MEMORANDUM DECISION
DAVIS, Presiding Judge:
T1 Christopher Ladd appeals the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Bowers Trucking, Inc. and the Estate of Tyrone A. Granlund (collectively, Defendants). We affirm.
T2 Ladd was the passenger in a pickup truck traveling eastbound on Interstate 80 between Wendover, Nevada, and Salt Lake City, Utah, at 4:00 a.m. on August 10, 2008. For unknown reasons, the driver of the pickup truck (Driver) lost control of the vehicle, causing the pickup to roll. It landed on its wheels partly in the passing lane of traffic and partly in the median. Multiple eyewitnesses traveling in two separate vehicles were passed by the pickup minutes before the rollover accident occurred. The eyewitnesses pulled off to the side of the highway at the scene of the accident to see if they could help the rollover victims. They found the pickup empty and Driver on the ground, partially in the road, east of the pickup. Driver was semi-conscious, covered in blood, and slightly gasping for air. While the eyewitnesses were attempting to help Driver, a second accident occurred in which another vehicle on the highway clipped the pickup as it drove past. Then, as the eyewitnesses were still attempting to stabilize Driver, a semi-truck driven by Granlund, who worked for Bowers Trucking, collided with the pickup, hurling the pickup into the air and into one of the eyewitnesses and Driver, injuring the eyewitness and killing Driver. Granlund also died as a result of the accident.
183 Ladd suffered several substantial injuries including six brain contusions that resulted in short-term memory loss, a problem he continued to experience for at least six years after the accidents despite having received several weeks of cognitive therapy. Ladd had no memory of the accidents until four to six months later when he purportedly relived the accidents in a dream. In his dream, after the pickup stopped rolling, Ladd "cut himself out of his seatbelt, crawled across the driver seat and out of the vehicle," stood up, and, almost immediately upon standing up, was struck by the Bowers Trucking semi-truck driven by Granlund. Ladd dreamed that he then regained consciousness from the semi-truck accident somewhere in proximity to Driver, saw Driver's injuries, and ran in a "freaked out" panic until he collapsed in the median, where he was ultimately found by police. The dream contained only the rollover and semi-truck accidents, not the clipping accident.
T4 Ladd sued Defendants for negligence.1 In a deposition, Ladd described the details of [754]*754his dream, explaining that his account of the accident is "actually [him] reliving [his] dream." He explained that prior to having this dream, he had a gap in memory in which he had no recollection of the accidents at all; he remembered events in the truck before the accident-ie., making a cell phone call and lighting a cigarette-and he remembered waking up in the hospital after the accident.
15 Ladd's dream testimony conflicts with the eyewitnesses' and the responding Utah Highway Patrol trooper's statements. Although the eyewitnesses and the trooper could not recall seeing Ladd at the accident scene specifically, their statements indicate that Ladd was ejected during the rollover into the median and that he remained in the median until the emergency responders arrived. In granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants, the trial court ruled that Ladd's dream was inadmissible and concluded that there were no material facts in dispute. Additionally, the trial court stated that summary judgment was also warranted in light of Ladd's failure "to designate an expert witness regarding causation of damages ... [and that als such, [Ladd] cannot prove causation." Ladd appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in ruling that there were no issues of material fact in dispute based on an incorrect determination that Ladd's dream was inadmissible, that the trial court erred by weighing the evidence surrounding the semi-truck accident in its sammary judgment determination, and that the trial court erred in ruling that Ladd was required to present expert testimony to prove medical causation.
T6 Summary judgment is appropriate when "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Utah R. Civ. P. 56(c). In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the trial court "consider[s] all of the facts presented, and every inference fairly arising therefrom in the light most favorable to [the nonmoving party]." Morris v. Farnsworth Motel, 123 Utah 289, 259 P.2d 297, 298-99 (1953).
