4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA
6 JUSTIN ODELL LANGFORD, Case No. 3:19-cv-00594-MMD-WGC
7 Petitioner, ORDER v. 8 RENEE BAKER, et al., 9 Respondents. 10 11 I. SUMMARY 12 This habeas matter is before the Court on Respondents’ Second Motion to Dismiss 13 (ECF No. 71). For the reasons discussed below, Respondents’ motion is granted. 14 II. BACKGROUND1 15 Following a nine-day jury trial, Langford was found guilty of one count of lewdness 16 with a child under the age of 14. (Exh. 47, ECF No. 38-8.) On May 17, 2016, the state 17 court entered a judgment of conviction sentencing him to life with parole eligibility after a 18 minimum of 10 years in prison. (Exh. 50, ECF No. 38-11.) Langford appealed and the 19 Nevada Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of conviction. (Exh. 66, ECF No. 39-6.) In 20 July 2017, Langford filed pro se motions to modify and/or correct sentence and for 21 sentence reduction in July 2017. (Exh. 70, ECF No. 39-10.) The motions were denied. 22 (Exh. 120, ECF No. 43-8.) 23 Langford filed a pro se state habeas petition seeking post-conviction relief, which 24 the state district court denied. (Exh. 139, ECF No. 44-5.) Langford appealed and the 25 Nevada Supreme Court affirmed the denial of relief. (Exh. 201, ECF No. 48-1.) Prior 26 toBefore the post-conviction appeal decision, Langford filed a second pro se state petition 27
28 1This procedural history is derived from the exhibits located at ECF Nos. 32-49 on 1 in November 2018. (Exh. 179, ECF Nos. 46-11, 47-1.) The state court denied the second 2 state petition as premature and held that the second state petition was procedurally 3 barred under NRS § 34.725(1) and NRS § 34.810(2) as untimely and successive finding 4 Langford failed to show good cause and prejudice or actual innocence to overcome the 5 procedural bars. (Exh. 198, ECF No. 47-20.) The Nevada Court of Appeals affirmed the 6 state court’s judgment, finding that the second state petition was untimely and successive, 7 and Langford failed to demonstrate actual innocence to overcome the procedural bars. 8 (Exh. 219, ECF No. 49-6.) 9 On September 25, 2019, Langford initiated this federal proceeding by filing a pro 10 se petition alleging six grounds for relief with numerous subclaims. (ECF No. 1.) 11 Respondents filed their first motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 30.) The Court granted in part 12 determining that Ground 2(D1) will not be construed as a ground for relief, Grounds 2(K), 13 (Y), (T), (U), (Y), (Z), and (A1) are unexhausted, the second portion of Ground 2(W) 14 alleging that trial counsel failed to “request missing witness jury instruction” is 15 unexhausted, and Grounds 3 and 4 are dismissed with prejudice. (ECF No. 68.) The 16 Court also deferred a ruling on exhaustion and any procedural default of Grounds 2(B), 17 (C), (D), (F), (Q), (R), and (B1). (Id.) 18 Respondents now move to dismiss the Petition because Grounds 2(B), (C), (D), 19 (F), (Q), (R), and (B1) are procedurally defaulted.2 Langford argues that the state district 20 court did not have jurisdiction to reach a decision on the merits, that records were not 21 provided to Langford and his previous counsel, and that the state district court refused to 22 acknowledge Langford’s arguments. (ECF No. 72.) 23 III. DISCUSSION 24 Federal courts are barred from considering a state prisoner’s habeas claim if the 25 state courts denied his claim based on an independent and adequate state procedural 26 rule. See Edwards v. Carpenter, 529 U.S. 446, 454-55 (2000). Nevada’s one-year statute 27
28 2Grounds 1, 2(A), 2(E), 2(G), 2(H), 2(I), 2(J), 2(L), 2(M), 2(N), 2(O), 2(P), 2(S), 1 of limitation for post-conviction petitions and prohibition on second or successive post- 2 conviction petitions are independent and adequate state procedural rules as applied in 3 non-capital cases. See, e.g., Williams v. Filson, 908 F.3d 546, 580 (9th Cir. 2018); Bargas 4 v. Burns, 179 F.3d 1207, 1211-14 (9th Cir. 1999). When a petitioner “procedurally 5 defaults” a federal claim, judicial review is barred unless he can show either: (1) “cause 6 for the default and actual prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal law,” or 7 (2) “that failure to consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” 8 Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991); see also McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 9 U.S. 383, 386 (2013) (the miscarriage of justice exception ensures “that federal 10 constitutional errors do not result in the incarceration of innocent persons”). 