Opinion
THE COURT.
This is a proceeding to review the unanimous recommendation of the Review Department of the State Bar Court that petitioner Marvin B. Kapelus be disbarred. The recommendation is based on findings in two separate matters, one involving petitioner’s alleged misconduct in the representation of a client in an employment dispute (the Hammer matter), and the other involving alleged conflicts of interest arising from petitioner’s personal participation, and representation of multiple parties, in a tax reduction plan (the LAPSC matter). After a consolidated hearing, the State Bar hearing panel issued detailed findings which are described below, and unanimously recommended that disciplinary sanctions, including an actual suspension of 60 days, be imposed. The review department largely adopted the hearing panel’s findings, but not its recommended discipline, recommending instead that petitioner be disbarred in view of (1) the misconduct at issue here, (2) his lack of remorse and (3) his record of two prior disciplinary sanctions. As explained below, we conclude that we should adopt the review department’s recommendation of disbarment.
I.
Because petitioner challenges many of the State Bar’s findings, we begin with a brief review of the principles which govern this court’s role in State Bar disciplinary proceedings. It is well established that the State Bar’s findings are not binding on this court. Instead, this court must independently review the evidence, pass upon its sufficiency, and resolve all reasonable doubts in favor of the attorney. (Alberton v. State Bar (1984) 37 Cal.3d 1, 12 [206 Cal.Rptr. 373, 686 P.2d 1177].) The findings, however, must be given [184]*184great weight, and “ ‘ “[w]hen the findings . . . rest primarily on testimonial evidence, we are reluctant to reverse the decision of the local administrative committee, which was in a better position to evaluate conflicting statements after observing the demeanor of the witnesses and the character of their testimony . . . ” (Vaughn v. State Bar (1972) 6 Cal.3d 847, 852 [100 Cal.Rptr. 713, 494 P.2d 1257]; Chefsky v. State Bar (1984) 36 Cal.3d 116, 121 [202 Cal.Rptr. 349, 680 P.2d 82].) Moreover, petitioner bears the burden of showing that the findings of the State Bar are not supported by the evidence. (Trousil v. State Bar (1985) 38 Cal.3d 337, 341 [211 Cal.Rptr. 525, 695 P.2d 1066].) “In meeting this burden, the petitioner must demonstrate that the charges of unprofessional conduct are not sustained by convincing proof and to a reasonable certainty.” (Himmel v. State Bar (1971) 4 Cal.3d 786, 794 [94 Cal.Rptr. 825, 484 P.2d 993]; Chefsky v. State Bar, supra, 36 Cal.3d 116, 121).1
II. The Hammer Matter
In August 1977 and March 1978, Robert Hammer met with petitioner to discuss an appeal that Hammer was then pursuing before the United States Merit Systems Protection Board relating to his discharge from employment with the federal government. Petitioner testified that he agreed to assist Hammer’s nonattomey representative of record, William Shoates, by writing a supplemental letter in Hammer’s defense to the appeals board in Washington. Petitioner also acknowledged that he and Hammer discussed petitioner’s filing a lawsuit on Hammer’s behalf against the government in federal court at the conclusion of Hammer’s appeal, although petitioner maintains that he said he would file the action only if Hammer won the administrative appeal, while Hammer testified that petitioner agreed to file the action regardless of the appeal’s disposition.2 Shortly after the August 1977 meeting, petitioner asked for and received $600 from Hammer, which Hammer thought was a retainer for the post-appeal suit. Petitioner testified [185]*185that the $600 was his fee for reviewing the administrative record and writing the letter to the appeals board. (Hammer has since recovered the fee in small claims court.)
Petitioner wrote the supplemental letter, a three-page legal defense of Hammer, and sent it to the appeals board on March 28, 1978. Although Shoates continued to be Hammer’s representative of record for the appeal, petitioner wrote the letter on his attorney letterhead and signed his name as attorney for Hammer. Petitioner testified that his signing as Hammer’s attorney was inadvertent.