17 Although Ladd is "entitled to all favorable inferences, he is not entitled to build a case on the gossamer threads of whimsy, speculation and conjecture." Manganaro v. Delaval Separator Co., 309 F.2d 389, 393 (1st Cir.1962). To present an issue of material fact, the parties must submit admissible evidence. Ladd argues that "[ulnder Rule 601 of the Utah Rules of Evidence, [he] is presumed to be competent to testify," and that "[blased on that presumption, Ladd's testimony ... has shown the existence of a disputed issue of material fact, here whether he was involved in the accident with Defendants' vehicle." Defendants argue that Ladd's dream does not qualify as "personal knowledge" under rule 602 of the Utah Rules of Evidence and that, therefore, Ladd is incompetent to testify and there is no issue of material fact in dispute at summary judgment. Ladd counters that rule 602 of the Utah Rules of Evidence, which "requires that [a] witness have the opportunity and the capacity to perceive the events in question," State v. Eldredge, 773 P.2d 29, 33 (Utah 1989), is satisfied here because "Ladd was at the seene at the time the accident happened and as such had the opportunity to perceive the events in question." Ladd likens his situation to that discussed in State v. Eldredge, 773 P.2d 29 (Utah 1989), in which a child's testimony about sexual abuse satisfied rule 602's requirements because the child had "personal knowledge of the incidents of abuse" even though at times the child's "testimony was somewhat confused and contradictory," id. at 30, 33. Ladd argues that Eldredge stands for the proposition that rule 602 is not concerned with "the [755]*755quality of the memory but the opportunity and capacity to observe," and asserts that Ladd had both. Therefore, Ladd contends that the issue boils down to whether "the recovery of memory regardless of source {should bel considered personal knowledge [or] subject to exclusion under Utah Rule of Evidence 602."
18 We disagree. We do not believe Ladd's dream can properly be categorized as a "recovered memory." Rather, Ladds memory is of the dream itself and the dream alone. Ladd clearly stated in his deposition that his account of the accidents is "actually {him] reliving [his] dream" and that, putting the dream aside, he otherwise had absolutely no recollection of the accidents. Ladd's complaint also admits his memory lapse, stating, "Based on his limited memory of the accident, [Ladd] may have been thrown from the vehicle.2 (Emphasis added.) Rule 602, which is identical to rule 602 of the
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MEMORANDUM DECISION
DAVIS, Presiding Judge:
T1 Christopher Ladd appeals the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Bowers Trucking, Inc. and the Estate of Tyrone A. Granlund (collectively, Defendants). We affirm.
T2 Ladd was the passenger in a pickup truck traveling eastbound on Interstate 80 between Wendover, Nevada, and Salt Lake City, Utah, at 4:00 a.m. on August 10, 2008. For unknown reasons, the driver of the pickup truck (Driver) lost control of the vehicle, causing the pickup to roll. It landed on its wheels partly in the passing lane of traffic and partly in the median. Multiple eyewitnesses traveling in two separate vehicles were passed by the pickup minutes before the rollover accident occurred. The eyewitnesses pulled off to the side of the highway at the scene of the accident to see if they could help the rollover victims. They found the pickup empty and Driver on the ground, partially in the road, east of the pickup. Driver was semi-conscious, covered in blood, and slightly gasping for air. While the eyewitnesses were attempting to help Driver, a second accident occurred in which another vehicle on the highway clipped the pickup as it drove past. Then, as the eyewitnesses were still attempting to stabilize Driver, a semi-truck driven by Granlund, who worked for Bowers Trucking, collided with the pickup, hurling the pickup into the air and into one of the eyewitnesses and Driver, injuring the eyewitness and killing Driver. Granlund also died as a result of the accident.