11 To demonstrate cause, the petitioner must show that some external and objective 12 factor impeded his efforts to comply with the procedural rule. See Maples v. Thomas, 565 13 U.S. 266, 280-81 (2012). Ignorance or inadvertence does not establish cause. Murray v. 14 Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 486-87 (1986). To show prejudice, a petitioner must prove not 15 merely that the error created a possibility of prejudice, but that the error worked to his 16 actual and substantial disadvantage, infecting the entire proceeding with constitutional 17 error. See Carrier, 477 U.S. at 494; Bradford v. Davis, 923 F.3d 599, 613 (9th Cir. 2019). 18 To demonstrate a fundamental miscarriage of justice, a petitioner must show that the 19 constitutional error complained of probably resulted in the conviction of an actually 20 innocent person. See Boyd v. Thompson, 147 F.3d 1124, 1127 (9th Cir. 1998). This is a 21 narrow exception and it is reserved for extraordinary cases only. See Sawyer v. Whitley, 22 505 U.S. 333, 340 (1992). 23 In Ground 2(B), Langford alleges counsel allowed the state court to use a coercive 24 Allen charge. (ECF No. 5 at 5.) Ground 2(C) alleges counsel allowed the violation of Rule 25 24(B) of Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. (Id.) Ground 2(D) alleges counsel failed to 26 notify the state court that a government agency suppressed evidence. (Id.) Ground 2(F) 27 alleges counsel failed at the discovery process. (Id.) Ground 2(Q) alleges counsel did not 28 1 ensure the jury was properly sworn.7 (Id. at 6.) Ground 2(R) alleges counsel allowed the 2 case to proceed without a grand jury indictment. (Id.) Ground 2(B1) alleges cumulative 3 errors by counsel. (Id.) Langford raised each of these claims in his second state petition. 4 (Exh. 179, ECF No. 46-11 at 23-28, 32-35, 51-73.) 5 Langford’s claims in Grounds 2(B), (C), (D), (F), (Q), (R), and (B1) are procedurally 6 barred. Langford raised Grounds 2(B), (C), (D), (F), (R), and (B1) for the first time in state 7 proceedings in his second state habeas petition. (Exh. 179; ECF No. 46-11.) Although 8 Langford raised Ground 2(Q) in his first habeas appeal, the Nevada Supreme Court 9 declined to consider it in the first instance. (Exh. 201; ECF No. 48-1.) Langford included 10 Ground 2(Q) in his second state habeas petition.
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4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA
6 JUSTIN ODELL LANGFORD, Case No. 3:19-cv-00594-MMD-WGC
7 Petitioner, ORDER v. 8 RENEE BAKER, et al., 9 Respondents. 10 11 I. SUMMARY 12 This habeas matter is before the Court on Respondents’ Second Motion to Dismiss 13 (ECF No. 71). For the reasons discussed below, Respondents’ motion is granted. 14 II. BACKGROUND1 15 Following a nine-day jury trial, Langford was found guilty of one count of lewdness 16 with a child under the age of 14. (Exh. 47, ECF No. 38-8.) On May 17, 2016, the state 17 court entered a judgment of conviction sentencing him to life with parole eligibility after a 18 minimum of 10 years in prison. (Exh. 50, ECF No. 38-11.) Langford appealed and the 19 Nevada Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of conviction. (Exh. 66, ECF No. 39-6.) In 20 July 2017, Langford filed pro se motions to modify and/or correct sentence and for 21 sentence reduction in July 2017. (Exh. 70, ECF No. 39-10.) The motions were denied. 22 (Exh. 120, ECF No. 43-8.) 23 Langford filed a pro se state habeas petition seeking post-conviction relief, which 24 the state district court denied. (Exh. 139, ECF No. 44-5.) Langford appealed and the 25 Nevada Supreme Court affirmed the denial of relief. (Exh. 201, ECF No. 48-1.) Prior 26 toBefore the post-conviction appeal decision, Langford filed a second pro se state petition 27
28 1This procedural history is derived from the exhibits located at ECF Nos. 32-49 on 1 in November 2018. (Exh. 179, ECF Nos. 46-11, 47-1.) The state court denied the second 2 state petition as premature and held that the second state petition was procedurally 3 barred under NRS § 34.725(1) and NRS § 34.810(2) as untimely and successive finding 4 Langford failed to show good cause and prejudice or actual innocence to overcome the 5 procedural bars. (Exh. 198, ECF No. 47-20.) The Nevada Court of Appeals affirmed the 6 state court’s judgment, finding that the second state petition was untimely and successive, 7 and Langford failed to demonstrate actual innocence to overcome the procedural bars. 8 (Exh. 219, ECF No. 49-6.) 9 On September 25, 2019, Langford initiated this federal proceeding by filing a pro 10 se petition alleging six grounds for relief with numerous subclaims. (ECF No. 1.) 