The appeals board resolved the appeal against Hammer in the beginning of February 1980. On February 6, 1980, the board sent one copy of the letter of denial to Hammer in care of petitioner at petitioner’s address; a second copy was sent to Shoates. Although the copy of the letter delivered to petitioner was clearly addressed to Hammer, the letter never reached him and Hammer did not learn that his appeal had been denied until June 1980, when he independently contacted the appeals board and, on' June 24, was sent a copy of the denial letter.
On June 27, 1980, Hammer tried several times to reach petitioner by phone. He was told by petitioner’s secretary that petitioner was either unavailable or out of the office. Suspecting that petitioner was avoiding his calls, Hammer devised a ruse and succeeded in speaking directly to petitioner. At that point, petitioner confirmed that Hammer’s appeal had been denied and told Hammer he had attempted to reach him by phone on a number of occasions and had sent several letters to Hammer which had been returned as undeliverable and had been placed in Hammer’s file. Hammer asked for his file and petitioner promised to send it to him.
When he did not receive the file, Hammer called petitioner twice and sent him a registered letter asking for the file, but petitioner neither replied nor sent the file. In August 1980, Hammer consulted another attorney, Donald Townley, who sent petitioner a letter on September 26, 1980, requesting Hammer’s file. The file was picked up by Townley’s service on November 11, 1980, but the transcript of the initial administrative hearing was not in the file and there were no letters in the file addressed to Hammer which had been returned to petitioner as undeliverable. Townley subsequently asked petitioner on several occasions to forward the administrative transcript to him, but petitioner never responded to the requests. At the State Bar hearing, petitioner testified that he had earlier returned the transcript to Shoates, but although Shoates did not testify at the hearing, it was stipulated that he would have testified that he never received the transcript back [186]*186from petitioner. Townley eventually sent for a copy of the transcript from the appeals board.
On the basis of the above evidence, the hearing panel found, inter aha, that petitioner willfully withdrew from employment without taking reasonable steps to avoid foreseeable prejudice to his client in violation of rule 2-111 of the Rules of Professional Conduct,3 and willfully failed to use reasonable diligence in performing services by failing to communicate with Hammer regarding the status of his case in violation of former rule 6-101.4 Although petitioner challenges both findings, we conclude that they should be sustained.
A. Withdrawal from employment
Petitioner contends initially that the evidence fails to support the finding that he willfully withdrew from employment without taking reasonable steps to avoid foreseeable prejudice to his client’s interest. He asserts, first, that the evidence does not demonstrate that he ever entered into an attorney-client relationship with Hammer, and, second, that even if he did enter such a relationship, the objective of the representation was never clearly established.
Hammer testified quite emphatically, however, that petitioner agreed to represent him in a post-administrative appeal suit against the federal government, and the hearing panel—which observed the testimony of both Hammer and petitioner—found Hammer’s testimony credible; we find no basis for rejecting that assessment. In addition, the $600 payment which petitioner received from Hammer provides additional support for the conclusion that petitioner had been retained at that point to represent Hammer in a legal capacity.
Although the record leaves some question as to the exact terms of the agreement between petitioner and Hammer—i.e., whether petitioner was to file a federal Bivens action (see fn. 2, ante, p. 184) regardless of the outcome [187]*187of the administrative appeal or whether he was to file such an action only if Hammer won the appeal—in either case the evidence supports the conclusion that petitioner improperly withdrew from employment without taking reasonable steps to avoid prejudice to his client. When petitioner received notice in February 1980 that Hammer’s appeal had been denied by the appeals review board, he should have recognized that under federal law the appeals board decision was not final but was subject to judicial review if a petition were filed in federal court within 30 days of receipt of the appeals board decision. (5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1).) By failing to notify Hammer of the adverse decision and failing to ascertain whether Hammer wanted to seek judicial review, petitioner foreclosed any opportunity Hammer had to prevail in the administrative appeal and, perhaps, in any subsequent Bivens action. Because petitioner failed to act at that point, and did not even speak to Hammer until Hammer—through a ruse—was finally able to reach him by phone several months later, we conclude that the evidence supports the finding that petitioner withdrew from employment without taking reasonable steps to avoid prejudicing his client.5
This conclusion is buttressed by the evidence which suggests that petitioner falsely told Hammer that he (petitioner) had unsuccessfully attempted to notify Hammer of the appeals board decision. As noted, although petitioner told Hammer in June that he had sent numerous letters to Hammer that had been returned as undeliverable and placed in Hammer’s file, when the file was finally delivered to Hammer’s new attorney no such letters were found. Under the circumstances, we conclude that the evidence supports the finding that petitioner abandoned his client without taking reasonable steps to protect him from prejudice.
