MEMORANDUM DECISION GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTION TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION FOR SANCTIONS
STUART M. BERNSTEIN, Chief Judge.
The plaintiff commenced this adversary proceeding primarily to recover severance benefits from the reorganized debtor and certain individuals, based on claims sounding in contract and tort. The defendants Penthouse Media Group, Inc. (“Penthouse”), Marc Bell and Daniel Staton (collectively, the “Movants”) moved to dismiss the Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted, Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), and for failure to satisfy the pleading requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). They also sought sanctions. For the reasons that follow, the second and third counts of the Amended Complaint are dismissed as against these Mov-ants. Count 1 is also dismissed as against the Movants to the extent that it alleges a breach of the Guccione Agreements, described below. The motions are otherwise denied.
BACKGROUND
A. The Contracts
Penthouse is the successor in interest to General Media, Inc., a reorganized chapter
11 debtor, (Amended Complaint, ¶ 2) (ECF Doc. # 45 filed in Adv. Proc. No. 05-03658), and the two are referred to collectively as the Debtor. The Debtor had employed the plaintiff in various capacities for approximately 33 years.
(Id.,
at ¶ 14.) The Debtor induced the plaintiff to continue to work by promising that it would pay the educational expenses of her children, grant her vacation time, and pay severance benefits. In addition, after the Debtor filed for bankruptcy (in August 2003), she was promised continued employment as part of the reorganization plan.
(Id.,
at ¶ 15.)
The Debtor confirmed the Fourth Amended Joint Plan of Reorganization (the “Plan”) (ECF Doc. # 642)
by order dated August 13, 2004 (“Confirmation Order”). (ECF Doc. #649.) The Plan incorporated a Fourth Amended Plan Supplement, dated Aug. 12, 2004 (“Plan Supplement”)(ECF Doc. # 644) that included two unsigned agreements central to the plaintiffs tort claims.
Under the first, a Consulting Agreement between the Debtor and General Media International, Inc. (“GMII”), a non-debtor affiliate, the Debtor agreed to engage GMII to provide the consulting services of GMII’s principal, Robert C. Guccione, for 10 years. The Consulting Agreement did not mention the plaintiff, and contained a negating clause to the effect that the parties did not intend to create enforceable rights on behalf of any third parties:
No party shall assign this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by the parties hereto and their respective heirs, legal representatives, successors and assigns,
but no other person shall acquire or have any rights under or by virtue of this Agreement.
(Consulting Agreement, at § 8.04)(empha-sis added.)
The second agreement, a Letter Agreement between Guccione and the Debtor, which was attached as Exhibit A to the Consulting Agreement, is the more important one. Paragraph 4 stated in pertinent part:
The Company [the Debtor] shall provide Consultant [Guccione] with one full-time assistant, namely Jane Homlish [the plaintiff] (or such other person as Consultant shall designate)....
In any event, the Company shall employ Ms. Homlish (on condition that she is mll-ing to be so employed) in a position having substantially similar duties with salary and comparable benefits to those she currently
enjoys....
(emphasis added.) Despite this language, the Letter Agreement, like the Consulting Agreement, included a negating clause:
This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by the parties hereto and their respective heirs, legal representatives, successors and assigns,
but no other person shall acquire or have any rights under or by virtue of this Agreement.
(Letter Agreement, at ¶ 18)(emphasis added.)
The Confirmation Order expressly authorized and approved the Consulting Agreement and the Letter Agreement (collectively, the “Guccione Agreements”), but they were never executed. (Confirmation Order, at ¶ 10.) On October 6, 2004, the Debtor filed a statement declaring that the Plan had become effective one day earlier, and that the Debtor had not consummated the Guccione Agreements, and did not expect to.
(See
ECF Doc. # 742.) The next day, October 7, 2004, the Debtor fired the plaintiff. (Amended Complaint, at ¶ 17.) The plaintiff demanded the payment of her severance benefits, but the Debtor refused.
(Id.,
at ¶¶ 18-21.)