183 Ladd suffered several substantial injuries including six brain contusions that resulted in short-term memory loss, a problem he continued to experience for at least six years after the accidents despite having received several weeks of cognitive therapy. Ladd had no memory of the accidents until four to six months later when he purportedly relived the accidents in a dream. In his dream, after the pickup stopped rolling, Ladd "cut himself out of his seatbelt, crawled across the driver seat and out of the vehicle," stood up, and, almost immediately upon standing up, was struck by the Bowers Trucking semi-truck driven by Granlund. Ladd dreamed that he then regained consciousness from the semi-truck accident somewhere in proximity to Driver, saw Driver's injuries, and ran in a "freaked out" panic until he collapsed in the median, where he was ultimately found by police. The dream contained only the rollover and semi-truck accidents, not the clipping accident.
T4 Ladd sued Defendants for negligence.1 In a deposition, Ladd described the details of [754]*754his dream, explaining that his account of the accident is "actually [him] reliving [his] dream." He explained that prior to having this dream, he had a gap in memory in which he had no recollection of the accidents at all; he remembered events in the truck before the accident-ie., making a cell phone call and lighting a cigarette-and he remembered waking up in the hospital after the accident.
15 Ladd's dream testimony conflicts with the eyewitnesses' and the responding Utah Highway Patrol trooper's statements. Although the eyewitnesses and the trooper could not recall seeing Ladd at the accident scene specifically, their statements indicate that Ladd was ejected during the rollover into the median and that he remained in the median until the emergency responders arrived. In granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants, the trial court ruled that Ladd's dream was inadmissible and concluded that there were no material facts in dispute. Additionally, the trial court stated that summary judgment was also warranted in light of Ladd's failure "to designate an expert witness regarding causation of damages ... [and that als such, [Ladd] cannot prove causation." Ladd appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in ruling that there were no issues of material fact in dispute based on an incorrect determination that Ladd's dream was inadmissible, that the trial court erred by weighing the evidence surrounding the semi-truck accident in its sammary judgment determination, and that the trial court erred in ruling that Ladd was required to present expert testimony to prove medical causation.
T6 Summary judgment is appropriate when "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Utah R. Civ. P. 56(c). In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the trial court "consider[s] all of the facts presented, and every inference fairly arising therefrom in the light most favorable to [the nonmoving party]." Morris v. Farnsworth Motel, 123 Utah 289, 259 P.2d 297, 298-99 (1953).
17 Although Ladd is "entitled to all favorable inferences, he is not entitled to build a case on the gossamer threads of whimsy, speculation and conjecture." Manganaro v. Delaval Separator Co., 309 F.2d 389, 393 (1st Cir.1962). To present an issue of material fact, the parties must submit admissible evidence. Ladd argues that "[ulnder Rule 601 of the Utah Rules of Evidence, [he] is presumed to be competent to testify," and that "[blased on that presumption, Ladd's testimony ... has shown the existence of a disputed issue of material fact, here whether he was involved in the accident with Defendants' vehicle." Defendants argue that Ladd's dream does not qualify as "personal knowledge" under rule 602 of the Utah Rules of Evidence and that, therefore, Ladd is incompetent to testify and there is no issue of material fact in dispute at summary judgment. Ladd counters that rule 602 of the Utah Rules of Evidence, which "requires that [a] witness have the opportunity and the capacity to perceive the events in question," State v. Eldredge, 773 P.2d 29, 33 (Utah 1989), is satisfied here because "Ladd was at the seene at the time the accident happened and as such had the opportunity to perceive the events in question." Ladd likens his situation to that discussed in State v. Eldredge, 773 P.2d 29 (Utah 1989), in which a child's testimony about sexual abuse satisfied rule 602's requirements because the child had "personal knowledge of the incidents of abuse" even though at times the child's "testimony was somewhat confused and contradictory," id. at 30, 33. Ladd argues that Eldredge stands for the proposition that rule 602 is not concerned with "the [755]*755quality of the memory but the opportunity and capacity to observe," and asserts that Ladd had both. Therefore, Ladd contends that the issue boils down to whether "the recovery of memory regardless of source {should bel considered personal knowledge [or] subject to exclusion under Utah Rule of Evidence 602."
