 49 U.S.C. § 44936 et seq.)). 1 Finally, Leuthuaser argues that if the court forecloses her Bivens claim against Serrano, 2 she will have no judicial recourse for the alleged constitutional violation. Leuthauser explains 3 this is so because this court previously held that TSA screeners10 are exempt from intentional tort 4 liability under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA).11 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b), and 2680(h). 5 While true, this has no bearing on the court’s determination of whether to extend Bivens here. 6 As the court has explained in detail, even accepting as true all of Leuthauser’s well-pleaded 7 factual allegations and drawing all reasonable inferences in her favor, both the availability of an 8 alternative remedy (separate from the FTCA) and special factors counsel hesitation in expanding 9 Bivens to these facts. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678–79. 10 Further, since the court does not find it proper to extend a Bivens damages action to this 11 context, the court need not address the qualified immunity question. 12 Accordingly, Serrano’s motion to dismiss Leuthauser’s Fourth Amendment claim against 13 her (ECF No. 31) is GRANTED, with prejudice, since no additional facts would alter the court’s 14 rejection of a Bivens extension into the space of airport security screening. 15 . . . 16 . . . 17 . . . 18 . . . 19 . . .

20 10 The court does not decide on this motion to dismiss whether Serrano was in fact a TSA 21 “screener” as opposed to an “investigative or law enforcement” officer—the latter designation not being exempt from intentional tort liability under the FTCA (See 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h)). As 22 stated in its previous order, ECF No. 17, this determination is a “fact intensive inquiry” and inappropriate at this stage of the proceedings. 23 11 And although the FTCA precludes an action against a TSA screener like Serrano (if 24 she is deemed as such, see supra n. 10), nothing prevented Leuthauser from availing herself of the FTCA administrative claim process which was “established to encourage administrative 25 settlement of claims against the United States and thereby to prevent an unnecessary burdening of the courts.” Brady v. United States, 211 F.3d 499, 503 (9th Cir. 2000). Indeed, Congress 26 authorized the heads of federal agencies to “consider, ascertain, adjust, determine, compromise, and settle any claim for money damages against the United States” for personal injury caused by 27 the negligent or wrongful act of any employee of an agency who was acting within the scope of his/her employment. 28 U.S.C. § 2672. Under this statutory regime, the agency can settle 28 with claimants for money damages up to $25,000, or higher if approved by the Attorney General. Id. IV. CONCLUSION 2 Accordingly, 3 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that Serrano’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 31) be, and the same hereby is, GRANTED, with prejudice. 5 DATED December 21, 2021. 6 J Bettis © Ata llars 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

es C. Mahan District Judge -12-