B. The Tortious Conduct
The reasons underlying the plaintiffs termination, and the failure to execute the Guccione Agreements, were spelled out in the Amended Complaint and in a pleading from another action brought by Guccione in New York state court (the “Guccione Complaint”) attached as Exhibit C to the Amended Complaint. The Guccione Complaint spans 35 pages, but at oral argument, the plaintiffs attorney identified the important allegations. Bell and Staton were looking to take over the Debtor. According to the Guccione Complaint, the defendant Bell told Guccione on August 6, 2004, that he and the defendant Staton were prepared to go forward with a version of Bell’s former plan on the condition that the new plan was confirmed within a week. (Guccione Complaint, at ¶ 64.) Bell reaffirmed that he would provide Guccione with a deal worth $500,000 per year for 10 years, plus another $250,000 annually for benefits and a staff, plus the right to possess certain personal property.
(Id.)
Guc-cione had no alternative but to support the Plan. (Guccione Complaint, at ¶ 69.)
Bell and Staton had ulterior motives in making the promises to Guccione, which they did not intend to honor. They needed the approval of the Debtor’s board of directors to confirm the Plan. The Debtor’s board consisted of three members, two of whom were Guccione and his daughter. Bell and Staton made the false promises to Guccione to induce him to support their plan in his capacity as a director of the Debtor.
(Id.,
at ¶ 65.) Their plan was ultimately approved, as Bell and Staton were the only potential sources of re-financing at the time.
(Id.,
at ¶ 67.) On the effective date, Bell and Staton became the two directors of the Debtor,
(see
Plan, at § 8.3.1), and respectively, its president and treasurer/secretary. (Plan Supplement, Ex. # 3.)
Bell and Staton engineered an excuse to avoid signing the Guccione Agreements by linking them to another transaction. In early August 2004, and while they were negotiating the Plan and the Guccione Agreements, they asked Guccione to include certain UK trademarks in the overall deal. Although the defendants Samel and Galanis had asserted claims to the UK trademarks, Guccione believed that those claims were invalid, and agreed to a separate deal concerning the UK trademarks with Bell and Staton. (Guccione Complaint, at ¶ 73.) Thus, Bell and Staton agreed to engage Guccione as a consultant for the aggregate amount of $750,000 annually, including an assistant and a secretary, and Guccione agreed, among other things, to transfer the UK trademarks to the Debtor on or after the effective date.
(Id.,
at ¶ 74.)
The deal was a-pretense; the UK trademark transaction was orchestrated with the assistance of Samel and Galanis “for the express purpose of getting the Fourth [Amended Joint] Plan of Reorganization confirmed and dividing the spoils of that
conquest without ever paying Guccione.”
{Id.,
at ¶ 75.) Bell and Staton used the promise of the Consulting Agreement to induce Guccione to support the Plan, and thereafter, they used the alleged unavailability of the UK trademarks “as a contrived excuse not to honor that deal.”
{Id.)
Upon information and belief, this was part of a wide-ranging conspiracy among Bell, Staton, Samel and Galanis.
{Id.
at If 77.) Immediately after confirmation, Bell and Staton offered Samel and Galanis the chance to acquire a 37% stake in the reorganized debtor. The latter raised the necessary money by falsely representing to third parties that they controlled the UK trademarks.
(Id.)
The Amended Complaint added several allegations, many conclusory, which were consistent with the scheme described in the Guccione Complaint. It charged that the Plan was based upon a fraud. The failure to consummate the Plan was part of a “secret alliance,” an “illicit alliance,” and a “secret deal” between and among Samel, Galanis, Bell and Staton to “avoid honoring” the Guccione Agreements, which were part of the Plan and would have ensured the Plaintiffs continued employment and historical benefits. (Amended Complaint, at ¶ 27.) They conspired to take over the Debtor, and never intended to honor the Plan as it pertained to the employment of Guccione or the plaintiff.
(Id.)
The plaintiff was never told (until she was fired) that her employment and severance benefits would be terminated.
(Id.,
at ¶ 28.) These defendants knew about the plaintiffs rights, and interfered with them in a manner that was “intentional and improper,” went “far beyond the bounds of legitimate business activities,” was “done as part of a wrongful act,” and lacked any “legal or social justification.”
(Id.,
at ¶ 29.)