11 Respondents filed their first motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 30.) The Court granted in part 12 determining that Ground 2(D1) will not be construed as a ground for relief, Grounds 2(K), 13 (Y), (T), (U), (Y), (Z), and (A1) are unexhausted, the second portion of Ground 2(W) 14 alleging that trial counsel failed to “request missing witness jury instruction” is 15 unexhausted, and Grounds 3 and 4 are dismissed with prejudice. (ECF No. 68.) The 16 Court also deferred a ruling on exhaustion and any procedural default of Grounds 2(B), 17 (C), (D), (F), (Q), (R), and (B1). (Id.) 18 Respondents now move to dismiss the Petition because Grounds 2(B), (C), (D), 19 (F), (Q), (R), and (B1) are procedurally defaulted.2 Langford argues that the state district 20 court did not have jurisdiction to reach a decision on the merits, that records were not 21 provided to Langford and his previous counsel, and that the state district court refused to 22 acknowledge Langford’s arguments. (ECF No. 72.) 23 III. DISCUSSION 24 Federal courts are barred from considering a state prisoner’s habeas claim if the 25 state courts denied his claim based on an independent and adequate state procedural 26 rule. See Edwards v. Carpenter, 529 U.S. 446, 454-55 (2000). Nevada’s one-year statute 27
28 2Grounds 1, 2(A), 2(E), 2(G), 2(H), 2(I), 2(J), 2(L), 2(M), 2(N), 2(O), 2(P), 2(S), 1 of limitation for post-conviction petitions and prohibition on second or successive post- 2 conviction petitions are independent and adequate state procedural rules as applied in 3 non-capital cases. See, e.g., Williams v. Filson, 908 F.3d 546, 580 (9th Cir. 2018); Bargas 4 v. Burns, 179 F.3d 1207, 1211-14 (9th Cir. 1999). When a petitioner “procedurally 5 defaults” a federal claim, judicial review is barred unless he can show either: (1) “cause 6 for the default and actual prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal law,” or 7 (2) “that failure to consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” 8 Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991); see also McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 9 U.S. 383, 386 (2013) (the miscarriage of justice exception ensures “that federal 10 constitutional errors do not result in the incarceration of innocent persons”). 11 To demonstrate cause, the petitioner must show that some external and objective 12 factor impeded his efforts to comply with the procedural rule. See Maples v. Thomas, 565 13 U.S. 266, 280-81 (2012). Ignorance or inadvertence does not establish cause. Murray v. 14 Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 486-87 (1986). To show prejudice, a petitioner must prove not 15 merely that the error created a possibility of prejudice, but that the error worked to his 16 actual and substantial disadvantage, infecting the entire proceeding with constitutional 17 error. See Carrier, 477 U.S. at 494; Bradford v. Davis, 923 F.3d 599, 613 (9th Cir. 2019). 18 To demonstrate a fundamental miscarriage of justice, a petitioner must show that the 19 constitutional error complained of probably resulted in the conviction of an actually 20 innocent person. See Boyd v. Thompson, 147 F.3d 1124, 1127 (9th Cir. 1998). This is a 21 narrow exception and it is reserved for extraordinary cases only. See Sawyer v. Whitley, 22 505 U.S. 333, 340 (1992). 23 In Ground 2(B), Langford alleges counsel allowed the state court to use a coercive 24 Allen charge. (ECF No. 5 at 5.) Ground 2(C) alleges counsel allowed the violation of Rule 25 24(B) of Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. (Id.) Ground 2(D) alleges counsel failed to 26 notify the state court that a government agency suppressed evidence. (Id.) Ground 2(F) 27 alleges counsel failed at the discovery process. (Id.) Ground 2(Q) alleges counsel did not 28 1 ensure the jury was properly sworn.7 (Id. at 6.) Ground 2(R) alleges counsel allowed the 2 case to proceed without a grand jury indictment. (Id.) Ground 2(B1) alleges cumulative 3 errors by counsel. (Id.) Langford raised each of these claims in his second state petition. 4 (Exh. 179, ECF No. 46-11 at 23-28, 32-35, 51-73.) 5 Langford’s claims in Grounds 2(B), (C), (D), (F), (Q), (R), and (B1) are procedurally 6 barred. Langford raised Grounds 2(B), (C), (D), (F), (R), and (B1) for the first time in state 7 proceedings in his second state habeas petition. (Exh. 179; ECF No. 46-11.) Although 8 Langford raised Ground 2(Q) in his first habeas appeal, the Nevada Supreme Court 9 declined to consider it in the first instance. (Exh. 201; ECF No. 48-1.) Langford included 10 Ground 2(Q) in his second state habeas petition. The state district court dismissed 11 Langford’s second state habeas petition as successive and procedurally barred under 12 NRS § 34.725(1) and NRS § 34.810(2) finding Langford failed to show good cause and 13 prejudice or actual innocence to overcome the procedural bars. (Exh. 196; ECF No. 47- 14 18.) 