The following opinions were filed May 2, 1911:
Maeshaul, J.
The question presented for decision is this: If a corporation — by a majority of its members acting at a time and in a manner which would be binding in a matter within its corporate power — in good faith decides a subject in controversy, and a minority of members, acting in like good faith, resort to judicial proceedings against the officers and the corporation to prevent such determination from being effectuated upon the ground of its being a threatened usurpation, and the majority, in good faith believing in the integrity of their position, take corporate action, valid in form, by which the organization assumes the defense, authorizing such officers to employ attorneys to appear accordingly and conduct [614]*614such, defense, and the litigation goes on, both sides acting in good faith, to a final determination in favor of the minority, have the attorneys so employed by the corporation any valid claim against it ?
The trial court answered the question in the negative, the idea being, seemingly, that if one takes employment from a corporation in respect to any matter — in good faith thought by its dominant membership and executive officers, charged with the duty of carrying on its affairs, to be within the scope of the corporate authority — yet he runs the chance of being denied compensation for his labor, if the disputable matter in respect to such authority be decided in the negative. If there be such a rule, applicable so broadly as the trial court supposed, there is a serious peril in working for corporate organizations which, we may safely say, is not appreciated by the great mass of mankind who are interested in or serve such artificial entities.
There are some principles to be taken into account in deciding the question presented which are plain, simple, and so familiar that discussion of them and support thereof by reference to authorities are unnecessary. They need only be briefly mentioned.
The rule is common that a corporation has no power except such as is expressly or impliedly given by the charter; that as to any act outside the scope thereof, though ulira vires, the state only can interfere, or some party actually injuriously affected without his own fault, and no one can interfere to the prejudice of a person who has performed, in good faith, a contract with the corporation, in respect to such contract, unless it is contrary to public policy or prohibited b'y statute. A corporation has, inherently, by necessary implication, the right, within the scope of its powers, to be governed by its dominant membership or representatives and, in case of necessity, to defend against judicial interference in respect to the matter, and also authority to incur all the reasonable expense to that [615]*615end, such, as that for counsel and other ordinary expenses of litigation.
What is within the scope of corporate power is ordinarily an administrative question, determinable, primarily, by the governing authority of the organization. If such authority reaches a wrong conclusion, so far as concerns contractual matters affecting third persons acting in good faith and reasonably, the corporation is bound within the limitations aforesaid.
Whenever the right of a corporation, or its duly constituted representatives, to- do a particular thing proposed to be done, is challenged by an opposing minority of its members or representatives, acting reasonably and honestly, such majority and officers have the moral and legal right to stand by their judgment in the matter, and it is their duty to the corporation to do so if they reasonably and in good faith suppose the interests of the organization require it, and if that brings upon the corporation and its governing officers, or the major portion of them, an efficient challenge to defend in court, it is their right and duty to respond to the attack. Such defense is unavoidable unless the dominating membership and representatives, whenever their authority may be challenged by the minority, submit to the latter.
Can there be any fair controversy- about the foregoing? It must follow, that when the corporation and its officers were attacked by the action in which the services in question were rendered the right to- defend existed, and the duty also, since it seems there was a fair difference of opinion, and defendants in such action firmly believed in the right of their position. The right to defend, as indicated, included the right to employ attorneys to conduct the defense. The right to employ counsel necessarily carried with it the duty to pay counsel for their services, regardless of the outcome of the litigation. Such right, all acting in good faith, quite plainly did not depend upon who was right in the controversy.
[616]*616How can it "be said that whether the corporation and its officers were right or wrong rules the question of whether the services appellants in good faith rendered mnst be paid for or not? In any event, nnder the circumstances, the acts of usurpation perpetrated or threatened did not include the contract with counsel. There was no usurpation about that. It is the. undoubted right of a corporation and of its managing officers, acting in good faith, to employ counsel by whom to respond to a challenge to judicial combat. That right gives character to the claim of appellants, not the result of the litigation. That seems to be so obvious on principle, it is not to be wondered at that counsel have not been able to cite instances to the court where the subject has been directly involved and decided. The indications are that the logic of sucb situations furnishes little or no room for controversy and, therefore, no one has ventured to raise the question presented now and persist to a determination of it in a court of last resort.