C. The Plaintiffs Claims for Relief
The Amended Complaint asserted three causes of action. Count 1 sounded in contract, and alleged that the Debtor breached its pre-petition promise, affirmed post-petition but pre-confirmation, to pay the benefits that had been promised during the 33 years of the plaintiffs employment. In particular, this included her claim for severance pay. It is not clear whether Count 1 was also intended to allege a contract claim under the Guccione Agreements. Count 2 charged all of the defendants other than the Debtor with tortious interference with the contract rights. Count 2 referred to the accrued pre-petition contract rights, reaffirmed post-petition and pre-confirmation, but primarily focused on the rights granted under the Guccione Agreements. Finally, Count 3, pleaded in the alternative, alleged that if the plaintiff did not acquire contract rights (presumably referring to the Guccione Agreements), the defendants (other than the Debtor) tortiously interfered with the plaintiffs prospective economic advantage.
The Movants moved to dismiss the Amended Complaint, arguing that the bankruptcy discharge barred the pre-petition contract claim, and there never was a post-petition contract to breach or interfere with. In addition, they contended that the allegations in the tort claims failed to meet the pleading requirements imposed under Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b).
DISCUSSION
A. Count 1 — Breach of Contract
Under New York law, a party claiming a breach of contract must prove “(1) a contract; (2) performance of the contract by one party; (3) breach by the other party; and (4) damages.”
Rexnord Holdings v. Bidermann,
21 F.3d 522, 525 (2d Cir.1994);
accord First Investors Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.,
152 F.3d 162, 168 (2d Cir.1998). The Amended Complaint identified two possible contracts, the plaintiffs pre-petition employment agreement
and the plaintiffs post-confirmation employment contract as embodied in the Guccione Agreements. It was not always easy to determine precisely which contract was the subject of each count, and I have assumed that each count implicates both.
1. The Employment Agreement
Count 1 adequately pleads a claim for breach of the plaintiffs pre-petition employment agreement. The plaintiff worked for the Debtor for approximately 38 years. She was promised certain benefits, including severance pay, in connection with that employment agreement. The Debtor terminated her employment on October 7, 2004, and refused to pay those benefits. The claim that the Debtor agreed to continue to employ her, or induced her to continue to work on the same terms, is subsumed by her pre-petition employment contract claim.
Count 1 does not allege a breach of contract claim based on the plaintiffs termination. The plaintiff does not contend that she had a right to lifetime employment or a right to employment for a specific duration, at least prior to the effective date. Under New York law, she was an at-will employee, and has no claim for breach of contract based solely upon her termination.
See Sherman v. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.,
No. 98 Civ. 2809(AJP)(MBM), 1998 WL 437158, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 31, 1998)(citing cases). The Debtor was free to fire her, and her contract claim is one for breach of the obligation to pay benefits accruing on the termination.
As noted, the Movants contend that the bankruptcy discharge bars the plaintiffs claim for severance pay. The Plan rejected certain executory contracts listed on Schedule 7.1B, and directed the non-debt- or party to file its rejection damage claim within 30 days of the notice of the order approving the rejection (the “Rejection Claims Bar Date”). Any claims not filed within that time would be barred:
7.1
Assumption or Rejection of Execu-tory Contracts and Unexpired Leases
7. 1.1
Executory Contracts and Personal Property Leases.
Except as otherwise provided herein or by the Confirmation Order, as of the Effective Date, ... All executory contracts and personal property leases set forth in Schedule 7.1B filed simultaneously herewith shall be deemed rejected as of the Effective Date. No executory contracts or personal property leases, other than those listed in Schedule 7.1B, shall be rejected after the Confirmation Date....
7.1.5
Bar Date for Filing Proofs of Claim Relating to Executory Contracts or Personal Property Leases Rejected Pursuant to the Plan.
Unless the Bankruptcy Court fixes a different time period pursuant to an order approving the rejection of a contract or lease, Claims arising out of the rejection of an executory contract or personal property lease pursuant to this Section 7.1 and Schedule 7.1B must be filed with the Bankruptcy Court no later than thirty (30) days after notice of entry of an order approving the rejection of such contract or lease (the “Rejection Claim Bar Date”). Any Claims not filed within such time will be forever barred from assertion against the estates, the Reorganized Debtors and their property and will not receive any distributions under the Plan.
