[707]*707SKOPIL, Circuit Judge:
The Department of Education (“DOE”) appeals the decision of the Appellate Division of the District Court of Guam reinstating appellee Kathy Brown as a teacher on Guam. We affirm.
I. GUAM EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
In structuring its educational system, the Guam legislature established DOE, 17 G.C.A. § 3101 (1984), as a part of the executive branch. It also established a Board of Education (“Board”). 17 G.C.A. § 3102(a). The Guam legislature has delegated its constitutional authority to establish a merit system to a number of agencies, including the Board. 4 G.C.A. § 4105. The Board’s merit system must be approved by the Civil Service Commission (“Commission”) and executive order of the Governor. In 1973 the Board adopted rules and regulations regarding its personnel and the Governor approved those regulations in Executive Order 73-24.1
The Commission was also established by the Guam legislature. 4 G.C.A. § 4401. It is responsible for, among other things, appeals from administrative action to suspend or dismiss DOE employees. 4 G.C.A. § 4403; 4102(b). In 1972 the Commission adopted rules and regulations regarding appeals from agency decisions. The Governor approved and promulgated these regulations in Executive Order 72-19 and revised them in Executive Order 79-030.2
II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW
Kathy Brown was a teacher on Guam, employed by the DOE. In 1981 there was a general strike in which Brown joined. Two days later, on January 14, 1981, DOE suspended Brown and on February 2 terminated her employment. In deciding to terminate Brown, DOE relied on Commission rules and regulations promulgated and approved by the Governor in Executive Order 79-030.
Thereafter, Brown appealed her termination to the Civil Service Commission of Guam.. The Commission upheld the suspension and termination. On December 30, 1982 Brown filed a petition for writ of mandamus and preemptory writ in the Superior Court of Guam. On August 24,1983 the Superior Court entered a judgment [708]*708finding the suspension invalid, but upholding the termination.
Brown appealed to the appellate division of the district court of Guam. The court found both the suspension and termination invalid. It held DOE wrongfully terminated Brown because DOE relied on a set of rules and regulations it had never adopted as required by 4 G.C.A. § 4105. The Board had previously adopted the rules promulgated in Executive Order 73-24. The court reasoned that DOE therefore should have employed those rules rather than the Commission rules adopted and promulgated in Executive Order 79-030. It ordered Brown’s reinstatement. DOE appeals.
III. ISSUES ON APPEAL
A. Standard of Review.
The parties dispute the standard of review. Resolution of this dispute will be determined by whether we are interpreting federal law or local Guam law. The Guam Organic Act is federal law and therefore clearly subject to de novo review. Bordallo v. Reyes, 763 F.2d 1098, 1102 (9th Cir. 1985) (asserted inconsistency of Guam law with the Organic Act; subject to de novo review); Matter of McLinn, 739 F.2d 1395, 1403 (9th Cir.1984) (en banc) (district court interpretation of both federal and state law subject to de novo review).
Brown argues the district court’s decision is based primarily on an interpretation of local law and is therefore subject to a more deferential standard of review. She contends DOE mistakenly relies on McLinn for DOE’s contention that de novo review is appropriate. In McLinn, the court held that district court interpretations of state law are subject to de novo review. The court of appeals reasoned that it is the first appellate review of the trial court’s conclusion of law and should therefore review those conclusions de novo. 739 F.2d at 1400. The court also noted that the appellate court is structurally better suited to make decisions of law than is a district court; there are three judges considering the legal issues, all of whom are unencumbered by the evidentiary process. . Id. at 1398. This reasoning does not necessarily apply to an appeal from the district court of Guam, which was in that case a three-judge panel hearing an appeal from the Superior Court of Guam.
Laguana v. Guam Visitors Bureau, 725 F.2d 519 (9th Cir.1984), decided prior to McLinn, lends support to Brown’s view that de novo review is inappropriate if local law is at issue. In Laguana, the court was asked to interpret a Guam statute and an executive order. The court stated it would uphold the Guam district court determinations if “they are based on a tenable theory and are not manifestly erroneous.” Id. at 520 (quoting Chase Manhattan Bank v. Gems-By-Gordon, 649 F.2d 710, 712 (9th Cir.1981)). This court’s rationale was that “local Guam needs and customs may differ from those with which federal courts would otherwise be familiar____” 725 F.2d at 520-21 (citing Gumataotao v. Government of Guam, 322 F.2d 580, 582 (9th Cir.1963)). See also Electrical Construction & Maintenance Co. v. Maeda Pacific Corp., 764 F.2d 619 (9th Cir.1985).