We do not overlook the fact that the trial court found the plaintiffs’ services were rendered in fact for the trustees of the corporation as individuals. That was a mere conclusion, supposed to follow, necessarily, from the ultra vires nature of the acts sought to be prevented or corrected. The record plainly shows that the corporation, through its trustees and by express authority of its members, employed appellants; that the contract of employment was fully executed on their part to their damage in the amount they claim, in case they cannot recover, and to the benefit of the corporation in the sense that it received the services rendered and needed under the circumstances. Whether it was pecuniarily enriched or not, is beside the case. Moreover, the managing officers of a corporation have a right, as before indicated, to employ counsel to stand for it when challenged in court without any special authorization. 4 Thompson, Oorp. § 4866.
From the last foregoing it seems plaintiffs are entitled to [617]*617recover, as counsel contend, even if tbe contract of employment be ultra, vires. There was no bad faith at any point. The contract was fully executed, respondent receiving the services as stated. In such circumstances a corporation cannot successfully plead ultra, vires to avoid performance on its part. John V. Farwell Co. v. Wolf, 96 Wis. 10, 70 N. W. 289, 71 N. W. 109; McElroy v. Minnesota P. H. Co. 96 Wis. 317, 71 N. W. 652; Security Nat. Bank v. St. Croix P. Co. 117 Wis. 211, 94 N. W. 74; Eastman v. Parkinson, 133 Wis. 375, 113 N. W. 649.
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The following opinions were filed May 2, 1911:
Maeshaul, J.
The question presented for decision is this: If a corporation — by a majority of its members acting at a time and in a manner which would be binding in a matter within its corporate power — in good faith decides a subject in controversy, and a minority of members, acting in like good faith, resort to judicial proceedings against the officers and the corporation to prevent such determination from being effectuated upon the ground of its being a threatened usurpation, and the majority, in good faith believing in the integrity of their position, take corporate action, valid in form, by which the organization assumes the defense, authorizing such officers to employ attorneys to appear accordingly and conduct [614]*614such, defense, and the litigation goes on, both sides acting in good faith, to a final determination in favor of the minority, have the attorneys so employed by the corporation any valid claim against it ?
The trial court answered the question in the negative, the idea being, seemingly, that if one takes employment from a corporation in respect to any matter — in good faith thought by its dominant membership and executive officers, charged with the duty of carrying on its affairs, to be within the scope of the corporate authority — yet he runs the chance of being denied compensation for his labor, if the disputable matter in respect to such authority be decided in the negative. If there be such a rule, applicable so broadly as the trial court supposed, there is a serious peril in working for corporate organizations which, we may safely say, is not appreciated by the great mass of mankind who are interested in or serve such artificial entities.
There are some principles to be taken into account in deciding the question presented which are plain, simple, and so familiar that discussion of them and support thereof by reference to authorities are unnecessary. They need only be briefly mentioned.
The rule is common that a corporation has no power except such as is expressly or impliedly given by the charter; that as to any act outside the scope thereof, though ulira vires, the state only can interfere, or some party actually injuriously affected without his own fault, and no one can interfere to the prejudice of a person who has performed, in good faith, a contract with the corporation, in respect to such contract, unless it is contrary to public policy or prohibited b'y statute. A corporation has, inherently, by necessary implication, the right, within the scope of its powers, to be governed by its dominant membership or representatives and, in case of necessity, to defend against judicial interference in respect to the matter, and also authority to incur all the reasonable expense to that [615]*615end, such, as that for counsel and other ordinary expenses of litigation.
What is within the scope of corporate power is ordinarily an administrative question, determinable, primarily, by the governing authority of the organization. If such authority reaches a wrong conclusion, so far as concerns contractual matters affecting third persons acting in good faith and reasonably, the corporation is bound within the limitations aforesaid.
Whenever the right of a corporation, or its duly constituted representatives, to- do a particular thing proposed to be done, is challenged by an opposing minority of its members or representatives, acting reasonably and honestly, such majority and officers have the moral and legal right to stand by their judgment in the matter, and it is their duty to the corporation to do so if they reasonably and in good faith suppose the interests of the organization require it, and if that brings upon the corporation and its governing officers, or the major portion of them, an efficient challenge to defend in court, it is their right and duty to respond to the attack. Such defense is unavoidable unless the dominating membership and representatives, whenever their authority may be challenged by the minority, submit to the latter.
Can there be any fair controversy- about the foregoing? It must follow, that when the corporation and its officers were attacked by the action in which the services in question were rendered the right to- defend existed, and the duty also, since it seems there was a fair difference of opinion, and defendants in such action firmly believed in the right of their position. The right to defend, as indicated, included the right to employ attorneys to conduct the defense. The right to employ counsel necessarily carried with it the duty to pay counsel for their services, regardless of the outcome of the litigation. Such right, all acting in good faith, quite plainly did not depend upon who was right in the controversy.
