Kruchowski v. Weyerhaeuser Co.

2008 OK 105, 202 P.3d 144, 2008 WL 5238495

• Court: Supreme Court of Oklahoma
• Decided: February 11, 2009
• Docket: 104872
• Status: Published

Opinions

KAUGER, J.

T1 The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma certified five questions of Oklahoma Law under the Revised Uniform Certification of Questions of Law Act, 20 0.8.2001 §§ 1601-1611,² seeking clarification of our holding in Saint v. Data Exchange Inc., 2006 OK 59, 145 P.3d 1037. We consolidated and reformulated ³ them into the two aforementioned questions.

12 The record discloses very lttle factual information about this cause. It appears that the plaintiffs, Kruchowski, Adams, Cooper, Fennell, Gebert, Griffin Harris, Hen-dersot, Kelley, Lewis, Little, Privette, Ri-senhoover, Rogers, Slagaugh, and White (collectively Kruchowski plaintiffs) and the plaintiff Larry Thompson (Thompson) were all former employees of The Weyerhacuser Company (the Company). The Kruchowski plaintiffs were terminated pursuant to a series of reductions in force which took place in 2002. Thompson was terminated from employment in 2008.

[3 On November 24, 2003, the Kruchowski plaintiffs filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma alleging that their terminations were the result of age discrimination, contrary to the Federal Age Discrimination and Employment Act, 29 U.S. §§ 621-634 (ADEA)⁴ On December 16, 2005, Thompson filed a similar complaint.

T4 On July 11, 2006, we decided Saint v. Data Exchange, Inc., 2006 OK 59, 145 P.3d 1087. On August 24, 2006, the Kruchowski and Thompson cases were consolidated. Four days later, the plaintiffs, relying on Saint, amended their complaints to include allegations that their discharges were also in violation of state law tort for wrongful discharge in violation of Oklahoma public policy. On July 20, 2007, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma filed an order certifying questions of law to this Court.

I.

15 Saint v. Data Exchange, Inc., 2006 OK 59, 145 P.3d 1037 IMPLICITLY OVERRULED List v. Anchor Paint Mfg. Co., 1996 OK 1, 910 P.2d 1011, AND IT SHOULD BE APPLIED RETROACTIVELY.

T6 The Kruchowski plaintiffs argue that Saint clearly abrogated List's holding because List did not address what remedies were required by the Okla. Const. art. 5, § 46⁵ The Company contends that Saint was nothing more than a reiteration of this Court's prior limited holdings in cases such as Tate v. Browning-Ferris, Inc., 1992 OK 72, 833 P.2d 1218 and Collier v. Insignia Financial Group, 1999 OK 49, 981 P.2d 321. According to the parties, courts are not clear as to whether Saint impacted List's holding.⁶ Because uncertainty apparently still remains about the nature of the Burk tort, to answer today's certified question we must revisit List, its predecessors, and its progeny.

a. List v. Anchor Paint Mig. Co., 1996 OK 1, 910 P.2d 1011, its predecessors and its progeny.

T7 In 1996, the Court decided List v. Anchor Paint Mfg. Co., 1996 OK 1, 910 P.2d 1011, a case which tested the possible expansion of the tort-based exception to Oklahoma's employment-at-will doctrine recognized and adopted in Burk v. K-Mart Corp., 1989 OK 22, ¶17, 770 P.2d 24. Burk involved a federal certified question concerning an alleged "implied obligation of good faith and fair dealing" in reference to termination of any employment-at-will contract. The Burk employee sued her employer in contract and in tort, alleging that she was prevented from performing her job duties and was, consequently, constructively discharged. She further asserted that her employer's agent told her he would not recommend her for a promotion because of her sex.

T8 Although the Court rejected the implication of a duty of good faith and fair dealing in every employment-at-will contract, Burk was the landmark case wherein the Court adopted a public policy exception to the at-will termination rule in a narrow class of cases in which the discharge of an employee is contrary to the clear mandate of public policy as articulated by constitutional, statutory, or decisional law. We recognized, for the first time, that the action was a tort. We also noted that because the term "public policy" was vague, the exception had to be tightly cireumseribed.