We agree with Brown that a more deferential standard of review is appropriate when we are reviewing Guam local law. Because the district court in Guam in this case was a three-judge panel, it is more akin to a federal court of appeals. It was able to engage in the “collaborative, deliberative process- of appellate courts [that] reduces the risk of judicial error on questions of law.” McLinn, 739 F.2d at 1398 (quoting United States v. McConney, 728 F.2d 1195, 1201 (9th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 824, 105 S.Ct. 101, 83 L.Ed. 46 (1984)) Because the court in this case based its decision on an examination of local legislation and executive orders, we will uphold that decision unless it is manifestly erroneous.
B. Merits.
DOE argues the district court’s decision conflicts with the Governor’s responsibility to establish and maintain a school system. Section 1421g of the Guam Organic Act provides:
[709]*709(a) Subject to the laws of Guam, the Governor shall establish, maintain, and operate public-health services in Guam, including hospitals, dispensaries, and quarantine stations,____
(b) The Governor shall provide an adequate public educational system of Guam, and to that end shall establish, maintain, and operate public schools at such places in Guam as may be necessary.
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[707]*707SKOPIL, Circuit Judge:
The Department of Education (“DOE”) appeals the decision of the Appellate Division of the District Court of Guam reinstating appellee Kathy Brown as a teacher on Guam. We affirm.
I. GUAM EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
In structuring its educational system, the Guam legislature established DOE, 17 G.C.A. § 3101 (1984), as a part of the executive branch. It also established a Board of Education (“Board”). 17 G.C.A. § 3102(a). The Guam legislature has delegated its constitutional authority to establish a merit system to a number of agencies, including the Board. 4 G.C.A. § 4105. The Board’s merit system must be approved by the Civil Service Commission (“Commission”) and executive order of the Governor. In 1973 the Board adopted rules and regulations regarding its personnel and the Governor approved those regulations in Executive Order 73-24.1
The Commission was also established by the Guam legislature. 4 G.C.A. § 4401. It is responsible for, among other things, appeals from administrative action to suspend or dismiss DOE employees. 4 G.C.A. § 4403; 4102(b). In 1972 the Commission adopted rules and regulations regarding appeals from agency decisions. The Governor approved and promulgated these regulations in Executive Order 72-19 and revised them in Executive Order 79-030.2
II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW
Kathy Brown was a teacher on Guam, employed by the DOE. In 1981 there was a general strike in which Brown joined. Two days later, on January 14, 1981, DOE suspended Brown and on February 2 terminated her employment. In deciding to terminate Brown, DOE relied on Commission rules and regulations promulgated and approved by the Governor in Executive Order 79-030.
Thereafter, Brown appealed her termination to the Civil Service Commission of Guam.. The Commission upheld the suspension and termination. On December 30, 1982 Brown filed a petition for writ of mandamus and preemptory writ in the Superior Court of Guam. On August 24,1983 the Superior Court entered a judgment [708]*708finding the suspension invalid, but upholding the termination.
Brown appealed to the appellate division of the district court of Guam. The court found both the suspension and termination invalid. It held DOE wrongfully terminated Brown because DOE relied on a set of rules and regulations it had never adopted as required by 4 G.C.A. § 4105. The Board had previously adopted the rules promulgated in Executive Order 73-24. The court reasoned that DOE therefore should have employed those rules rather than the Commission rules adopted and promulgated in Executive Order 79-030. It ordered Brown’s reinstatement. DOE appeals.
III. ISSUES ON APPEAL
A. Standard of Review.
The parties dispute the standard of review. Resolution of this dispute will be determined by whether we are interpreting federal law or local Guam law. The Guam Organic Act is federal law and therefore clearly subject to de novo review. Bordallo v. Reyes, 763 F.2d 1098, 1102 (9th Cir. 1985) (asserted inconsistency of Guam law with the Organic Act; subject to de novo review); Matter of McLinn, 739 F.2d 1395, 1403 (9th Cir.1984) (en banc) (district court interpretation of both federal and state law subject to de novo review).