B. Failure to communicate with client
Petitioner also contends that the evidence does not support the finding that he “willfully” failed to communicate with Hammer, suggesting that any failure to communicate was simply the result of negligence by his [188]*188office staff in failing to forward the appeals board decision to Hammer. Even if we assume that such office-staff negligence was responsible for petitioner’s initial failure to promptly forward the appeals board decision to Hammer— though that was not petitioner’s explanation when he spoke to Hammer on June 27—the evidence clearly supports the conclusion that thereafter petitioner willfully failed to communicate with Hammer. Contrary to petitioner’s contention, the evidence of failure to communicate is not limited to petitioner’s conduct in initially refusing Hammer’s calls on June 27, but extends to his failure to respond to Hammer’s subsequent phone calls and registered letter inquiring into petitioner’s failure to send the file to Hammer. Indeed, petitioner’s willful failure to communicate is further demonstrated by his additional failure to respond to the later requests of Hammer’s new counsel for the missing administrative hearing transcript; even if, as petitioner testified, he had earlier returned the transcript to Shoates, there was no excuse for petitioner’s failure to inform Hammer’s new attorney of that fact. In any event, past cases make it clear that an attorney’s repeated failure to communicate with and inattention to the needs of a client—like that involved in this case—is a proper ground for discipline, even if the attorney’s conduct is not willful. (See, e.g., McMorris v. State Bar (1981) 29 Cal.3d 96, 99 [171 Cal.Rptr. 829, 623 P.2d 781].)
In sum, we conclude that the evidence supports the finding that petitioner’s conduct in connection with the Hammer matter constitutes a proper basis for discipline.
III. The LAPSC Matter
The second matter at issue concerns petitioner’s involvement in a tax reduction plan. In 1969 petitioner began representing the Los Angeles Psycho-Social Center (LAPSC), a charitable nonprofit corporation involved in educational and psychological research. That same year, petitioner and Cary Harwin, a nonattomey business manager, devised a complex business transaction involving LAPSC designed to take advantage of numerous tax provisions. Petitioner and Harwin formed and acted as general partners for three limited partnerships known as the Pelwin, Kapwin and Lushar Land Companies (PKL). Petitioner, as attorney, drafted the legal instruments setting up PKL, including the loan documents described hereafter.
