Kevin Larson v. Frances Gecker

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedAugust 11, 2017
Docket16-1160
StatusPublished

This text of Kevin Larson v. Frances Gecker (Kevin Larson v. Frances Gecker) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Kevin Larson v. Frances Gecker, (7th Cir. 2017).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ Nos. 16‐1075, 16‐1132, 16‐1133, 16‐1143, 16‐1148, 16‐1160, 16‐1161, 16‐1164, 16‐1165, 16‐1235

IN RE: EMERALD CASINO, Inc. Plaintiff‐Debtor,

FRANCES GECKER, as Trustee of Emerald Casino, Inc. Plaintiff‐Appellee/Cross‐Appellant, Plaintiff‐Appellant/Cross‐Appellee,

v.

ESTATE OF KEVIN FLYNN, JOHN MCMAHON, KEVIN LARSON, JOSEPH MCQUAID,

Defendants‐Appellants/Cross‐Appellees, and

ESTATE OF PEER PEDERSEN, Defendant‐Appellee/Cross‐Appellant. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 11 C 4714 — Rebecca R. Pallmeyer, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED MAY 31, 2017 — DECIDED AUGUST 11, 2017 2 Nos. 16‐1075 et al.

____________________

Before KANNE, SYKES, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. KANNE, Circuit Judge. This case arises out of the Illinois Gaming Board’s decision to revoke Emerald Casino, Inc.’s1 gaming license. In an attempt to recover the value of the li‐ cense, the bankruptcy trustee sued the defendants—former Emerald officers, directors, and shareholders—for breach of contract and breach of their fiduciary duties. This set of consolidated appeals concerns the district court’s decision on those claims. Defendants Kevin Flynn, John McMahon, Kevin Larson, and Joseph McQuaid contest the court’s decision that their conduct caused the Board to revoke Emerald’s license. The defendants thus argue that the court could not have held them severally liable for the value of Emerald’s license. The trustee contests the court’s decision that (1) defendant Peer Pedersen’s conduct did not cause the Board to revoke Emerald’s license, (2) the statute of limitations barred her breach‐of‐fiduciary‐duty claim, and (3) the defendants were severally liable instead of jointly and severally liable. We reverse and remand the court’s decision to hold the defendants severally liable instead of jointly and severally li‐ able. But otherwise, we affirm.

1 Emerald Casino, Inc. was originally called HP, Inc. In 1994, HP changed

its name to Emerald Casino, Inc. For sake of clarity, we simply refer to those entities as “Emerald” throughout the opinion. Nos. 16‐1075 et al. 3

I. BACKGROUND2 Emerald had an Illinois gaming license to operate in East Dubuque, Illinois. Emerald operated profitably in 1993 but then began to struggle to compete with a new Dubuque, Iowa casino. Iowa’s more lenient gaming laws made continued suc‐ cess for Emerald in East Dubuque unlikely, so Emerald ap‐ plied to the Illinois Gaming Board for permission to relocate. The Board denied the application, claiming that it lacked the statutory authority to allow a licensee to relocate. By early 1996, Emerald had stopped operating a casino and began devoting its time to lobbying the Illinois legislature to pass an act that would allow it to relocate. In the meantime, it had to renew its gaming license. The Board voted unani‐ mously to deny Emerald’s renewal application, citing Emer‐ ald’s “non‐responsive application,” “inadequate gaming op‐ eration,” financial inviability, “significant compliance short‐ comings,” failure to “provide for positive economic develop‐ ment and impact,” and general noncompliance with the Riverboat Gambling Act. In re Emerald Casino, Inc., 530 B.R. 44, 64 (N.D. Ill. 2014) (quoting the Board’s denial of Emerald’s ap‐ plication to renew its license). Emerald appealed that decision to an Illinois administrative law judge, who agreed with the Board and recommended denying Emerald’s renewal appli‐ cation. But before the Board could officially adopt the administra‐ tive law judge’s recommendation, Emerald’s lobbying efforts succeeded. On May 25, 1999, the Illinois legislature passed 230

2 We have simplified the facts in this case. Anyone interested in a blow‐

by‐blow account of this dispute can find the district court’s exhaustive opinion at In re Emerald Casino, Inc., 530 B.R. 44 (N.D. Ill. 2014). 4 Nos. 16‐1075 et al.

ILCS 10/11.2, which provides that a “licensee that was not conducting riverboat gambling on January 1, 1998 may apply to the Board for renewal and approval of relocation … and the Board shall grant the application and approval upon receipt by the licensee of approval from the new municipality or county … in which the licensee wishes to relocate.” A month later, the Governor signed § 11.2 into law. Emerald had its win: the Board interpreted the word “shall” in the statute to mean that it was required to renew Emerald’s license and grant Emerald’s request to relocate. The Board thus withdrew its decision to deny Emerald’s renewal application. Anticipating its political victory, Emerald began consider‐ ing new relocation sites well before the legislature passed § 11.2. Specifically, Emerald considered Rosemont, Illinois. Several times during 1998—a year before § 11.2 passed— Kevin Flynn3 and McQuaid met with Rosemont’s mayor and representatives of two Rosemont corporations about moving Emerald to Rosemont. Evidence at trial suggested that, at those meetings, Kevin Flynn at least discussed selling signifi‐ cant ownership interests in Emerald to Rosemont’s mayor and the two Rosemont corporations. And once the legislation passed, Emerald moved quickly. It sent a formal relocation request to Rosemont just five days after the Governor signed § 11.2; Rosemont agreed that day. Within months after § 11.2 passed, Emerald and Rosemont

3 We refer to Kevin Flynn by his full name because his father Donald Flynn

also appears in this opinion. Donald Flynn was a defendant in the pro‐ ceedings below, but he settled with the bankruptcy estate instead of ap‐ pealing the district court’s decision. Nos. 16‐1075 et al. 5

had executed a site access agreement and a letter of intent to memorialize the terms of Emerald’s relocation to Rosemont. Yet later when the Board asked when Emerald first consid‐ ered Rosemont as a relocation site, Kevin Flynn and McQuaid lied and said that Emerald had not considered Rosemont until after § 11.2 passed. Emerald did not disclose its agreements with Rosemont until well over a year after the contracts were signed, in violation of Illinois Gaming Board (IGB) rules. See, e.g., Ill. Admin. Code tit. 86, § 3000.110(a)(5) (“A holder of any license shall be subject to imposition of fines, suspension or revocation [for] … fail[ing] to cooperate with any officially constituted investigatory or administrative body.”). Emerald’s dealings in Rosemont extended beyond secur‐ ing a new site for the casino. Around the time § 11.2 passed, Kevin Flynn, McMahon, and McQuaid met with several ar‐ chitects about a design for the Rosemont casino; within days, Emerald hired an architecture firm to design the casino. In subsequent weeks, Emerald hired a general contractor and voted to start construction without the Board’s prior approval. By October 1999, Emerald had at least nine contracts with con‐ struction companies and architecture firms but had not dis‐ closed any of them to the Board, in violation of IGB rules. See Ill. Admin. Code tit. 86, § 3000.140(b)(3) (“[L]icensees and ap‐ plicants for licensure shall periodically disclose changes in or new agreements, whether oral or written, relating to … [c]on‐ struction contracts.”). Also around this time, Emerald altered its ownership structure by issuing, selling, and reallocating stock. Three separate sets of transactions are important here. First, after the legislature passed § 11.2 but before the Gov‐ ernor signed it into law, Donald Flynn—Kevin Flynn’s father 6 Nos. 16‐1075 et al.

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