18 We disagree. We do not believe Ladd's dream can properly be categorized as a "recovered memory." Rather, Ladds memory is of the dream itself and the dream alone. Ladd clearly stated in his deposition that his account of the accidents is "actually {him] reliving [his] dream" and that, putting the dream aside, he otherwise had absolutely no recollection of the accidents. Ladd's complaint also admits his memory lapse, stating, "Based on his limited memory of the accident, [Ladd] may have been thrown from the vehicle.2 (Emphasis added.) Rule 602, which is identical to rule 602 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, see Fed.R.Evid. 602; Utah R. Evid. 602 advisory committee's note,3 requires that "all non-expert witnesses before testifying to a relevant fact must establish that he or she had an opportunity to perceive a relevant fact, actually perceived it, remembers perceiving it, and can communicate that perception." R. Collin Mangrum & Dee Benson, Mangrum & Benson on Utah Evidence 355 (2010-11). Thus, "(al lay witness is only competent to testify if foundation can be presented that the witness both perceived a relevant event and can recall the event." Id. at 856. Here, Ladd's admitted memory gap indicates that he lacked the capacity to "observe," even assuming he had the "opportunity" to do so by being physically present at the scene. Cf. United States v. Lanci, 669 F.2d 391, 394 (6th Cir.1982) (excluding testimony from a lay witness for lack of personal knowledge because the witness's testimony was based on an assumption-that he "'imagine[d]) [the defendant's]! fingerprints appeared on the FBI documents because of [the defendant's] curiosity about the documents" but that he otherwise "didn't know whether [the defendant actually] 'read them ... or glanced through them or what'" (first alteration in original)). Ladd's attempt to fill his memory gap with the contents of a dream he experienced several months after the events does not provide the required foundation to show that he had the "opportunity" or the "capacity" to observe at the time the event occurred, or that he is now able to recall whatever he may have observed at the time. Therefore, Ladd's case is not akin to Eldredge, where the child witness was at least recalling actual, albeit incomplete, memories. See, 773 P.2d at 33. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that Ladd's dream was inadmissible and that this exclusion left no material facts in dispute at summary judgment.4 Consequently, we do not address Ladd's separate argument that the trial court improperly weighed the evidence during summary judgment.
19 Next, Ladd argues that the trial court erred in determining that expert witness testimony was required in order for Ladd to establish the causation element of his negligence causes of action. We agree with the trial court.
Y10 "The essential elements of a negligence action are: (1) a duty of reasonable care owed by the defendant to plaintiff; (2) a breach of that duty; (8) the causation, [756]*756both actually and proximately, of injury; and (4) the suffering of damages by the plaintiff." Williams v. Melby, 699 P.2d 723, 726 (Utah 1985). Utah courts generally require expert testimony to prove causation in tort cases in all but the "most obvious cases." See Foz v. Brigham Young Univ., 2007 UT App 406, 122, 176 P.3d 446 (internal quotation marks omitted). What is obvious "depends on the nature of the injury." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). "Where the injury involves obscure medical factors which are beyond an ordinary lay person's knowledge, necessitating speculation in making a finding, there must be expert testimony that the negligent act probably caused the injury." Beard v. K-Mart Corp., 2000 UT App 285, ¶ 16, 12 P.3d 1015 (internal quotation marks omitted). A causation determination is generally a question of fact, but the trial court may make a legal ruling on this issue if "(1) there is no evidence to establish a causal connection, thus leaving causation to jury speculation, or (2) where reasonable persons could not differ on the inferences to be derived from the evidence on proximate causation." Clark v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 893 P.2d 598, 601 (Utah Ct.App.1995) (internal quotation marks omitted).