15 The Nevada Court of Appeals’ determination that Grounds 2(B), (C), (D), (F), (Q), 16 (R), and (B1) are procedurally barred under NRS § 34.726(1) and NRS § 34.810(2) was 17 an independent and adequate ground to affirm the denial of the claims in Langford’s 18 second state habeas petition. The burden thus falls on Langford to prove good cause for 19 the default and actual prejudice. See NRS §§ 34.726(1), 34.810(3). 20 Langford argues that the state district court did not have jurisdiction to reach a 21 decision on the merits because the Nevada Supreme Court had not issued a remittitur on 22 the appeals. (ECF No. 72.) Langford further argues that records were not provided to 23 Langford and his previous counsel, and that the state district court refused to 24 acknowledge Langford’s arguments. (Id.) The Court agrees with Respondents that 25 Langford failed to establish good cause and prejudice to excuse his procedurally 26 defaulted claims. (ECF No. 79.) Langford’s argument that the state district court did not 27 have jurisdiction to deny Langford’s second state habeas petition lacks merit. See Foster 28 v. Dingwall, 228 P.3d 453, 454-455 (Nev. 2010) (holding that timely notice of appeals 1 divests district court of jurisdiction except as to matters independent from the appealed 2 order and the district court retains jurisdiction to deny requests for relief regarding matters 3 that are not collateral to or independent from the appealed order while the appeal remains 4 pending). 5 Further, Langford’s arguments that parties kept records from him and that the state 6 district court did not acknowledge his arguments similarly fail. Pro se pleadings are 7 understandably given the benefit of liberal construction. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 8 519, 520-21 (1972). However, claims based on conclusory allegations are not sufficient 9 basis to provide relief. See Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 655-56 (2005). Langford’s 10 arguments are not supported by a statement of specific facts that is sufficient to show 11 cause and prejudice to overcome this procedural bar. Accordingly, the Court dismisses 12 Grounds 2(B), (C), (D), (F), (Q), (R), and (B1) as procedurally barred from federal habeas 13 review. 14 IV. OPTIONS ON A MIXED PETITION 15 A federal court may not entertain a habeas petition unless the petitioner has 16 exhausted all available and adequate state court remedies for all claims in the petition. 17 See Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 510 (1982). A “mixed petition” containing both 18 exhausted and unexhausted claims is subject to dismissal. See id. In the instant case, 19 the Court held that Grounds 2(K), (Y), (T), (U), (Y), (Z) and (A1) are unexhausted and the 20 second portion of Ground 2(W) alleging that trial counsel failed to “request missing 21 witness jury instruction” is unexhausted (ECF No. 68.) Because Langford’s petition is 22 mixed, he has three options: 23 1. File a motion to dismiss seeking partial dismissal of only the unexhausted 24 claims; 25 2. File a motion to dismiss the entire petition without prejudice in order to return 26 to state court to exhaust the unexhausted claims; and/or 27 28 1 3. File a motion for other appropriate relief, such as a motion for a stay an 2 abeyance asking this Court to hold his exhausted claims in abeyance while he 3 returns to state court to exhaust the unexhausted claims. 4|| V. CONCLUSION 5 It is therefore ordered that Respondents’ second partial motion to dismiss (ECF 6 || No. 71) is granted. Grounds 2(B), (C), (D), (F), (Q), (R), and (B1) are dismissed as 7 || procedurally barred. 8 It is further ordered that, within 30 days of the date of this order, Langford must 9 || either: 10 1. File a motion to dismiss seeking partial dismissal of only the unexhausted 11 claims; 12 2. File amotion to dismiss the entire petition without prejudice in order to return 13 to state court to exhaust the unexhausted claim; and/or 14 3. File a motion for other appropriate relief, such as a motion for a stay and 15 abeyance asking this Court to hold his exhausted claims in abeyance while 16 he returns to state court to exhaust the unexhausted claims. 17 || Failure to timely comply with this order will result in the dismissal of Langford’s mixed 18 || petition without further notice. 19 DATED THIS 13" Day of December 2021. 20 “a. ASR 22 CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 23 24 25 26 27 28