T 9 Three years after Burk, we promulgated Tate v. Browning Ferris, Inc., 1992 OK 72, 833 P.2d 1218. Tate involved the question of whether a Burk tort could be asserted for racial discrimination, to which we answered-yes. In discussing the remedies available for such a claim, the Court determined that the remedies provided by the Oklahoma Discrimination Act, 25 0.98.1991 § 1101-1901, for racial discrimination were not exclusive because the Act provided more available remedies for those who alleged discrimination on the basis of handicap than those who alleged racial discrimination. The court noted in I 18 that:

The Act here in contest does not provide a private right of action to a person aggrieved by racially discriminatory practices if the Commission does not resolve the claim to his satisfaction. In contrast, it does afford a private right of action for discrimination based on handicap. Were we today to construe the statute as having established the sole remedy for racially discriminatory practices, we would create a dichotomous division of discrimination remedies contrary to Art. 5 § 46 of the Oklahoma Constitution. There would be a more generous remedy for victims of handicap discrimination than for those who suffered from racial discrimination. For remedial purpose, discrimination victims comprise a single class. Our Constitution absolutely interdicts the passage of special law that would sanction disparate remedies for those who complain of employment discrimination. (Citations omitted.)

T10 Accordingly, we held that "the employee who brings a common-law tort action for damages occasioned by either a racially motivated discharge or by one in retaliation for bringing a racial discrimination complaint states a state-law claim for tortious employment termination under Burk."⁷ However, we left the matter for the trial court to preclude plaintiff's double recovery for cumulative theories of recovery.

T 11 After Tate, we decided List v. Anchor Paint Mfg. Co., 1996 OK 1, 910 P.2d 1011,⁸ which involved the question of whether the Burk tort would be extended to violations of public policy predicated on constructive discharge. The List plaintiff alleged that he was demoted based on his age and that it was a deliberate attempt to make his working conditions so intolerable that he would voluntarily resign. List's claim was predicated solely upon his status-his age. Diverging from the language we used in Tate in which we recognized that victims of discrimination form but one class and are constitutionally required to be treated the same, the Court instead focused on the remedies that would be available to List and whether they were "adequate." Absent from the opinion was any discussion of art. 5, § 46 of the Oklahoma Constitution.⁹

12 Ultimately, the Court determined that it need not extend the Burk exception to the at-will termination rule to age discrimination claims because the plaintiff had "adequate" statutory remedies for age discrimination. Rather than defining "adequate," the Court postulated that because the plaintiff's rights were protected by the Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634, he had more comprehensive remedies than the Tate plaintiff did under the Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, 28 U.S.C. § 1447.

1183 Consequently, in List, we implicitly equated the fact that the plaintiff had more remedies available to him than the Tate plaintiff with term "adequate" remedies. The Court also noted that "[mljost courts

have refused to allow common law retaliatory discharge actions based on age or illness, saying that only a discharge arising from the employee's acts, rather than his status, will support a common law retaliatory discharge action."¹⁰ Examples of such conduct, rather than status were: employees being fired for reporting unlawful or unsafe activities to the authorities; refusing sexual advancement of supervisors; refusing to perform unsafe work activities; and filing workers' compensation claims.

114 The next year, the Court decided Marshall v. OK Rental & Leasing, Inc., 1997 OK 34, 939 P.2d 1116.¹¹ In Marshall, the employee sued a former employer alleging intentional infliction of emotional distress and constructive discharge due to sexual harassment by a co-worker. The Court again declined to extend the Burk exception to a claim of constructive discharge based on sexual harassment. Relying on List, supra, the Court again decided that a Burk tort could not lie because the action was based upon the plaintiff's status rather than her conduct.

115 Again, looking to the "adequacy" of the remedies available to the plaintiff, Marshall determined that because the remedies provided by Federal law in Title VII¹² and Oklahoma's - anti-discrimination - statutes ¹³ provided "adequate" remedies, there was no reason to extend the Burk tort exception to Marshall's claim.