Paragraph 15 of the Confirmation Order required the Debtor to serve notice of the
Rejection Claims Bar Date on the non-debtor party to a contract rejected under section 7. 1, and repeated the effect of the failure to meet the claim filing deadline:
Proof of any claim for breach of an executory contract rejected pursuant to section 7. 1.1 and Schedule 7.1(B) of the Fourth Amended Plan shall be served and filed with the Court no later than thirty (30) days after notice of entry of the Confirmation Order (the “Rejection Claims Bar Date”), or it shall be forever barred and discharged. On or before the tenth (10th) Business Day following the date of entry of this Confirmation Order, the Debtors shall electronically file with the Bankruptcy Court and serve notice, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A, of entry of this Confirmation Order and the Rejection Claims Bar Date upon those parties to executory contracts rejected pursuant to section 7. 1.1 and Schedule 7.1(B) of the Fourth Amended Plan.
Once again, the Rejection Claims Bar Date was limited to those contracts listed on Schedule 7.1(B) and rejected pursuant to section 7.1.1 of the Plan.
The plaintiffs pre-petition employment agreement was not listed on Schedule 7.1(B), (see Plan Supplement, Ex. 5), or rejected under section 7. 1.1 of the Plan. Instead, the Plan dealt separately with severance claims in section 7.3:
7.3.
Compensation and Benefit Programs.
All employment and severance practices and policies, and all compensation and benefit plans, policies, and programs of each Debtor applicable to its directors, officers or employees, including, without limitation, all savings plans, retirement plans, health care plans, severance benefit plans, incentive plans, workers’ compensation programs and life, disability and other insurance plans are treated as executory contracts under the Plan and are hereby rejected pursuant to Section 365(a) of the Bankruptcy Code, except for those specified in Schedule 7.1 hereto to be filed simultaneously herewith in the Fourth Amended Plan Supplement, which executory contracts shall be deemed assumed as of the Effective Date.
It appears from the face of the Plan and the Confirmation Order that the Rejection Claims Bar Date did not apply to the plaintiffs severance pay claim, and no other bar date covered severance claims. But even if the Rejection Claims Bar Date covered to the Debtor’s claim, the affidavit of service of the notice of rejection and Rejection Claims Bar Date filed with the Court does not include the plaintiffs name.
(See Affidavit of Service [of Notice of Rejection Claims Bar Date and Entry of Confirmation Order],
sworn to Aug. 20, 2004 (ECF Doc. # 671.)) Thus, it appears that the Debtor failed to comply with the direction in the Confirmation Order to serve the plaintiff with notice of the Rejection Claims Bar Date.
Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the pre-petition employment contract claim is denied.
2. The Guccione Agreements
The Amended Complaint does not state a claim on behalf of the plaintiff for breach of the Guccione Agreements, First, the Guccione Agreements were never signed. Second, even if they had been, they did not give the plaintiff any enforceable rights. Only an intended beneficiary may assert a contract claim as a third party beneficiary.
Mortise v. United States,
102 F.3d 693, 697 (2d Cir.1996). A third party is an intended beneficiary when either (1) no one other than the third party can recover if the promi-sor breaches the contract, or (2) the language of the contract clearly evidences an intent to permit the third party to en
force it.
Piccoli v. Calvin Klein Jeanswear Co.,
19 F.Supp.2d 157, 162 (S.D.N.Y.1998);
Fourth Ocean Putnam Corp. v. Interstate Wrecking Co., Inc.,
66 N.Y.2d 38, 495 N.Y.S.2d 1, 485 N.E.2d 208, 212 (N.Y.1985). If the third party is not an intended beneficiary, she is, at most, an incidental beneficiary.
Id.
(“An incidental beneficiary is one who is not an intended beneficiary.” (citing Restatement [Second] of Contracts § 302[2]).)
The plaintiff fails the first prong because Guccione (or GMII) could have enforced the breach of the Guccione Agreements. She also fails the second prong. The Guccione Agreements stated that “no other person shall acquire or have any rights under or by virtue of this Agreement.”