[616]*616How can it "be said that whether the corporation and its officers were right or wrong rules the question of whether the services appellants in good faith rendered mnst be paid for or not? In any event, nnder the circumstances, the acts of usurpation perpetrated or threatened did not include the contract with counsel. There was no usurpation about that. It is the. undoubted right of a corporation and of its managing officers, acting in good faith, to employ counsel by whom to respond to a challenge to judicial combat. That right gives character to the claim of appellants, not the result of the litigation. That seems to be so obvious on principle, it is not to be wondered at that counsel have not been able to cite instances to the court where the subject has been directly involved and decided. The indications are that the logic of sucb situations furnishes little or no room for controversy and, therefore, no one has ventured to raise the question presented now and persist to a determination of it in a court of last resort.
We do not overlook the fact that the trial court found the plaintiffs’ services were rendered in fact for the trustees of the corporation as individuals. That was a mere conclusion, supposed to follow, necessarily, from the ultra vires nature of the acts sought to be prevented or corrected. The record plainly shows that the corporation, through its trustees and by express authority of its members, employed appellants; that the contract of employment was fully executed on their part to their damage in the amount they claim, in case they cannot recover, and to the benefit of the corporation in the sense that it received the services rendered and needed under the circumstances. Whether it was pecuniarily enriched or not, is beside the case. Moreover, the managing officers of a corporation have a right, as before indicated, to employ counsel to stand for it when challenged in court without any special authorization. 4 Thompson, Oorp. § 4866.
From the last foregoing it seems plaintiffs are entitled to [617]*617recover, as counsel contend, even if tbe contract of employment be ultra, vires. There was no bad faith at any point. The contract was fully executed, respondent receiving the services as stated. In such circumstances a corporation cannot successfully plead ultra, vires to avoid performance on its part. John V. Farwell Co. v. Wolf, 96 Wis. 10, 70 N. W. 289, 71 N. W. 109; McElroy v. Minnesota P. H. Co. 96 Wis. 317, 71 N. W. 652; Security Nat. Bank v. St. Croix P. Co. 117 Wis. 211, 94 N. W. 74; Eastman v. Parkinson, 133 Wis. 375, 113 N. W. 649.
The doctrine as found in the above and many other decisions in this and other courts is thus stated in Eastman v. Parkinson, 133 Wis. 375, 381, 113 N. W. 649:
“An ultra vires contract, one not within the scope of the corporate authority to make under any circumstances, which is no longer executory and is not tainted by fraud or clearly prohibited by statute, or condemned by sound public policy, cannot be impeached by the corporation or any one representing; it.”
The court in this case, as we have seen, acquitted plaintiffs of everything in the nature of bad faith. There is no express statute prohibiting a corporation from employing attorneys to conduct its defense, or the defense of its officers, in the pursuit of what is honestly deemed to be within the corporate authority, nor any rule of sound public policy condemning such employment.
We are at a loss to see why the facts of this case, as found by the trial court, do not fall clearly within the doctrine stated. It'is based on equitable estoppel. The idea is that, as between the aggregate stockholders of a corporation, and a person under contract with the organization, acting by its officers regularly chosen and held out to the world as having authority to represent it, the stockholders through the corporation should lose rather than such person. The thought .should not be indulged in that such equitable rule is based on [618]*618tbe circumstance of tlie corporation being enriched at the expense of the person dealing with it in good faith. It is the loss which such person would otherwise suffer which renders, the rule active. It ajiplies to prevent such loss even though the services to the corporation prove to have been to its disadvantage. As stated, in 5 Thompson on Corporations, at sec. 6017:
“The principle, properly understood and applied, extends, to every case where the consideration of the contract has-passed to the corporation from the other contracting party,, which consideration may, on well understood principles, consist either of a benefit to the corporation or of a prejudice or-disadvantage to the other contracting party. It is, therefore, not strictly necessary to the proper application of the principle that the corporation has received a benefit from the contract, but it is sufficient that the other party has acted on the faith of it to his disadvantage.”
That doctrine is new comparatively, but it has been so generally adopted as to be properly considered a part of the common law of this country. The doctrine of ultra vires, as formerly applied to corporate transactions, proved, in time, to be unadaptable to the new conditions created by the widely adopted method of doing almost all kinds of business by uniting a few or a large number of individuals into a single artificial person. Under present conditions, the ancient doctrine of ultra, vires and application thereof to transactions between corporations and those with which they deal, would be productive of incalculable injustice.