Pursuant to the plan, investors who were limited partners in PKL made charitable contributions to LAPSC. With petitioner’s advice, LAPSC then loaned between 85 and 90 percent of these contributions to PKL. On receipt of the loan, PKL purchased shares in the Tucker Land Company (Tucker), a public limited partnership in the business of real estate development. Tucker’s principal asset was 1,800 acres of land in the Santa Monica Moun[189]*189tains. PKL’s shares in Tucker served as security for the LAPSC loan. The loan agreement between PKL and LAPSC was a nonrecourse, or in rem, loan, which meant that none of the general or limited partners were personally liable for nonpayment of the loan; LAPSC’s sole remedy in the event PKL failed to repay the loan was to foreclose on the security. Under the plan, Tucker was to make periodic calls for additional capital to PKL, which in turn was to make calls to the individual limited partners.6
There were anticipated tax and business advantages to both LAPSC and PKL as a result of the tax plan. LAPSC would benefit from the 10 to 15 percent of the investors’ donations it retained for itself, from the interest income on its loan to PKL and from the anticipated repayment of the loan. The individual investors would be able to deduct their contributions to LAPSC, and PKL would be able to deduct the interest expense on the loan payments and to pay the interest with pretax dollars. The purchase of shares in Tucker also offered tax advantages for PKL, including depreciation deductions and use of the capital gains structure on the subsequent sale of shares in Tucker.7
Unlike most of the individuals who participated in this transaction, petitioner did not invest any money in PKL. Instead, he received a 15 percent subordinate share in the assets of PKL—the Tucker land shares—as his fee for services rendered to LAPSC, which included (1) insuring that the money loaned by LAPSC was used to buy shares in Tucker and (2) drafting the necessary legal documents, including the loan agreement between PKL and LAPSC. Petitioner and LAPSC management both characterized his involvement with PKL as that of a “watchdog,” ensuring that LAPSC’s security—the shares in Tucker—was not impaired.
The plan did not run as smoothly as expected. PKL requested and received a loan extension from LAPSC because PKL did not realize a quick gain from the investment in Tucker. The recession in the early 1970’s had a negative impact on the housing industry and environmental concerns forced Tucker to refrain from building on about 1,000 acres of land. In 1975, on the advice of general partner Cary Harwin, and without the prior knowledge or consent of petitioner, PKL decided not to meet the call from Tucker. As a consequence, the Tucker shares went into default and Tucker foreclosed on them, eliminating not only PKL’s and its general partners’ [190]*190interest in the shares, but LAPSC’s security interest as well; when PKL subsequently defaulted on its note to LAPSC, LAPSC was thus left without a remedy. Shortly after the foreclosure, several of the individual limited partners in PKL purchased the defaulted shares directly from Tucker, and evidence was presented at the hearing suggesting that Harwin had engineered the default to divert PKL assets and eliminate LAPSC’s security interest.8
In 1977, limited partner Holly Dyer, represented by Barry Friedman, filed suit against Harwin, petitioner, the Pelwin and Kapwin companies (two of the three limited partnerships) and several limited partners for breach of fiduciary duty, and other causes of action. Friedman testified that petitioner was named because Dyer was also seeking dissolution of the Pelwin and Kapwin partnerships, and had to name all general partners, and not because petitioner had committed a breach of fiduciary duty.
Petitioner, for himself as general partner and as counsel for Pelwin and Kapwin, filed a cross-complaint in the Dyer action against Harwin, Dyer, Tucker, and numerous limited partners alleging that they had conspired to wrongfully divert partnership assets and to defraud Pelwin, Kapwin and LAPSC. The cross-complaint also named LAPSC as a cross-defendant, but did so solely for jurisdictional purposes, and expressly requested that LAPSC be realigned as a cross-complainant.
In February 1978, petitioner and Friedman negotiated a settlement of the Dyer action, and the complaint and cross-complaint were both dismissed with prejudice. In the course of the negotiations, Friedman sought assurances from petitioner that LAPSC would not bring a subsequent action against Dyer. Petitioner stated that he “doubted” there would be such a suit.
Three months later, however, in May 1978, petitioner did in fact file a complaint against Dyer and others on behalf of LAPSC, alleging the same facts and essentially the same claims contained in the previous cross-complaint. Petitioner testified that before filing this suit he had withdrawn as a general partner in PKL, although he had not filed the requisite certificate of withdrawal with the Los Angeles County Recorder’s office. Thereafter, [191]*191Friedman moved to reinstate Dyer’s earlier complaint and to recuse petitioner from representing LAPSC. The trial court granted those motions.