116 Two years after Marshall, we once again addressed the issue of whether a plaintiff alleging sexual harassment in the workplace could state a Burk tort claim in Collier v. Insignia Financial Group, 1999 OK 49, 981 P.2d 321. This time, the victim alleged that guid pro guo¹⁴ sexual harassment by a supervisor led to her constructive discharge. She, like the plaintiff in Marshall, sued under Title VII and Oklahoma's anti-discrimination statutes.

T 17 The Court set forth the requisites for asserting a retaliatory constructive discharge claim and noted that the Burk tort was available to redress employer violations of any state-declared public policy for which there was no civil remedy. We said that if the Oklahoma Anti-Discrimination Act ¹⁵ provided an adequate remedy for the offending sexual harassment, there can be no Burk tort. The Court then recognized that the Oklahoma Act gave discharged victims of handicap discrimination a private cause of action against the offending employer, but it provided only an administrative remedy for victims of quid pro quo sexual harassment.

18 Finally, the Court determined that if we were to hold that the Oklahoma Act provided the exclusive remedy, in effect, we would be sanctioning unequal remedies for members of the same class in violation of the Oklahoma Constitution. - Accordingly, we held that a common law Burk tort was an available remedy for the plaintiff, Absent from the discussion in Collier was an analysis of the remedies available to the plaintiff under Federal law and their alleged "adequaCy.”

19 However, the "adequacy" of a federal remedy was tested in Clinton v. State of Oklahoma ex rel. Logan County Election Board, 2001 OK 52, 29 P.3d 548,¹⁶ the final case leading to Saint. Clinton involved an employee who alleged she was discharged because she was pregnant. The Court held that because the employee had an "adequate" federal statutory remedy for wrongful discharge, she could not also assert a Burk tort. We did not discuss the "adequacy" of the federal remedy, instead, we noted that:

When a statutory remedy adequately accomplishes the goal of protecting Oklahoma public policy, a common law remedy is not needed. While a federal statute cannot by itself serve as a statement of Oklahoma policy, a federal statutory remedy may be as effective as an Oklahoma statutory remedy in dissuading employers from discharging employees for reasons that violate Oklahoma public policy. Accordingly, we hold the existence of a federal statutory remedy that is sufficient to protect Oklahoma public policy precludes the creation of an independent common law claim based on a public policy exception to the employment-at-will doctrine.

T20 The Court also clarified the parameters of the Burk tort remedy:

1) the plaintiff must identify an Oklahoma public policy goal that is clear and compelling and is articulated in existing Oklahoma constitutional, statutory or furispru-dential law; 2) the existence of a federal statutory remedy or state statutory remedy which is sufficient to protect the identified Oklahoma public policy goal precludes a Burk tort; 3) the plaintiff must establish he or she is an at-will employee and the reason for discharge violates the identified Oklahoma public policy goal; and 4) a discharge for purposes of the Burk tort may be either actual or constructive.

121 Finally, in Saint v. Data Exchange, Inc., 2006 OK 59, 145 P.3d 1037,¹⁷ the Court again addressed whether a Burk tort remedy was available to an age-discrimination plaintiff. The Saint plaintiff brought an age discrimination suit in Federal Court, asserting claims under the federal age discrimination statute ¹⁸ and Oklahoma's public policy against age discrimination as embodied by the Oklahoma Anti-Discrimination Act, 25 0.8.2001 §§ 1101-1901. The plaintiffs argument was that the Oklahoma Anti-Discrimination Act created a unified class of persons who are the victims of handicap, race, gender, or age discrimination, therefore, equal remedies are required for all those persons under art. 5, § 46 of the Oklahoma Constitution.¹⁹

122 The federal court in Saint certified the following question:

Is there either an implied statutory remedy or a common-law Burk tort remedy for state age discrimination claims arising under the operation of the Oklahoma Constitution, art. 5, § 46 and the provisions of the Oklahoma Anti-Discrimination Act, 25 O.S. §§ 1101, et seq. and § 19017

We noted the prior holdings which had expanded the common-law Burk tort remedy to the areas of race and sexual harassment. We recognized that:

