By the Court,
Welles, J.
It is a general principle of the law of evidence that the declarations or admissions of one not a party to the action cannot be received in evidence, unless they constitute a part of the res gestes. To this rule there are exceptions; as in cases of privies in blood, in estate and law; of deceased persons against their interests; of one copartner against another; and of an agent against his principal-together with other kindred" cases—in which the admissions &c. made by a privy, in order to be admissible, must have been made while he owned the estate of the deceased person, while' his interest existed; of the partner, while the partnership or joint interest existed; and of the agent, cotemporaneously with some act of the agent within the scope of his agency, to which the declarations or admissions relate; Another case where the declarations of persons other than parties to the action may be proved, and resting upon the same principles as those before stated, is that of a company of conspirators or persons engaged in a common design to accomplish an unlawful act, where the result to be effected by such common design is material upon the issue to be tried. “The connection of the individuals in the unlawful enterprise being shown, every act and declaration of the confederacy, in pursuance of the original concerted plan, and with reference to the common object, is, in contemplation of law, the act and declaration of them all, and is, therefore, original evidence against each of them.” * * * In such case “care must be taken that the acts and declarations, thus admitted, be those only which were made and done during the pendency of the criminal enterprise, and in furtherance of its objects. If they took place at a subsequent period, and are therefore merely narrative of past occurrences,[407]*407they are to be rejected.” (1 Gr. Ev. § 111. Waterbury v. Sturtevant, 18 Wend. 353.)
On the trial of the present case the plaintiff gave evidence which, prima facie, entitled him, under the pleadings, to a Verdict, and rested. His title to the personal property, to recover which the action was brought, was derived through a chattel mortgage given by John P. Slocum to the plaintiff to secure the payment of a note of Slocum for $1200, indorsed by the plaintiff, dated September 1, 1859, and payable in three months, at a bank in Rochester; a sale under the mortgage, and the property on that sale purchased by and for the plaintiff; and that Slocum was in possession of the property, claiming title at the time the mortgage was given. The defendant, after he and William R. Wooster had been examined as witnesses in his behalf, proposed to prove the declarations of William T. Cuyler, George M. Cuyler, Stephen P. Slocum and the plaintiff, on the ground, as stated in the ca.se, “that the evidence educed proved, or tended to prove* a common intent or purpose to hinder, delay or defraud the creditors of William T. Cuyler, and for the1 ptirpose, also, to introduce the assignment of said Ottyler* and evidence of other sales, transactions and conveyances, including the mortgage in question and the prior mortgage made for such purpose, in accordance with the allegations in the answer of the defendant and the opening of his counsel.” He proposed, 1st. To prove the declarations of said William T. Cuyler relating thereto. The counsel for the plaintiff objected to such evidence, on the grounds: 1. That evidence of the declarations of said Cuyler were incolnpetent, against the plaintiff, and were mere hearsay. 2. That there was no evidence tending to show said alleged common intent. The circuit judge overruled the objection, and decided to receive the evidence offered, on the ground that there was evidence tending to show such common intent or purpose, which would be among the questions - for the jury. To which decision the counsel for the plaintiff in due form of law excepted. Evi[408]*408dence was then given, by a number of witnesses, of a variety of declarations and acts of the said William T. Cuyler and George M. Cuyler, and some of Slocum, tending to show that the assignment by William T. Cuyler of his property to George M. Cuyler and William B. Wooster, in trust, for the benefit of the creditors of the assignor, which was given in evidence, was fraudulent and void, but none, of the plaintiff, tending in the slightest degree to implicate him in such fraud, or in any combination with the others or any one else, with intent to hinder, delay or defraud the creditors of William T. Cuyler. The answer of the defendant, to the complaint, states that the plaintiff claims the property in question by virtue of a mortgage from Stephen P. Slocum, and that Slocum claims the same by purchase from George M. Cuyler and William B. Wooster, the assignees of William T. Cuyler; and it then alleges that the assignment was made for the purpose of hindering, delaying and defrauding his creditors, and for no other purpose, and that the same was therefore void. I think it should be assumed from the course of the trial at the circuit, and of the arguments of counsel on this motion, that Slocum did derive his title by purchase from the assignees of William T. Cuyler, and that such purchase was before the levy by the defendant by virtue of the execution in his hands.