(See
Consulting Agreement, at ¶ 8.04; Letter Agreement, at ¶ 13.) “Under New York law, the effectiveness of a negating clause to preclude third-party beneficiary status is well-established: ‘[w]here a provision exists in an agreement expressly negating an intent to permit enforcement by third parties, ... that provision is decisive.’ ”
India.com, Inc. v. Dalal,
412 F.3d 315, 321 (2d Cir.2005)(quoting
Nepco Forged Prods., Inc. v. Consolidated Edison Co. of N.Y., Inc.,
99 A.D.2d 508, 470 N.Y.S.2d 680, 681 (N.Y.App. Div., 2d Dep’t 1984));
accord Morse/Diesel, Inc. v. Trinity Indus., Inc.,
859 F.2d 242, 249 (2d Cir.1988)(“Under New York law, where a provision in a contract expressly negates enforcement by third parties, that provision is controlling.”). Notwithstanding the language in the Letter Agreement, these clauses expressly negate any intent to benefit the plaintiff. She is an incidental beneficiary, and has no enforceable rights.
Finally, the plaintiffs attempt to distinguish
India.com
is unconvincing. There, one of the plaintiffs (EasyLink) hired the defendant to act as a broker to sell an EasyLink subsidiary. The defendant located a buyer, and EasyLink and the buyer entered into a stock purchase agreement. The stock purchase agreement acknowledged the brokerage agreement, and stated that the defendant was entitled to fees payable pursuant to its provisions. The stock purchase agreement also contained a negating clause stating that it was not intended to create any right or claim in favor of any non-party. 412 F.3d at 317-18. The buyer needed to obtain certain regulatory approvals to close, and required EasyLink’s help to get them. EasyLink allegedly failed to cooperate, and terminated the stock purchase agreement on the ground that the buyer failed to obtain the approvals by the deadline specified in the contract.
Id.
at 318.
The broker sued as a third-party beneficiary for breach of the stock purchase agreement. The Court of Appeals rejected the claim, and ruled in accordance with the settled New York law discussed above, that the negating clause prevented the broker from acquiring rights under the stock purchase agreement, even though the latter mentioned his brokerage agreement.
Id.
at 322.
The broker also sued for breach of the brokerage agreement. He argued that EasyLink had wrongfully terminated the stock purchase agreement to avoid paying the brokerage commission.
Id.
at 323. The Court ruled that a seller could be liable for the commission, even in the absence of a closing, if the seller was responsible for the failure of the condition.
Id.
at 324. Seizing on this last point, the plaintiff implies that she is entitled to recover under the Guccione Agreements because the defendants were responsible for the failure to execute them.
(Plaintiffs Supplemental Memorandum in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss on the Pleadings,
dated Apr. 17, 2007, at ¶¶ 9-
10)(ECF Doc. # 58 filed in Adv. Proc. No. 05-3658.)
Her argument misses the point. In
India, com,
the broker was allowed to pursue his claims against EasyLink under the separate brokerage agreement that both parties had signed, although he could not pursue a third-party beneficiary claim under the stock purchase agreement. It did not matter that EasyLink prevented the consummation of the stock purchase agreement because the defendant did not have any rights under that agreement. Here, too, the plaintiff may pursue claims under her employment agreement with the Debtor, but cannot pursue third-party beneficiary claims under the Guccione Agreements, even if the Debtor prevented their execution.
India.com
does not support the argument that she can sue as a third-party beneficiary of the Guccione Agreements.
B. Count 2 — Tortious Interference With Contract
To prevail on a claim for tor-tious interference with contract, a plaintiff must establish: (1) the existence of a valid contract between plaintiff and a third party; (2) the defendant’s knowledge of that contract; (3) the defendant’s intentional procuring of the breach, and (4) damages.
White Plains Coat & Apron Co., Inc. v. Cintas Corp.,
460 F.3d 281, 285 (2d Cir.2006);
Albert v. Loksen,
239 F.3d 256, 274 (2d Cir.2001);
Foster v. Churchill,
87 N.Y.2d 744, 642 N.Y.S.2d 583, 665 N.E.2d 153, 156 (N.Y.1996). In addition, Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that allegations involving fraud must state the circumstances constituting fraud with particularity. Even where fraud is not an element of the claim, the allegations must satisfy Fed. R. Crv. P. 9(b) if the claim is based on fraudulent conduct.
Krause v. Forex Exch. Mkt., Inc.,
356 F.Supp.2d 332, 338 n. 49 (S.D.N.Y.2005); see
Rombach v. Chang,
355 F.3d 164, 171 (2d Cir.2004). Lastly, a pleader cannot allege fraud based upon information and belief unless the facts are “peculiarly within the opposing party’s knowledge.”