1) refusal of such remedies would create a dichotomous division of members of the same class, which would offend the § 46 mandated norms of uniformity, symmetry and evenhanded treatment;²⁰ o2) age-discrimination victims are part of the employment discrimination class, and as such must be afforded the same rights as the other members of the class; and 3) there is a Burk tort remedy for those who allege age employment age diserimination.²¹

123 Although Suint also involved age discrimination, it did not address List at all. Saint was decided under a constitutional question, whereas List was not. Nevertheless, the holding in Saint is clearly contrary to List's holding and as such, List was implicitly overruled. Today, we expressly overrule List and reaffirm that age discrimination vie-tims are part of the employment discrimination class to which Burk applies.

124 After Saint,²² we again addressed the elements of a Burk tort in Vasek v. Board of County Commissioners, 2008 OK 35, ¶¶27-28, 186 P.3d 928. It involved a plaintiff who alleged wrongful termination for making a complaint to the Department of Labor (DOL) concerning mold at the courthouse. The plaintiff's action was not based on discrimination such as those addressed in Saint (handicap, race, sex and age), rather it was based on the fact that she alleged she was fired for reporting her employer's violation of the law. 'We reiterated the elements of a Burk tort in such cireumstances, stating:

The elements of a claim for wrongful discharge of an at-will employee articulated in Burk and its progeny can be summarized. A viable Burk claim must allege (1) an actual or constructive discharge (2) of an at-will employee (8) in significant part for a reason that violates an Oklahoma public policy goal (4) that is found in Oklahoma's constitutional, statutory, or decisional law or in a federal constitutional provision that prescribes a norm of conduct for Oklahoma and (5) no statutory remedy exists that is adequate to protect the Oklahoma policy goal.

€25 In Vasek, we equated "adequacy" of remedies with "sufficiency," in other words: Were the remedies available to the plaintiff sufficient to protect Oklahoma's public policy goals? Our decision today does not disturb Vasek or cases in which a plaintiff's conduct is alleged to have triggered a discharge or constructive discharge in violation of Oklahoma public policy. However, to the extent that the rationale of Marshall v. OK Rental & Leasing, Inc., 1997 OK 34, 939 P.2d 1116 and Clinton v. State of Oklahoma ex rel. Logan County Election Board, 2001 OK 52, 29 P.3d 543, conflicts with our decision in Saint and our decision today, they are expressly overruled.

b. Retroactivity

126 The Saint Court did not address whether the opinion should be applied retroactively. This Court is neither prohibited from giving, nor compelled to give, judicial decisions retrospective operation.²³ Judicial policy determines whether, and to what extent, a new rule will operate retroactively.²⁴ We may give prospective operation to our announcements when necessary to avoid disruption and to allow a period for adjustment.²⁵ In making such a determination, we must consider: 1) the purpose of the new rule; 2) the extent of reliance on old doctrines; and 3) the burden likely to be imposed on administering the legal process due to additional litigation or curative actions.²⁶

127 In McGehee v. Florafax International, Inc., 1989 OK 102, T6 P.2d 852, we discussed these factors when we held that Burk would be applied retroactively. McGe-Ree involved an employee who alleged he was fired for refusing to commit perjury. In discussing whether to apply Burk retroactively the Court noted at 1% 11-18 that:

The public policy exception to the employment-at-will rule seeks to maintain a proper balance "among the employer's interest in operating a business efficiently and profitably, the employee's interest in earning a livelihood, and society's interest in seeing its public policies carried out." Retroactive application of Burk will only further the operation of the limited public policy exception to employment-at-will doe-trine by advancing well-established public policies. Liability is imposed on an employer only when "an employee is discharged for refusing to act in violation of an established and well-defined public policy or for performing an act consistent with a clear and compelling public policy."... Unfairness and undue hardship would be imposed upon discharged employees by a merely prospective application of the Burk decision. Appellant would be deprived of an actionable tort claim for his employer's alleged violation of a clear expression of public policy found in the perjury statute.... In contrast, no inequity will result from the retroactive application of Burk. Employers accused of violating clear expressions of public policy cannot be said to have justifiably relied on the employment-at-will doctrine.