In my opinion the rulings at the circuit admitting evidence of the delarations of William T. Cuyler and the other persons mentioned were erroneous. There was nothing proved, before this evidence was admitted, showing a combined common purpose of any persons with the plaintiff to hinder, delay or defraud the creditors of William T. Cuyler. If the assignment was made with a view to defraud the creditors of the assignor, it was void and inoperative as to such creditors. Assuming it was valid by its terms, but void for the reason mentioned, I incline to the opinion that any transfers of the assigned property by the assignees before the lien of the • creditor attached, to bona fide purchasers for value and who [409]*409were not chargeable with notice of the fraud, would be good and effectual. For the purpose of the question under consideration, it is proper to assume that the sale of the property in question, by the assignees, to Slocum, was a legal sale, and vested the title in Slocum. This must be assumed, because there is no evidence to the contrary. The fact that he derives his title from the assignees is itself assumed, as before stated, and there is an entire absence of evidence either of any agency, knowledge or participation of the defendant in the assignment which is alleged to be fraudulent, or of his participation in any of the subsequent transactions which are now alleged to be indicia of fraud in the assignment, which by any reasonable interpretation can be made to implicate him in a fraudulent intent.
Before evidence of the acts and declarations of persons not parties to the action can be properly received in evidence, in cases of this character, the common unlawful design should be clearly proved, as a condition precedent to receiving evidence of such acts and declarations at all. Evidence which is merely admissible on the question of the common illegal purpose, is not sufficient. On the trial of almost every issue of fact, evidence is admissible which, taken by itself, falls entirely short of establishing the fact to be proved, but which, taken in connection with other competent evidence, which is equally insufficient of itself to establish the fact in question, satisfactorily establishes the fact to be proved.
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By the Court,
Welles, J.
It is a general principle of the law of evidence that the declarations or admissions of one not a party to the action cannot be received in evidence, unless they constitute a part of the res gestes. To this rule there are exceptions; as in cases of privies in blood, in estate and law; of deceased persons against their interests; of one copartner against another; and of an agent against his principal-together with other kindred" cases—in which the admissions &c. made by a privy, in order to be admissible, must have been made while he owned the estate of the deceased person, while' his interest existed; of the partner, while the partnership or joint interest existed; and of the agent, cotemporaneously with some act of the agent within the scope of his agency, to which the declarations or admissions relate; Another case where the declarations of persons other than parties to the action may be proved, and resting upon the same principles as those before stated, is that of a company of conspirators or persons engaged in a common design to accomplish an unlawful act, where the result to be effected by such common design is material upon the issue to be tried. “The connection of the individuals in the unlawful enterprise being shown, every act and declaration of the confederacy, in pursuance of the original concerted plan, and with reference to the common object, is, in contemplation of law, the act and declaration of them all, and is, therefore, original evidence against each of them.” * * * In such case “care must be taken that the acts and declarations, thus admitted, be those only which were made and done during the pendency of the criminal enterprise, and in furtherance of its objects. If they took place at a subsequent period, and are therefore merely narrative of past occurrences,[407]*407they are to be rejected.” (1 Gr. Ev. § 111. Waterbury v. Sturtevant, 18 Wend. 353.)
On the trial of the present case the plaintiff gave evidence which, prima facie, entitled him, under the pleadings, to a Verdict, and rested. His title to the personal property, to recover which the action was brought, was derived through a chattel mortgage given by John P. Slocum to the plaintiff to secure the payment of a note of Slocum for $1200, indorsed by the plaintiff, dated September 1, 1859, and payable in three months, at a bank in Rochester; a sale under the mortgage, and the property on that sale purchased by and for the plaintiff; and that Slocum was in possession of the property, claiming title at the time the mortgage was given. The defendant, after he and William R. Wooster had been examined as witnesses in his behalf, proposed to prove the declarations of William T. Cuyler, George M. Cuyler, Stephen P. Slocum and the plaintiff, on the ground, as stated in the ca.se, “that the evidence educed proved, or tended to prove* a common intent or purpose to hinder, delay or defraud the creditors of William T. Cuyler, and for the1 ptirpose, also, to introduce the assignment of said Ottyler* and evidence of other sales, transactions and conveyances, including the mortgage in question and the prior mortgage made for such purpose, in accordance with the allegations in the answer of the defendant and the opening of his counsel.” He proposed, 1st. To prove the declarations of said William T. Cuyler relating thereto. The counsel for the plaintiff objected to such evidence, on the grounds: 1. That evidence of the declarations of said Cuyler were incolnpetent, against the plaintiff, and were mere hearsay. 2. That there was no evidence tending to show said alleged common intent. The circuit judge overruled the objection, and decided to receive the evidence offered, on the ground that there was evidence tending to show such common intent or purpose, which would be among the questions - for the jury. To which decision the counsel for the plaintiff in due form of law excepted. Evi[408]*408dence was then given, by a number of witnesses, of a variety of declarations and acts of the said William T. Cuyler and George M. Cuyler, and some of Slocum, tending to show that the assignment by William T. Cuyler of his property to George M. Cuyler and William B. Wooster, in trust, for the benefit of the creditors of the assignor, which was given in evidence, was fraudulent and void, but none, of the plaintiff, tending in the slightest degree to implicate him in such fraud, or in any combination with the others or any one else, with intent to hinder, delay or defraud the creditors of William T. Cuyler. The answer of the defendant, to the complaint, states that the plaintiff claims the property in question by virtue of a mortgage from Stephen P. Slocum, and that Slocum claims the same by purchase from George M. Cuyler and William B. Wooster, the assignees of William T. Cuyler; and it then alleges that the assignment was made for the purpose of hindering, delaying and defrauding his creditors, and for no other purpose, and that the same was therefore void. I think it should be assumed from the course of the trial at the circuit, and of the arguments of counsel on this motion, that Slocum did derive his title by purchase from the assignees of William T. Cuyler, and that such purchase was before the levy by the defendant by virtue of the execution in his hands.