Schlick v. Penn-Dixie Cement Corp.,
507 F.2d 374, 379 (2d Cir.1974),
cert. denied,
421 U.S. 976, 95 S.Ct. 1976, 44 L.Ed.2d 467 (1975);
accord Campaniello Imports, Ltd. v. Saporiti Italia S.p.A.,
117 F.3d 655, 664 (2d Cir.1997). In those cases, the pleader must nonetheless allege facts upon which the belief is founded.
Id.
1. Plaintiffs At-Will Employment
Generally, an at-will employee cannot assert a claim for tortious interference with that employment.
Albert v. Loksen,
239 F.3d at 274;
Ingle v. Glamore Motor Sales, Inc.,
73 N.Y.2d 183, 538 N.Y.S.2d 771, 535 N.E.2d 1311, 1313 (N.Y.1989)(“the plaintiff here cannot be allowed to evade the employment at-will rule and relationship by recasting his cause of action in the garb of a tortious interference with his employment”). New York law recognizes a limited exception where “a third party used wrongful means to effect the termination such as fraud, misrepresentation, or threats, that the means used violated a duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, or that the defendant acted with malice.”
Albert v. Loksen,
239 F.3d at 274 (quoting
Cohen v. Davis,
926 F.Supp. 399, 403 (S.D.N.Y.1996).) The defendant cannot be a party to the contract, and the employees of a corporate party are considered parties to the contract for this purpose.
See id.,
239 F.3d at 274. A co-employee can only be liable for tortious interference with an at-will employment agreement if he acted beyond the scope of his authority or committed an independent tortious act against the plaintiff. Id. at 275.
Here, the plaintiffs at-will employment with the Debtor was terminated
after the effective date. By then, Bell and Staton were officers and directors of the Debtor. Thus, they were co-employees with the plaintiff, and Bell clearly had the authority to fire her and refuse to pay her severance claim. Since Staton was acting with Bell, he had the same authority.
The plaintiff also failed to allege that Bell or Staton committed an independent tortious act against her. The only arguable independent tort concerned, the misrepresentations made to Guccione regarding his post-confirmation consulting package. Under New York law, the elements of a fraud claim are (1) a misrepresentation by the defendant, (2) made with knowledge of the falsity and the intent to deceive (3) justifiable reliance by the plaintiff and (4) injury.
Guilbert v. Gardner,
480 F.3d 140, 147 n. 5 (2d Cir.2007);
May Dep’t Stores Co. v. Int’l Leasing Corp.,
1 F.3d 138, 141 (2d Cir.1993);
Rotara v. D.E. Jones Commodities, Inc.,
835 F.2d 966, 970-71 (2d Cir.1987). The Amended Complaint does not allege that Bell or Staton made any misrepresentations to the plaintiff; they made their alleged misrepresentations to Guccione. Thus, they could not have intended that the plaintiff would rely on what they said to him. Moreover, although the plaintiff indicates that she relied on the promise of future employment contained in the Guccione Agreements, (Amended Complaint, at ¶ 25), those agreements were attached to a Plan Supplement that was signed by Guc-cione, not Bell or Staton. Furthermore, while the plaintiff alleges that “authorized representatives” of the Debtor promised her numerous employment benefits, the representations spanned a 33-year period, and the plaintiff does not allege that they were false when made.
Finally, the allegations of fraud fail to satisfy Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). Although styled as a claim for tortious interference with contract, Count 2 is premised on the fraud committed by the defendants. She must prove that fraud to prevail on her claim. The plaintiff did not identify who made representations to her about her continued employment or when they were made. Moreover, the plaintiff did not allege facts sufficient to support the inference of
scien-ter
concerning the representations of continued employment made to her. Finally, some of the allegations in the Guccione Complaint as well as the Amended Complaint are alleged upon information and belief.
0See
Amended Complaint, at ¶ 25.)
The plaintiff also failed to allege a tortious interference with existing rights under the Guccione Agreements. As noted, the Guccione Agreements were never signed. Furthermore, an incidental beneficiary cannot maintain a claim for tortious interference with her rights under a contract that did not grant her any enforceable rights in the first place.