. Nor will appellees in this action be substantially harmed by being forced, at a new trial, to present evidence that appellant's discharge was motivated by poor employee performance rather than his refusal to sign false small claims affidavits. Appellees' claim of "good-faith reliance" on the employment-at-will doctrine cannot justify its alleged tortious firing for an employee's refusal to commit a crime. No "manifest injustice" will result from requiring appellees to defend against appellant's claim. (Citations omitted.)

128 While the same rationale we applied in making the Burk tort retroactive in McGe-hee could apply to Saint, McGehee was decided only six months after Burk, not ten years later. Consequently, based on consideration of the factors enumerated in McGehee and based on consideration that Saint was decided ten years after List, rather than six months, we hold that the Saint decision will be given retroactive application to all matters which were in the litigation pipeline, state and federal, when Saint was decided, but not to any claims which arose before Saint and which were not pending when Suint was decided.

IL.

129 PURSUANT TO Saint v. Data Exchange, Inc., 2006 OK 59, 145 P.3d 1037 AVAILABLE REMEDIES MUST BE COMMENSURATE WITH THE SAME CLASS OF EMPLOYMENT DISCRIML-NATION VICTIMS.

130 The plaintiff in Saint v. Dato Exchange, Inc., 2006 OK 59, 145 P.3d 1037, argued that she was entitled to assert a state law Burk tort claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy because available remedies sought pursuant to the Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S. §§ 621-694, and/or state remedies under the Oklahoma Anti-Discrimination Act, 25 0.8.2001 §§ 1101-1901, were inadequate. However, rather than discuss the adequacy of the remedies, we spoke in terms of disparate remedies and determined that, as required by the Constitution, the same remedies must be made available for everyone within the class of employment discrimination-handicap, race, sex and age.

181 Accordingly, pursuant to Saint v. Data Exchange, Inc., 2006 OK 59, 145 P.3d 1037, and in order to provide clarity to the bench and bar, we hold that a plaintiff may pursue a state law claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy when the available remedies to the same class of employment discrimination victims are not uniform and evenhanded-regardless of whether the remedies originate under Federal or State law. It is only when the available remedy to the victim is not commensurate with that which is provided for like or similar discrimination to vindicate an on-the-job tort that we will craft an appropriate common law remedy.

1382 The Burk claim's actionable character is anchored in the employer's discharge in breach of Oklahoma's public policy. In order to assert such a claim, the plaintiff must show that a breach of Oklahoma's public policy occurred for which there is no statutorily-crafted remedy or the available statutory remedy is not commensurate with that provided for similar work-related discrimination.²⁷

133 Although we did not expressly say so in Saint, it goes without saying that this does not mean that the plaintiff is entitled to double recovery for cumulative theories of liability. In Tate v. Browning-Ferris, Inc., 1992 OK 72, 119, 833 P.2d 1218, we stated that Oklahoma law allows only one recovery to make a plaintiff whole.²⁸ Consequently, the federal court has to hold the plaintiff's cumulative theories of recovery to one complete recovery.

CONCLUSION

1 34 In List v. Anchor Paint Mfg. Co. 1996 OK 1, 910 P.2d 1011, the Court declined to extend the Burk tort remedy to a claim involving allegations of constructive discharge based on age discrimination because the plaintiff had "adequate" statutory remedies for age discrimination such as the Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634. Subsequent ly, the Court recognized in Clinton v. State of Oklahoma ex rel. Logan County Election Board, 2001 OK 52, 29 P.3d 543, that the Burk tort remedy applied to both actual and constructive discharges. Finally, in Saint v. Data Exchange, Inc., 2006 OK 59, 145 P.3d 1037, the Burk public policy exception was applied to a victim of alleged age discrimination because a refusal to do so would create a dichotomous division of members of the same class, which would offend the Oklahoma Constitution, art. 5, § 46²⁹ mandated norms of uniformity, symmetry and evenhanded treatment.