On the basis of the foregoing evidence, the review department found (1) that petitioner’s interest in PKL was adverse to the interests of the limited partners and prevented him from impartially advising PKL or its limited partners; (2) that petitioner’s interest was also adverse to LAPSC in that the note drafted by petitioner and issued to LAPSC by PKL was not adequately secured and exempted the individual partners, including petitioner, from personal liability; (3) that petitioner had willfully represented conflicting interests without consent in representing PKL in litigation against the individual limited partners, and (4) that petitioner had also willfully represented conflicting interests without the requisite consent in representing LAPSC in its action against PKL’s limited partners. Petitioner challenges each of the four findings.
A. Conflict of interest with limited partners or PKL
The review department initially found that petitioner, by obtaining a partnership share in PKL which, unlike other partnership shares, did not require either an initial or subsequent investment of capital, had acquired an interest “adverse to a client” within the meaning of former rule 4.9 This finding was based on the conclusion that petitioner’s interest was adverse to the interests of the limited partners, since it was in petitioner’s interest for the limited partners to continue to respond to any requests for additional capital from Tucker, whereas it was not necessarily in the limited partners’ interest to continue to make additional contributions which, by increasing or maintaining the value of the Tucker shares, would inure to the benefit of petitioner as well as to themselves. The State Bar concluded that this conflict prevented petitioner from impartially advising PKL or the individual partners.
We agree with petitioner that a finding of misconduct cannot be sustained on this theory. Although, as the State Bar suggests, petitioner’s interest in PKL may well have been adverse to, or at least potentially in conflict with, the interests of the limited partners, the evidence does not support the State Bar’s determination that an attorney-client relationship ever existed between petitioner and the individual limited partners. As petitioner points out, the evidence clearly shows that all of the individual investors retained independent counsel to advise them before becoming limited partners, and that they were well aware of petitioner’s “watchdog” role on behalf of [192]*192LAPSC. As petitioner suggests, there is no evidence that any of the limited partners ever sought his professional advice or attempted to establish an attorney-client relationship with him. Although, as a general partner of PKL, petitioner plainly owed a fiduciary duty to the limited partners in relation to the actions of the partnership, at least on the facts of this case we do not believe that the “general partner/limited partner” connection was sufficient to create an attorney-client relationship between petitioner and the individual investors. Thus, assuming petitioner acquired an interest adverse to the limited partners, because they were not his clients that acquisition did not violate former rule 4.
Although the evidence does indicate that petitioner had an attorney-client relationship with PKL itself—he drafted the partnership and loan agreements, prepared a loan extension and defended the partnership against the lawsuit filed by Dyer—there is nothing to indicate that petitioner’s interest in PKL was contrary to the interest of PKL itself, as contrasted with the interests of the individual limited partners. As a general partner who stood to gain from PKL’s success, petitioner’s interest was parallel to PKL’s, rather than adverse. Thus, petitioner did not violate former rule 4 by virtue of his interest in, and simultaneous representation of, PKL.
B. Conflict of interest with LAPSC
The State Bar additionally found that petitioner violated former rule 4 by acquiring an interest adverse to LAPSC. Petitioner acknowledges, of course, that LAPSC was his client, but contends that his personal interest in PKL was not adverse to LAPSC’s interest.
The State Bar found that petitioner’s interest in PKL was adverse to LAPSC because the PKL assets had been obtained through a loan from LAPSC which was not adequately secured, and which specifically exempted the individual general partners of LAPSC, including petitioner, from personal liability. The State Bar found that as a result of the conflict between his own interests and those of LAPSC, petitioner had failed properly to advise LAPSC of the advisability of the nonrecourse provision or fully to explain that, in the absence of that provision, he would be personally responsible for the loan as a general partner of PKL.
Petitioner argues that the evidence demonstrates that he adequately informed LAPSC and received its consent to draft the notes as nonrecourse. He testified that he fully explained to Dr. Moran, the executive director of LAPSC, the necessity of making the notes nonrecourse because this was “vital” to the success of the tax advantage plan, and that it would be “suicide” for petitioner, as general partner, to have signed recourse paper. [193]*193Additionally, petitioner argues that he discussed with Moran the question of his fees, and that it was Moran who suggested that petitioner become the “watchdog” for LAPSC, and take an interest in the partnerships as his fee.