Brown argues the district court’s decision is based primarily on an interpretation of local law and is therefore subject to a more deferential standard of review. She contends DOE mistakenly relies on McLinn for DOE’s contention that de novo review is appropriate. In McLinn, the court held that district court interpretations of state law are subject to de novo review. The court of appeals reasoned that it is the first appellate review of the trial court’s conclusion of law and should therefore review those conclusions de novo. 739 F.2d at 1400. The court also noted that the appellate court is structurally better suited to make decisions of law than is a district court; there are three judges considering the legal issues, all of whom are unencumbered by the evidentiary process. . Id. at 1398. This reasoning does not necessarily apply to an appeal from the district court of Guam, which was in that case a three-judge panel hearing an appeal from the Superior Court of Guam.
Laguana v. Guam Visitors Bureau, 725 F.2d 519 (9th Cir.1984), decided prior to McLinn, lends support to Brown’s view that de novo review is inappropriate if local law is at issue. In Laguana, the court was asked to interpret a Guam statute and an executive order. The court stated it would uphold the Guam district court determinations if “they are based on a tenable theory and are not manifestly erroneous.” Id. at 520 (quoting Chase Manhattan Bank v. Gems-By-Gordon, 649 F.2d 710, 712 (9th Cir.1981)). This court’s rationale was that “local Guam needs and customs may differ from those with which federal courts would otherwise be familiar____” 725 F.2d at 520-21 (citing Gumataotao v. Government of Guam, 322 F.2d 580, 582 (9th Cir.1963)). See also Electrical Construction & Maintenance Co. v. Maeda Pacific Corp., 764 F.2d 619 (9th Cir.1985).
We agree with Brown that a more deferential standard of review is appropriate when we are reviewing Guam local law. Because the district court in Guam in this case was a three-judge panel, it is more akin to a federal court of appeals. It was able to engage in the “collaborative, deliberative process- of appellate courts [that] reduces the risk of judicial error on questions of law.” McLinn, 739 F.2d at 1398 (quoting United States v. McConney, 728 F.2d 1195, 1201 (9th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 824, 105 S.Ct. 101, 83 L.Ed. 46 (1984)) Because the court in this case based its decision on an examination of local legislation and executive orders, we will uphold that decision unless it is manifestly erroneous.
B. Merits.
DOE argues the district court’s decision conflicts with the Governor’s responsibility to establish and maintain a school system. Section 1421g of the Guam Organic Act provides:
[709]*709(a) Subject to the laws of Guam, the Governor shall establish, maintain, and operate public-health services in Guam, including hospitals, dispensaries, and quarantine stations,____
(b) The Governor shall provide an adequate public educational system of Guam, and to that end shall establish, maintain, and operate public schools at such places in Guam as may be necessary.
DOE contends section 1421g grants exclusive power to the Governor to maintain and operate public schools unencumbered by any Guam statutes. By employing the rules and regulations promulgated in Executive Order 79-030, DOE argues it was following the Governor’s directives regarding maintenance of Guam’s public school system. To remand and require it to employ the standard set forth in Executive Order 73-24 would be to invade the province of the Governor.
We need not decide the impact of section 1421g on the Governor’s authority over DOE. That provision of the Organic Act has no relevance to the resolution of the issue here. Executive Order 79-030 is, on its face, inapplicable to DOE. There is no indication in Executive Order 79-030 that it was intended to apply to DOE. Nor is there any evidence that the Governor directed DOE to apply to its employees the rules promulgated and approved in Executive Order 79-030.
DOE and the Commission are two separate agencies with two separate statutes establishing them and describing their duties. Executive Order 79-030 was enacted pursuant to section 4006, Gov. Code of Guam (renumbered 4 G.C.A. § 4403 (1984)), which relates in part to the Commission’s duties to hear appeals from administrative actions dismissing classified service employees. Therefore, the rules approved in Executive Order 79-030 would only apply to Brown’s appeal from DOE’s decision to fire her. It would not govern DOE’s initial decision to fire Brown.