35 Our earlier holding that age-discrimination victims are part of the employment discrimination class, and as such must be afforded the same rights as the other members of the class, implicitly overruled List Today, we expressly overrule List v. Anchor Paint Mfg. Co., 1996 OK 1, 910 P.2d 1011, and hold that there is a Burk tort remedy for those who allege employment age discrimination. To the extent that the rationale of Marshall v. OK Rental & Leasing, Inc., 1997 OK 34, 939 P.2d 1116 and Clinton v. State of Oklahoma ex rel. Logan County Election Board, 2001 OK 52, 29 P.3d 543, conflicts with our decision in Saint and our decision today, they too are expressly overruled. When Saint was decided, retroactivity was not an issue. However, for the same reasons expressed in McGehee v. Florafax International, Inc., 1989 OK 102, 776 P.2d 852, and because Saint was decided ten years after List, we apply Saint retroactively and apply Saint to Burk tort claims to only those cases which were in the litigation pipeline when Saint was decided.

{36 Pursuant to Saint v. Data Exchange, Inc., 2006 OK 59, 145 P.3d 1037, a plaintiff may pursue a state law claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy when the available remedies to the same class of employment discrimination victims are not uniform - and - evenhanded-regardless - of whether the remedies originate under Federal statutes or state law. However, it is only when the available remedy to the victim is not commensurate with that which is provided for similar harms to vindicate an employment discrimination on-the-job tort that the Burk common law remedy is available.

I 37 Nevertheless, the Burk claim's actionable character is anchored solely in the employer's discharge in breach of Oklahoma's public policy. In order to assert such a claim, the plaintiff must make a showing that a breach of Oklahoma's public policy occurred for which (a) there is no available statutory-crafted remedy or (b) the available statutory remedy is not commensurate with that which is provided for similar work-related discrimination.

QUESTION ANSWERED.

WINCHESTER, C.J., EDMONDSON, V.C.J., HARGRAVE, OPALA, KAUGER, TAYLOR, COLBERT, REIF, JJ., concur. WATT, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.

2 . Title 20 0.$.2001 § 1602 provides:

Power to Answer. The Supreme Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals may answer a question of law certified to it by a court of the United States, or by an appellate court of another state, or of a federally recognized Indian tribal government, or of Canada, a Canadian province or territory, Mexico, or a Mexican state, if the answer may be determinative of an issue in pending litigation in the certifying court and there is no controlling decision of the Supreme Court or Court of Criminal Appeals, constitutional provision, or statute of this state.

3 . Title 20 0.$.2001 § 1602.1 provides:

Power to Reformulate Question. The Supreme Court of this state may reformulate a question of law certified to it.

The original questions certified were as follows:

1. Should the decision of the Oklahoma Supreme Court in Saint v. Data Exchange, Inc., 2006 OK 59, 145 P.3d 1037 be applied retroactively?

2. Did the Supreme Court in Saint overrule List v. Anchor Paint Mfg. Co., 1996 OK 1, 910 P.2d 1011?

3. Did the Oklahoma Supreme Court hold in Saint that the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq. is not an adequate remedy for age discrimination?

4. Did the Oklahoma Supreme Court in Saint limit its holding to the adequacy of the state remedy for age discrimination under the Oklahoma Anti-Discrimination Act, 25 0.$.2001 § 1101et seq. and § 1901?

5. Did the Oklahoma Supreme Court in Saint hold that a plaintiff alleging violations of the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq. may also pursue and recover under a state law claim of wrongful discharge in violation of public policy based upon alleged age discrimination in the same action?

4 . The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended appears in 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634, and it prohibits employment discrimination based on age.

5 . The Okla. Const. art. 5, § 46 provides in pertinent part:

... The Legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, pass any local or special law authorizing: ... Regulating the practice or jurisdiction of, or changing the rules of evidence in judicial proceedings or inquiry before the courts, justices of the peace, sheriffs, commissioners, arbitrators, or other tribunals, ...