Even if LAPSC was aware of, and consented to, petitioner’s acquisition of the partnership interest and the exemption of petitioner from personal liability on the notes, petitioner cannot avoid culpability for fashioning and participating in a financial transaction in which he held an interest that was adverse to his client. Since petitioner acquired his interest in PKL in 1969, his conduct must properly be assessed under the provisions of former rule 4, and past cases establish that that rule prohibited the acquisition of conflicting interests of this nature, whether or not the client consented. (Ames v. State Bar (1973) 8 Cal.3d 910, 915 [106 Cal.Rptr. 489, 506 P.2d 625]). In Ames, this court found that attorneys had violated former riile 4 when they purchased a senior encumbrance on realty owned by clients who held a junibr encumbrance in order to protect the clients’ interest against a threatened foreclosure of the senior encumbrance. Even though the clients consented, the clients were not harmed, and the action was taken to further the clients’ interests, this court held that former rule 4 was absolute in its terms and forbade the acquisition by an attorney of any interest adverse to his client. We found that former rule 4 was designed not only to prevent fraudulent conduct but also to preclude the honest practitioner from placing himself in a position where he might be subsequently required to choose between conflicting interests to the ultimate detriment of his client. While recognizing that former rule 4 obviously did not “proscribe every business transaction engaged in by an attorney and his client” (8 Cal.3d at p. 917), Ames held that, under that rule, an attorney had a duty to avoid circumstances “where it is reasonably foreseeable that his acquisition may be detrimental, i.e., adverse, to the interests of his client.” (Id. at p. 920.)
In the case at bar, petitioner’s acquisition of an interest in PKL by which he would profit from PKL’s success but" not be personally responsible on its loan from LAPSC clearly put him in a position where his personal financial interest was in conflict with LAPSC’s interest in obtaining full repayment of its loan. Although petitioner emphasizes that he acquired the partnership interest as his fee for assuming a “watchdog” role of PKL’s actions on LAPSC’s behalf, he does not explain why he could not have obtained his fee in an alternative form that did not create the conflict of interest that was posed by the mechanism he chose. And, while petitioner also asserts that the nonrecourse nature of the note was essential to the success of the tax advantage plan in order that all partners, general and limited, could share the depreciation benefits in the same proportion as they shared the profits, he fails adequately to explain why he had to participate as a general partner [194]*194and could not instead have obtained equivalent oversight privileges that did not pose a conflict of interest.
Finally, when petitioner obtained a loan extension on behalf of himself as general partner of PKL as well as the limited partners, his interest in PKL became patently adverse to his client LAPSC’s interests: the extension benefitted petitioner at the expense of his client, LAPSC. Had petitioner not acquired his adverse interest in PKL, he might well have advised LAPSC that the inability of PKL to make its loan repayments foreshadowed decline in the value of the shares in Tucker, potential default on the loan and eventual foreclosure by Tucker, and that LAPSC would be better protected by foreclosing itself on the security—the shares in Tucker—while the shares still had some value rather than to grant an extension on the loan. Had LAPSC taken such action, it would have been able to recover at least some of its money it had loaned to PKL. Petitioner’s conflict of interest precluded him from impartially advising LAPSC on the wisdom of granting the loan extension.