See Tasso v. Platinum Guild Int’l,
No. 94 Civ. 8288(LAP), 1998 WL 841489, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3, 1998)(“New York courts have declined to recognize the right of incidental beneficiaries to sue for tortious interference of contract”);
Alvord & Swift v. Stewart M. Muller Constr. Co.,
46 N.Y.2d 276, 413 N.Y.S.2d 309, 385 N.E.2d 1238, 1241 (N.Y.1978)(“There exists ... no tort liability to incidental beneficiaries not in privity.”).
Accordingly, Count 2 is dismissed.
C. Count 3 — Tortious Interference With Prospective Economic Advantage
The plaintiffs final claim, pleaded in the alternative, asserts that absent the wrongdoing by the non-Debtor defendants, she would have enjoyed a contractual relationship with the Debtor, “and/or would have received the benefits due to her.”
(Amended Complaint, at ¶34.) Their actions were “prompted by legal malice, were morally culpable, and far exceeded the bounds of legitimate, robust business practices,” and “were part of a fraudulent scheme to obtain control over” the Debtor.
(Id.
at ¶ 35.) In other words, the defendants tortiously interfered with the rights that the plaintiff would have acquired under the Guccione Agreements.
To establish a claim for tor-tious interference with prospective business relations, the plaintiff must allege “1) that the defendant interfered with a business relationship between, and belonging to, plaintiff and a third party; 2) with the sole purpose of either harming the plaintiff, or by means which are dishonest, unfair or otherwise improper; and 3) that plaintiff would have entered into a contract with the third party but for the defendant’s interference.”
Tasso,
1998 WL 841489, at *4. The plaintiffs expectation in prospective business relations is entitled to less protection than existing contracts or business relations. Consequently, the plaintiff must also show that the defendant used wrongful means.
NBT Bancorp Inc. v. Fleet/Norstar Fin. Group, Inc.,
87 N.Y.2d 614, 641 N.Y.S.2d 581, 664 N.E.2d 492, 496 (N.Y.1996);
Guart-Life Corp. v. Parker Hardware Mfg. Corp.,
50 N.Y.2d 183, 428 N.Y.S.2d 628, 406 N.E.2d 445, 449 (N.Y.1980).
The plaintiff was neither a party nor an intended beneficiary of the Guc-cione Agreements, and cannot satisfy the last element. Furthermore, the claim fails because the Amended Complaint and the Guccione Complaint described a scheme by Bell and Staton to take over the Debtor rather than to harm the plaintiff.
See Lobel v. Maimonides Med. Ctr.,
2007 WL 1052823, at *1 (N.Y.App.Div. Apr. 10, 2007)(“Nor ... did plaintiffs allegations concerning statements purportedly defaming her set forth grounds for a tortious interference claim, since it is clear that any motivation on defendant Grazi’s part was based on economic self-interest and not for the sole purpose of harming plaintiff’). Lastly, the Amended Complaint failed to allege that Bell and Staton committed any tortious acts against the plaintiff. Finally, Count 3 fails to satisfy Rule 9(b) for the same reasons as Count 2.
Based on the foregoing, Count 3 is dismissed.
D. Sanctions
The moving defendants seek sanctions against the plaintiff and her counsel for filing the Amended Complaint. This requires some more background. The plaintiffs original complaint,
(see
Attachment #3 to ECF Doc. # 26 filed in Adv. Proc. No. 05-03658)(the “Complaint”), included several conclusory tort allegations, and lacked specificity. For example, Count 2 charged that “Bell ... maliciously without just cause [has] interfered with the payment of the contractual entitlement due to plaintiff.” (Complaint, at ¶ 17.) Count 3 alleged that the Debtors “engaged in fraud by and through its representations to plaintiff.”
(Id,
at ¶ 20.) Finally, the plaintiff contended in Count 4 that “the actions of defendants in denying severance benefits and/or causing the denial of severance benefits are without justification and are malicious in nature which have caused foreseeable damage to plaintiff, including but not limited to economic damages and damages from emotional distress.”
(Id,
at ¶ 29.)
The Debtor and Bell moved for summary judgment on September 15, 2006. The central premise of the motion was that the severance claim was barred by the bankruptcy discharge. In addition, they argued that the tort claims were not adequately pleaded. The Court conducted a hearing on January 25, 2007, at which it essentially denied summary judgment on the severance pay claim.