Executive Order 73-24 specifically refers to 4 G.C.A. § 4105. That statute directs DOE to establish rules regarding suspension and dismissal of its personnel. See 4 G.C.A. § 4106. The district court did not err in concluding DOE employed the wrong rules and regulations. Its interpretation of Guam law is tenable and is not manifestly erroneous.
DOE also argues the district court decision conflicts with the Governor’s responsibility to establish a school system. DOE notes that 48 U.S.C. § 1421g(b) does not contain the phrase “subject to the laws of Guam” as does section 1421g(a). DOE argues the legislature intended, by omitting this phrase with regard to the school system, to give the Governor authority over the school system exclusive of any concurrent legislative authority. A resolution of this issue requires an examination of Guam’s Organic Act. Our review is therefore de novo. See supra, 111-A.
This argument is without merit. First, the legislative history does not indicate that Congress intended to give the Governor exclusive power over the school system. A more reasonable interpretation of the constitutional provision is that the first phrase of the first subsection was meant to apply equally to both the public health system and the public school system. See S.Rep. 2109, 81st Cong. 2d Sess., reprinted in 1950 U.S.Code Cong.Ser. 2840, 2848 (“the Governor would be responsible for the establishment and maintenance of public-health services and a public-school system”) (J.A. Krug, Secretary of Interior); id. at 2856 (“Section 29: Places responsibility on the Governor for the establishment, maintenance, and operation of the public-health services and public-school system of Guam”) (Appendix I: analysis of H.R. 7273).
Further, such a broad interpretation to the grant of authority in 48 U.S.C. § 1421g(b) would entail reading the provision in a vacuum. The authority to establish a merit system was clearly intended to be within the legislature’s province. S.Rep. 2109, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., reprinted in 1950 U.S.Code Cong.Ser. 2844, 2845 (“Provision is made for the establishment of a merit system for service in the govern[710]*710ment of Guam. At the same time, the Governor is left free to appoint, by and with the consent of the Guam legislature, heads of executive agencies who would be in policy-making positions”). There is no indication Congress intended an exception regarding DOE. Allowing the Governor to establish a merit system for DOE employees, in violation of section 4004, negates the Constitution’s specific grant of such authority to the legislature.
Finally, the Constitution itself limits the Governor’s power of appointment. It states, “He shall appoint, and may remove, all ... employees of the executive branch of the government of Guam, except as otherwise provided ... under the laws of Guam....” 48 U.S.C. § 1422.
DOE also contends the Board’s composition violates Guam’s Constitution because 48 U.S.C. § 1422c provides the Governor shall appoint all heads of executive agencies and instrumentalities. DOE does not, however, advise the court of the effect of an unconstitutionally composed Board. In any event, we will not address this issue. DOE did not raise it before the Commission, the Superior Court, or the district court. Generally, an issue not raised at the district court may not be raised on appeal. United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1012 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100, 104 S.Ct. 1593, 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984). Three narrow exceptions to this rule are (1) a new theory or issue arises because of the change in the law while the appeal was pending; (2) the issue is only one of law not relying on any factual record; or (3) plain error occurred and an injustice might otherwise result if the court of appeals does not consider the issue. Id. None of the exceptions apply here. Although the issue of whether the Board is unconstitutionally composed may be purely one of law, “[t]his exception necessarily applies only when the party against whom the issue is raised would not be prejudiced and would not have tried his case differently either by developing new facts in response to or advancing distinct legal arguments against the issue.” United States v. Gabriel, 625 F.2d 830, 832 (9th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1113, 101 S.Ct. 925, 66 L.Ed.2d 843 (1981). There are a number of both factual and legal arguments that could have been raised below regarding DOE’s contention. Therefore, we will decline to hear this issue.
Finally, Brown seeks attorney’s fees pursuant to section 1022(6) of the Guam Code of Civil Procedure. On June 21, 1985 the district court of Guam found section 1022(6) violated the equal protection clause of the United States Constitution. Santos v. Calaban, No. 84-00043A (D.C. Guam).
On July 23, 1985 the legislature repealed section 1022(6) and replaced it with section 1022.1. That section applies to costs and attorney’s fees incurred in any action filed on or after January 1, 1983. Brown filed her cause of action against the government of Guam on December 30, 1982. Brown is not entitled to recover attorney’s fees.
AFFIRMED.