In sum, we conclude that the evidence supports the finding that petitioner violated former rule 4 by acquiring an interest adverse to LAPSC’s interest.10
C. Failure to obtain limited partners' consent before filing PKL's cross-complaint
Petitioner also challenges the State Bar’s finding that he willfully represented conflicting interests without the consent of all parties in representing PKL in its cross-complaint against the limited partners. Because it found that petitioner had represented both PKL and the limited partners, it concluded that his failure to obtain the consent of the individual limited partners before filing the cross-complaint against them violated rules 4-101 and 5-102.11
[195]*195As discussed above, however, we have concluded that the evidence does not support the State Bar’s finding that petitioner had an attorney-client relationship with the individual limited partners. The State Bar alternatively argues that the charged violations can be sustained on the ground that petitioner, even if not the attorney of the limited partners, still owed them a fiduciary duty because of his position as general partner of PKL. Although in some contexts an attorney’s fiduciary relationship with a nonclient may make it improper for the attorney to agree to represent a party who wishes to sue the nonclient (see, e.g., William H. Raley Co. v. Superior Court (1983) 149 Cal.App.3d 1042, 1047 [197 Cal.Rptr. 232]), in this case we believe that petitioner correctly maintains that there was no impropriety, either actual or apparent, in his defending the partnership against individual limited partners who were allegedly attempting to defraud or destroy it. (Accord Meehan v. Hopps (1956) 144 Cal.App.2d 284, 290 [301 P.2d 10].)
Further, the evidence fails to support the State Bar’s finding that petitioner was privy to confidential information of the individual limited partners. As we have seen, those individuáis were represented by separate counsel and there was no evidence that petitioner had obtained access to any confidential information of the limited partners. Accordingly, the finding that petitioner violated rules 4-101 and 5-102 by suing the limited partners without their consent cannot be sustained.
D. Failure to obtain consent of the limited partners and LAPSC before bringing LAPSC’s action against limited partners
Finally, petitioner challenges the State Bar’s finding that he violated rule 5-102 by bringing LAPSC’s May 1978 action against the limited partners without revealing his conflict of interest and obtaining the written consent of all parties. Although, for the reasons just discussed, we agree with petitioner that he had no obligation to obtain the consent of the limited partners before bringing such an action, we think the finding should be sustained on the basis of his failure to make a full disclosure to, and obtain the written consent of, LAPSC.
Petitioner argues that because PKL, his other client, was not specifically named as a defendant in the May 1978 action by LAPSC, there was no conflict of interest for him to disclose to LAPSC. PKL was, however, [196]*196obviously a potential defendant in such action, and, in addition, petitioner, as a general partner in PKL, was himself potentially liable to LAPSC for his failure to take steps to prevent the limited partners from defaulting on their calls to Tucker. By failing to name either PKL or himself as defendants, petitioner shielded both himself and one client from liability at the expense of another client, LAPSC. Under rule 5-102, petitioner was obligated to disclose this conflict and obtain LAPSC’s written consent. And while petitioner testified that he did receive LAPSC’s oral consent to pursue the action which he brought, Larry Moran, the son of Dr. Moran, testified that LAPSC’s consent was given only after petitioner’s repeated assurances that there was no conflict of interest. Furthermore, petitioner’s culpability in this regard is aggravated by the fact that he resolutely refused to recuse himself from the LAPSC action even after recusal was requested by the trial court in that action.
Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence supports the finding that petitioner violated rule 5-102 by his conduct in relation to the May 1978 LAPSC action.
IV. Discipline
There is, of course, a marked disparity between the hearing panel’s recommendation that petitioner be suspended for two years with sixty days actual suspension and the review department’s recommendation of disbarment. While we exercise our independent judgment in determining the appropriate punishment (Gordon v. State Bar (1982) 31 Cal.3d 748, 757 [183 Cal.Rptr. 861, 647 P.2d 137]), the review department’s recommendation is entitled to great weight. (Smith v. State Bar (1985) 38 Cal.3d 525, 539 [213 Cal.Rptr. 236, 698 P.2d 139].)