{11 Ladd did not designate any expert witnesses. Instead, in his initial discovery disclosures he listed several physicians and medical personnel as potential lay witnesses who "may have information regarding the medical treatment provided and [his] future prognosis." Ladd argues that his testimony about his injuries is sufficient to prove causation. Ladd's deposition explained that after he purportedly freed himself from the pickup, he discerned his injuries to consist of abdominal pain and a bleeding laceration near one eye, and that when he awoke after the semi-truck accident, his injuries included a laundry list of bruises, serapes, and lacerations all over his body, a broken bone in one foot, multiple brain contusions, cognitive problems, and a punctured lung. Ladd argues that "[iJt is not outside of the realm of the lay person to understand that when a semi-tractor and trailer strikes a vehicle at speed sending the vehicle into a person that the person would suffer the types and serious[ness of] injuries alleged by [Ladd]."
¶ 12 We do not agree that causation is as obvious as Ladd implies. This is a complex case involving obscure medical details, including several brain injuries, and three automobile accidents, each of which could have potentially caused some or all of Ladd's injuries. Even assuming Ladd's testimony is sufficient to prove his less esoteric injuries, it is not enough to identify which of his multiple brain injuries were caused by which accident. We agree with Ladd that a pickup truck launched through the air by the impact of a semi-truck is a projectile capable of causing severe injury to any hapless individual in its trajectory. However, Ladd's testimony invites the fact finder not to simply infer that the impact caused his injuries but to speculate as to which injuries it caused. See generally Lindsay v. Gibbons & Reed, 27 Utah 2d 419, 497 P.2d 28, 31 (1972) ("A finding of causation cannot be predicated on mere speculation or conjecture, and the matter must be withdrawn from the jury's consideration, unless there is evidence from which the inference may reasonably be drawn that the injury suffered was caused by the negligent act of the defendant. Jurors may not speculate as to possibilities .... "(footnote omitted)). Accordingly, Ladd's testimony alone is insufficient to establish causation.
¶ 13 Ladd also argues that his treating physicians, whom he designated as lay witnesses, can testify as to causation and presumably fill in any gaps left by Ladd's causation testimony. Lay witnesses can testify only to matters of which they have personal knowledge, see Utah R. Evid. 602, and it is undisputed that Ladd's treating physicians do not have personal knowledge of causation. Therefore, testimony from Ladd's treating physicians as to causation would go beyond the physicians' "factual description of his or her personal observations during treatment," Pete v. Youngblood, 2006 UT App 303, ¶¶ 13-15, 141 P.3d 629 (determining that the plaintiff's designation of her treating physician as a lay witness, and not an expert witness, foreclosed the physician's ability to offer opinion testimony in an affidavit as to standard of care and breach), and would amount to opinion testimony, see Drew v. [757]*757Lee, 2011 UT 15, ¶ 30, 250 P.3d 48 (explaining that a treating physician's testimony as to causation constitutes opinion testimony). Lay witnesses are prohibited from providing opinion testimony unless the "opinions or inferences ... are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness, (b) helpful to a clear understanding of the witness' testimony or the determination of a fact in issue, and (c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702." Utah R. Evid. 701; see also id. R. 702 (explaining when expert testimony is appropriate and what constitutes expert testimony). However, a treating physician's testimony regarding the extent to which each of several automobile accidents caused or contributed to Ladd's various injuries is surely based on that physician's "specialized knowledge ..., skill, experience, training, or education," see id. R. 702(a), and therefore not within rule 701's exception. Thus, in order for any of Ladd's treating physicians to offer testimony as to causation, Ladd was required to designate them as expert witnesses. See Utah R. Civ. P. 26(a)(8); Pete, 2006 UT App 303, ¶ 11, 141 P.3d 629 (explaining that rule 26(a)(8) of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure requires "disclosure of the identity of expert[witnesses]")5 Without an expert witness designation, Ladd cannot establish causation. Accordingly, we affirm.
€ 14 I CONCUR: STEPHEN L. ROTH, Judge.