It may be that the modern doctrine is productive of injustice now and then, but courts cannot recognize one class- or particular corporation to be subject to it and others not. It applies to religious corporations in their business transactions, the same as to banicing or manufacturing corporations. There is no difference. It also applies the same when the corporation is small and the amount involved is large, as where the corporation is so large and the amount involved so [619]*619small that the enforcement of the contract would have no* appreciable pecuniary effect upon the organization. Absolute equality before the law applies to corporations the same-as individuals.
True, this case seems to be one of great hardship — the taking of a balance to make over $3,000, from a small corporation,- — a religious body, probably having very little, if any,, property, except that used in the religious services of the congregation, moreover, being a moderate collection of individuals, we may well suppose only in moderate circumstances, as a rule; but that is a misfortune which the courts cannot-take notice of for the purpose of turning a well settled rule-of law aside or make a new one. Oases of great hardship too often tend to influence the bending of legal principles to.satisfy the facts of a particular situation so as to effect a supposed just result, giving judicial administration the cast of' mere arbitration. We cannot escape the conclusion that the appellants have a legal right to recover for their services, leaving the corporation to deal with its officers if they committed any remediable wrong to it.
By the Court. — The judgment is reversed, and the cause-remanded for judgment in favor of plaintiffs for the balance-of their account as found by the trial co-urt, with interest and costs.
WiNsnow, C. T., dissents.
TimliN, J.
I acquiesced in the decisions Marien v. Evangelical Creed Cong. 132 Wis. 650, 113 N. W. 66, and 140 Wis. 31, 121 N. W. 604, deferring largely to the judgment of my associates upon the questions of creed, with which I was quite unfamiliar. In those cases it was decided that the plaintiffs were right, and that the other faction, which included the majority of the members of the congregation, who* therefore had control of the corporate offices and the church* [620]*620property, were in tbe wrong and engaged in attempting to •divert tbe church, property from the uses for which it had ■been acquired to the inconsistent and antagonistic uses of an Evangelical Lutheran church. I think we should stand by those decisions.
From this viewpoint the question here presented is: Oan this majority, frustrated by these decisions in their attempt to do an act ultra vires the corporation, nevertheless charge ■the corporate property with the fees of their lawyers earned in attempting to justify and uphold these ultra vires acts? ■Can they do so by employing these lawyers for and in the name of the corporation? A kindred question was examined apparently with thoroughness in McCourt v. Singers-Bigger, 145 Fed. 103. There certain shareholders prosecuted for the corporation to recover from defendants funds of the corporation and prevailed. They asked for an allow¡ance and got it upon the authority of Trustees v. Greenough, 105 U. S. 527. In the case cited from the Federal Reporter the court said:
“The same reasons which justify an allowance out of the fund in favor of complainant for expenses incurred in restoring it require us to approve of the disallowance of such items in favor of the defendants. ... No authorities are •cited by counsel or found by us sustaining defendants’ claim, •and we certainly shall not be the first to reward obstructionists out'of a restored fund in proceedings necessarily and vigorously prosecuted to regain that fund.”
Even if a majority of the stockholders in a stock corporation consent to ratify an illegal use of its funds their assent would not bind a dissenting minority. Von Arnim v. Am. T. Works, 188 Mass. 515, 74 N. E. 680. Directors and officers are personally liable for ultra vires acts. 2 Cook, Corp., (6th ed.) § 682. When the majority enters into litigation with the minority, costs are not to be paid by the majority out'of the corporate funds. Pickering v. Stephenson, L. R. 14 Eq. Cas. 322. See, also, Wickersham v. Crittenden, 106 [621]*621Cal. 327, 39 Pac. 602. I think it conflicts with these cases, to hold that the majority of members who have charge of the corporate assets and affairs may bind the corporation by the employment of attorneys to act in the corporate name to uphold the wrongful acts of such majority. It is not -a corporate purpose. The result of deciding the doctrinal point in favor of one faction and permitting, the other and heretical faction to charge the corporation with the fees of its attorneys, in effect gives the property, over' which the factions are contending, to the lawyers. This is a sort of equity I do not understand. I think the decision of this case is opposed to principle and without precedent. I do not think the law cited with reference to ultra vires contracts and the disability of the corporation to repudiate the same has any relevancy to, the questions here presented.
A motion for a rehearing was denied October 3, 1911.