The review department cited a number of factors that it considered in increasing petitioner’s discipline to disbarment. Petitioner’s two prior disciplinary actions are important considerations, especially given their severity. In 1970 petitioner was suspended for three years and five months for his involvement and federal conviction in a mail fraud scheme.12 In 1979 he was publicly reproved for receiving a fee for referring a client to a loan company without notifying the client that he was receiving a referral fee.13
[197]*197The review department also indicated that it considered petitioner’s “active participation in a tax avoidance scheme in pursuing aggressively the litigation in which he had a conflict of interest . . . It is difficult to tell from this language whether the review department considered petitioner’s involvement in a “tax avoidance” plan as, in itself, reason for increasing the punishment. Since the illegality of the tax plan was not alleged by the State Bar, we will not consider his obtaining of tax benefits as an independent basis of discipline. The record does, however, fully support the finding that petitioner “aggressively” pursued litigation in which he had a conflict of interest, repeatedly refusing to recuse himself despite the trial court’s request that he withdraw.
The review department also cited petitioner’s “fraudulent conduct in effecting the Dyer settlement” as a reason to increase the recommended discipline. This characterization of petitioner’s conduct may overstate the evidence presented in this case. Both petitioner and Friedman, the negotiating attorney for the adverse party, testified that petitioner simply stated that he “doubted” that LAPSC would file a claim against the individual limited partners of PKL. Although Friedman testified that he felt that petitioner was assuring him that no such suit would be filed, absent more substantial evidence of petitioner’s fraudulent intent, we are hesitant to rely on this incident as a basis for increased discipline.
Finally, the review department pointed to petitioner’s lack of remorse toward the victims of his misconduct as a basis for increased discipline. Although, as petitioner points out, in some circumstances lack of remorse is not fairly indicative of increased culpability (see, e.g., Calaway v. State Bar (1986) 41 Cal.3d 743, 747-748 [225 Cal.Rptr. 267, 716 P.2d 371]), in this case we believe the record supports the review department’s reliance on petitioner’s attitude as an aggravating factor, since he refused to accept responsibility even for those aspects of his misconduct—his refusal to communicate with Hammer and his failure to bring his obvious conflict of interest in connection with the LAPSC suit to LAPSC’s attention—which are manifestly indefensible.
In determining the appropriate discipline, we take note, of course, of the fact that we have found that a number of the State Bar’s findings— particularly those resting on its conclusion that an attorney-client relationship existed between petitioner and the limited partners—are not supported [198]*198by the evidence. (See, e.g., McCray v. State Bar (1985) 38 Cal.3d 257, at p. 273 [211 Cal.Rptr. 691, 696 P.2d 83].) Nonetheless, we are mindful that the primary purposes in assessing discipline are to protect the public, to promote confidence in the legal system and to maintain high professional standards. (See, e.g., Smith v. State Bar, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 539.) The ethical violations which were adequately established here were not petitioner’s first instances of misconduct; in the past, this court has been required to discipline him on two separate occasions for other serious misconduct. (See Rules Proc. of State Bar, div. V, Standards for Atty. Sanctions for Prof. Misconduct (eff. Jan. 1, 1986) std. 1.7(b).)14
In addition, petitioner’s stubborn refusal to acknowledge the impropriety of his actions makes it difficult to feel confident that he will conform his conduct to the required high professional standards in the future. The risk of petitioner engaging in other misconduct if permitted to continue in practice is considerable, and we believe that the public and the legal profession would not be sufficiently protected by a mere suspension. (Rimel v. State Bar (1983) 34 Cal.3d 128, 131-132 [192 Cal.Rptr. 866, 665 P.2d 956]; Ambrose v. State Bar (1982) 31 Cal.3d 184, 196 [181 Cal.Rptr. 903, 643 P.2d 486].)
Accordingly, it is ordered that petitioner Marvin B. Kapelus be disbarred from the practice of law and that his name be stricken from the roll of attorneys. It is further ordered that petitioner comply with the requirements of rule 955 of the California Rules of Court and that he perform the acts specified in subdivisions (a) and (c) of that rule within 30 and 40 days, respectively, after the effective date of this order. This order is effective upon finality of the decision.
Before Lucas, C. J., Mosk, J., Broussard, J., Panelli, J., Arguelles, J., Eagleson, J., and Kline (J. Anthony), J.†