The plaintiff had presented evidence that the Debtor’s counsel had assured her that it was unnecessary to file a claim because she would continue to work for the Debtor, and she relied on that representation. This raised an issue of equitable estoppel. (Transcript of hearing held Jan. 25, 2007, at 4-6, 7-8, 10) (ECF Doc. #47, filed in Adv. Proc. No. 05-03658.)
The Court and the parties then turned their attention to the tort claims. I reiterated my earlier impression that the plaintiff had not pleaded the fraud claims, including the tortious interference claims that sounded in fraud or depended on proof of fraud, with sufficient specificity.
(Id.
at 12.) On that prior occasion, I had suggested to the plaintiff that she amend the tort claims because they did not pass muster under the pleading requirements.
(Id.
at 13.) In the end, I granted the plaintiff leave to replead her complaint.
The Amended Complaint was slightly more informative. It added additional defendants, included extra allegations, and attached and/or incorporated by reference the Guccione Agreements, the Guccione Complaint, and possibly, the Plan. After receiving the Amended Complaint, Bell, Staton and the Debtor responded with a “safe harbor” letter, dated February 12, 2007.
(See Application in Support of an Order Imposing Sanctions Against Plaintiff and Her Counsel,
dated Feb. 28, 2007
(“Sanctions Motion”),
Ex. A
(see
ECF Doc. # 50 filed in Adv. Proc. No. # 05-03658.)) They insisted that the Amended Complaint repeated the same deficient allegations, and ignored the Court’s warning regarding those deficiencies; the only difference, they said, was that the plaintiff attached the Guccione Complaint, which did not mention the plaintiff, to her Amended Complaint. Contending that the claims were unwarranted under existing law and intended to harass, they demanded that the plaintiff withdraw the Amended Complaint or face a motion under Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011. The plaintiff declined the invitation in a terse reply sent ten days later,
(Sanctions Motion,
Ex. B), and the Movants filed the Sanctions Motion on March 1, 2007.
Rule 9011 of the Federal Bankruptcy Rules governs the imposition of sanctions. The party that presents a pleading to the court makes the four certifications set forth in subparagraph (b):
(b) Representations to the Court.
By presenting to the court (whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating) a petition, pleading, written motion, or other paper, an attorney or unrepresented party is certifying that to the best of the person’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances,—
(1) it is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation;
(2) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or
reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law;
(3) the allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and
(4) the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence or, if specifically so identified, are reasonably based on a lack of information or belief.
If a party violates the provisions of sub-paragraph (b), the court
may
impose the sanctions set forth in Rule 9011(c).
I decline to impose sanctions against the plaintiff or her counsel for several reasons. She adequately pleaded a claim for severance pay under her at-will employment agreement. Moreover, there is a substantial question whether the bankruptcy discharge bars that claim for the reasons already stated. Lastly, there is some evidence supporting the plaintiffs contention that the Debtor may be estopped from relying on the discharge. According to the plaintiff, the Debtor’s attorney told her that she did not have to file a claim because the Debtor would continue to employ her.
It is true that the Amended Complaint again failed to plead legally sufficient tort claims, but it is inaccurate to suggest that it was a mirror image of the original Complaint with the Guccione Complaint added on. First, the Guccione Complaint had some value, and explained the misrepresentations allegedly made to Guccione, and the motive for those statements. The plaintiffs problem is her inability to latch on to Guccione’s tort claim. Second, the Amended Complaint contained additional allegations and new theories. Third, the substantive deficiency with the tort claims in the Amended Complaint — the plaintiffs status as an incidental beneficiary as well as her at-will employment — was not even apparent to the Movants until the Court requested briefing on the issue. Under the circumstances, I do not conclude that the Amended Complaint was interposed for an improper purpose, designed to harass or lacking in a legal or factual basis.
CONCLUSION
The motion to dismiss Count 1 is denied to the extent that the claim for severance pay is based on the pre-petition at-will employment agreement, and is otherwise granted. Count 2 and Count 3 are also dismissed. The motion for sanctions is denied. Finally, to clarify a hole in the record, the earlier summary judgment motion is denied. Counsel should settle three orders addressing the disposition of the three motions. In addition, counsel should contact chambers to arrange a conference to discuss, among other things, the status of the claims against the other defendants in this adversary proceeding, the effect of the jury demand and the disposition of this adversary proceeding.