6 . For example, in Enderwood v. Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., 233 Fed.Appx. 793, 797, 2007 WL 1180426 (10th Cir.2007), an unpublished age discrimination case, the court describes List as having been abrogated by Saint. In Harman v. State of Oklahoma ex rel. Northern Oklahoma Board of Regents, 2007 WL 1674205 (W.D.Okla.2007), an order refers to Saint as recognizing Oklahoma's public policy of prohibiting age discrimination, but the court ignored List.

7 . Tatev. Browning Ferris, Inc., 1992 OK 72, ¶19, 833 P.2d 1218

8 . After Burk, we decided in McGehee v. Florafax, International, Inc., 1989 OK 102, ¶14, 776 P.2d 852, that Burk applied retroactively. Shortly thereafter, in Todd v. Frank's Tong Service, Inc., 1989 OK 121, ¶12, 784 P.2d 47, the Court held that to allow employers to dismiss employees who refuse to drive vehicles not conforming to statutory mandates of safety and equipment and operation would contravene public policy. In Vannerson v. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma, 1989 OK. 125, ¶12, 784 P.2d 1053, we remanded a cause for re-trial where an alleged violation of public policy as a basis of discharge was submitted to the jury with another alleged violation of public policy for which there was no evidentiary support. Three years later in Smith v. Farmers Co-op. Ass'n of Butler, 1992 OK 11, ¶12, 825 P.2d 1323, the Court noted that the public policy exception to the employee-at-will doctrine applied when an employee is fired in retaliation for acting consistent with 11 O.S.1991 § 43-101. In 1994, we decided Groce v. Foster, 1994 OK 88, ¶19, 880 P.2d 902, in which we held that under the limited public policy exception, an employee could assert a Burk tort against a former employer when the employee was fired for not dismissing his common law negligence action against a third party who was a customer of the employer. But see, Shero v. Grand Savings Bank, 2007 OK 24, 113, 161 P.3d 298, which reached the opposite conclusion. In 1994, we also decided Gilmore v. Enogex, Inc., 1994 OK 76, 121, 878 P.2d 360, a case involving an employee who was discharged for refusing to submit to a random drug test. We determined that there was no clear mandate present either in the United States or Oklahoma Constitution, state statutes or regulations, or in the common law which would characterize the discharge as a breach of public policy. The next year we decided Brown v. Ford, 1995 OK 101, 10, 905 P.2d , a case involving an employee who sued an employer for sexual harassment, wrongful termination, and sexual battery. Because Oklahoma's common law afforded Brown an ample remedy by an action for assault and battery, it was unnecessary to decide whether a Burk claim would lie. The same year in Atkinson v. Halliburton, Co., 1995 OK 104, ¶27, 905 P.2d 772, we held that a plaintiff must first comply with the statutory procedures as a prerequisite to filing a tort claim alleging discharge from employment due to handicap discrimination.

9 . The Okla. Const. art. 5, § 46, see note 5, supra.

10 . Listv. Anchor Paint Mfg. Co., 1996 OK 1, ¶16, 910 P.2d 1011

11 . In Griffin v. Mullinix, 1997 OK 120, ¶2, 947 P.2d 177, the Court held that the State of Oklahoma had not articulated a clear mandate of public policy which conferred a private right of action upon which to base a tort for wrongful termination of employment alleging retaliation for protesting or attempting to alter working conditions that the plaintiff believed to be unsafe. In Wheless v. Willard Grain & Feed, Inc., 1998 OK 84, 17, 964 P.2d 204, we held that an employee would not maintain an action for wrongful termination in violation of public policy if he was a party to falsifying environmental regulatory reports required by state statute.

12 . Title VII if the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.

13 . The Oklahoma Anti-Discrimination Act, 25 0.$.1991 § 1101 see note 1, supra.

14 . In Collier v. Insignia Financial Group, 1999 OK 49, ¶11, 981 P.2d 321, we declared the so called quid pro quo conduct [conditioning employment upon the grant of a sexual favors requested of an employee by an employer] the oldest and crudest form of employment-connected harm to economically dependent and disadvantaged victims which lies clearly within the core concept of the state law's prohibition against gender-based, on-the-job discrimination.

15 . Id.