In my opinion the rulings at the circuit admitting evidence of the delarations of William T. Cuyler and the other persons mentioned were erroneous. There was nothing proved, before this evidence was admitted, showing a combined common purpose of any persons with the plaintiff to hinder, delay or defraud the creditors of William T. Cuyler. If the assignment was made with a view to defraud the creditors of the assignor, it was void and inoperative as to such creditors. Assuming it was valid by its terms, but void for the reason mentioned, I incline to the opinion that any transfers of the assigned property by the assignees before the lien of the • creditor attached, to bona fide purchasers for value and who [409]*409were not chargeable with notice of the fraud, would be good and effectual. For the purpose of the question under consideration, it is proper to assume that the sale of the property in question, by the assignees, to Slocum, was a legal sale, and vested the title in Slocum. This must be assumed, because there is no evidence to the contrary. The fact that he derives his title from the assignees is itself assumed, as before stated, and there is an entire absence of evidence either of any agency, knowledge or participation of the defendant in the assignment which is alleged to be fraudulent, or of his participation in any of the subsequent transactions which are now alleged to be indicia of fraud in the assignment, which by any reasonable interpretation can be made to implicate him in a fraudulent intent.
Before evidence of the acts and declarations of persons not parties to the action can be properly received in evidence, in cases of this character, the common unlawful design should be clearly proved, as a condition precedent to receiving evidence of such acts and declarations at all. Evidence which is merely admissible on the question of the common illegal purpose, is not sufficient. On the trial of almost every issue of fact, evidence is admissible which, taken by itself, falls entirely short of establishing the fact to be proved, but which, taken in connection with other competent evidence, which is equally insufficient of itself to establish the fact in question, satisfactorily establishes the fact to be proved. The most that can be said in support of the evidence given with a view to establish the fact either that there was an unlawful compact for the purpose mentioned, or the connection of the plaintiff with it, if one existed, is that such evidence was competent upon the question, but insufficient to establish the fact.
The common purpose, as before remarked, must be clearly proved. Evidence which might be sufficient to submit to a jury on a question proper to be submitted to them, will not answer the requirement. It should be so strong as to make [410]*410it their imperative duty to find in the affirmative, if the question were to he submitted to them, and where the court would set their verdict aside in case they did not so find.
But this was not a question with which the jury had any thing to do. It should be confined exclusively to the court. The judge merely held that there was evidence tending to-show a common intent or purpose, which would be among the questions for the jury. He nowhere says that the fact was proved to his satisfaction, or, in the language of some of the authorities, that it was clearly proved. It is of the utmost importance that this view he strictly adhered to, in order to prevent great injustice; otherwise parties will be liable to have their rights determined upon the unsworn declarations and the irresponsible acts of others with whom they have had in fact no connectionas I think is strikingly illustrated by the present case, should the verdict be permitted to stand. The case, in principle, is very much like the case of an objection to the competency of a witness on the ground of interest in the result, before the code took away that objection. In such case the court, and not the jury¿ was to be the. exclusive judge of the competency of the witness. The objection generally depended upon evidence of witnesses, including the witness challenged, which was always addressed to, and determined by, the court. (Harris v. Wilson, 7 Wend. 57.) The case does not give the charge of the-court to the jury, but it shows that the evidence objected to was received on the ground that it tended to show the common intent and purpose, which would he submitted to the jury; and the presumption is that it was so submitted.
In Harris v. Wilson, (supra,) it was held that evidence received by a judge on the trial of a cause, as preliminary to the introduction of other evidence, is not to he submitted to the jury; that it is the province of the judge, and not of the jury, to pass upon its sufficiency. Accordingly, where proof of the admissions of an alleged partner was offered, it [411]*411was held the province of the judge, and not of the jury, to pass upon the fact whether he was such-partner or not.
[Monroe General Term,
March 2, 1863.
Johnson, Welles and Davis, Justices.]
It is impossible, it seems to me, to distinguish this case, in principle, from the one before us, in regard to the question under consideration.
I am aware that there are some authorities in favor of submitting the question of the common intent to the jury, but I have -met with none which'is binding authority upon this court; and a sense of the great danger of such a practice has induced me to overrule or disregard them.
For the foregoing reasons I am of the opinion that a new trial should be granted, with costs to abide the event.