16 . In Barker v. State Ins. Fund, 2001 OK 94, ¶16, 40 P.3d 463, employees who alleged wrongful discharge in retaliation for whistle-blowing in violation of public policy failed to prove any established or well-defined public policy that was violated. -In Silver v. CPC-Sherwood Manor, Inc., 2004 OK 1, ¶7, 84 P.3d 728, we held that state statutes regarding the holding, preparing, or delivery of food provided sufficient public policy goals to sustain a Burk tort. In McCrady v. Oklahoma Department of Public Safety, 2005 OK 67, ¶13, 122 P.3d 473, we held that the Burk tort would not apply to a classified state employee because the employee was not an "employee-at-will" and thus not within the persons entitled to assert such a claim.

17 . In Shero v. Grand Savings Bank, see note 7, supra, we held that an employer who terminated an employee for refusing to dismiss his claims against a third party client of the employer pursuant to the Open Records Act did not violate any public policy which would support a Burk tort claim.

18 . Title 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq.

¹⁹

20 . Saint v. Data Exchange, Inc., 2006 OK 59, ¶3, 145 P.3d 1037.

21 . Saint v. Data Exchange, Inc., see note 18, supra at ¶6.

22 . Also after Saint, in Darrow v. Integris Health, Inc., 2008 OK 1, ¶¶ 12-13, 176 P.3d 1204, we held that a federal statute standing alone does not articulate Oklahoma's public policy. Only a specific Oklahoma court decision, state legislative or constitutional provision, or a provision in the federal Constitution that prescribes a norm of conduct for the state can serve as a source of Oklahoma's public policy.

23 . Resolution Trust Corp. v. Grant, 1995 OK 68, 122, 901 P.2d 807; Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Sunburst Oil & Refining Co., 287 U.S. 358, 364-65, 53 S.Ct. 145, 77 L.Ed. 360 (1932). Neither the United States Constitution nor the Constitution of the State of Oklahoma delineate the effective date of judicial opinions.

24 . Harry R. Carlile Trust v. Cotton Petroleum, 1986 OK 16, 116, 732 P.2d 438, cert. denied 483 U.S. 1007, 107 S.Ct. 3232, 97 LEd.2d 738 and 483 U.S. 1021, 107 S.Ct. 3265, 97 L.Ed.2d 764 (1987).

25 . Aple Auto Cash Express, Inc. v. State ex rel. Oklahoma Dept. of Consumer Credit, 2003 OK 89, 120, fo. 27, 78 P.3d 1231; Campbell v. White, 1993 OK 89, % 18, 856 P.2d 255. In Great Northern. Railway v. Sunburst Oil & Refining Co., see note 20, supra, a noncriminal case involving no question of constitutional law, the Court developed the Sunburst Doctrine, holding that a state may choose for itself between the principle of relation back and forward operation of its precedents. Globe Life and Acc. Ins. Co. v. Oklahoma Tax Com'n, 1996 OK 39, 120, fan. 41, 913 P.2d 1322.

26 . Resolution Trust Corp. v. Grant, see note 22, supra; Short v. Kiamichi Area Vo-Tech School, 1988 OK 89, 119, 761 P.2d 472, cert. denied 489 U.S. 1066, 109 S.Ct 1341, 103 L.Ed.2d 811 (1989); Henry R. Carlile Trust v. Cotton Petroleum Corp, see note 21 supra; Thompson v. Presbyterian Hosp., Inc., 1982 OK 87, 33, 652 P.2d 260.

27 . After Saint, in Vasek v. Board of County Commissioners, 2008 OK 35, TMT 27-28, 186 P.3d 928, we noted that the question was whether "a statutory remedy exists that is sufficient to protect the Oklahoma public policy goal" and that, in Vasek, there was no such statutory remedy sufficient to protect the Oklahoma public policy goal.

28 . See also, J.C. Houck v. Hold Oil Corp., 1993 OK 166, 132, 867 P.2d 451; Cotner v. Lon Jacobs Grocery Co., 1921 OK 377, 132, 202 P. 997.

29 . The Okla. Const., art. 5, § 46, see note 5, supra.