FIRST DIVISION BARNES, P. J., GOBEIL and MARKLE, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
May 24, 2021
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A21A0193. MCMURRIA v. THE STATE.
MARKLE, Judge.
Following a jury trial, John Earle McMurria was convicted of child molestation
(OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (1)). He appeals from the trial court’s denial of his motion for
new trial, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence and contending trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object to improper (a) character evidence,
and (b) communications between the bailiff and the jury. Finding no error, we affirm.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S.
307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979), the record shows that, in January 2018, the
then-eight-year-old victim was riding her bike with two other children behind
McMurria’s home. McMurria called her away from the other children, unzipped his
pants, and told her to look down, exposing his penis to her. The victim returned home and immediately told her older brother what had happened. The brother told their
father, who called law enforcement. A forensic interview was conducted, and the
victim’s disclosure was consistent with her prior statements. McMurria was
subsequently charged with child molestation.
At trial, the brother testified that the victim disclosed to him that McMurria had
showed his “peter” to her. The forensic interviewer also testified that the victim
reported McMurria exposed his “peter,” which the victim described as “big and
white.”1 The victim testified at trial that McMurria had unzipped his pants and told
her to look down, but she insisted that she did not look down and had not seen his
penis. The State proffered, and the trial court admitted, McMurria’s 1992 convictions
for the molestation and statutory rape of his then-fourteen-year-old stepdaughter.
McMurria did not testify or otherwise offer evidence.
The jury returned a guilty verdict. McMurria filed a motion for new trial,
raising all the issues now argued on appeal. Following a hearing, the trial court
denied the motion, and this appeal followed.
1 The video recording of the forensic interview was admitted and published to the jury.
2 1. McMurria first argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his
conviction for child molestation because the victim testified at trial that she did not
see his penis, and there was no evidence of his intent to arouse or satisfy his sexual
desire by his acts. We are not persuaded.
On appellate review of a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, and the defendant no longer enjoys the presumption of innocence. We do not weigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses, but determine only if the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty of the offenses charged beyond a reasonable doubt.
(Citation omitted.) Davis v. State, 357 Ga. App. 720 (1) (848 SE2d 173) (2020).
“A person commits the offense of child molestation when such person . . .
[d]oes any immoral or indecent act to or in the presence of or with any child under the
age of 16 years with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the
child or the person[.]” OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (1).
The evidence at trial, as recounted above, was sufficient to support McMurria’s
conviction for child molestation, regardless of whether the victim saw his genitals.
Rainey v. State, 261 Ga. App. 888, 889 (1) (584 SE2d 13) (2003) (evidence of
“exposing sexual organs even though the child does not actually see them” sufficient
3 to support child molestation conviction); Arnold v. State, 249 Ga. App. 156, 158 (1)
(a) (545 SE2d 312) (2001) (defendant’s “conduct is rendered no less culpable by the
victim’s good judgment in turning her head away.”). Moreover, the victim’s
credibility, as well as any conflicts between her testimony and her out-of-court
statements, were for the jury to resolve. Hogg v. State, 356 Ga. App. 11, 13 (1) (846
SE2d 183) (2020).
Nevertheless, McMurria contends that the evidence was insufficient to show
that he acted with the requisite intent to arouse or satisfy his sexual desire. See OCGA
§ 16-6-4 (a) (1). However,
[t]he child molestation statute does not require proof of the defendant’s actual arousal. Instead, the law requires only that the defendant have acted with the intent to arouse his sexual desires. The question of intent is peculiarly a question of fact for determination by the jury, which may infer a defendant’s intent from the evidence presented at trial. Where the jury finds the requisite intent, that finding will not be reversed on appeal provided there is some evidence supporting the jury’s inference.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Brown v. State, 324 Ga. App. 718, 720-721 (1)
(751 SE2d 517) (2013); see also OCGA § 16-2-6 (Although a defendant is not
presumed to act with criminal intent, the jury “may find such intention upon
4 consideration of the words, conduct, demeanor, motive, and all other circumstances
connected with the act for which the accused is prosecuted.”).
Here, the jury was authorized to infer McMurria’s intent to arouse or gratify
his sexual desires from the act of exposing himself to a child. Hathcock v. State, 214
Ga. App. 188, 190 (2) (447 SE2d 104) (1994); see also Brown, 324 Ga. App. at 721
(1). The requisite intent was also established by McMurria’s prior convictions,
showing his disposition to molest young girls; his attempt to isolate the victim from
the other children in order to conceal his act; and his direction to the victim to look
down. See Eubanks v. State, 332 Ga. App. 568, 572 (3) (774 SE2d 146) (2015);
Arnold, 249 Ga. App. at 158 (1) (a) (inference of defendant’s sexual intent when he
encouraged victim to look at him while he exposed himself). The evidence of record
was thus sufficient to support McMurria’s conviction for child molestation.
2. McMurria next contends that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by
failing to object to improper (a) character testimony and (b) communications between
the bailiff and the jurors. We address each claim in turn, and conclude that he has
failed to meet his burden to show ineffective assistance of counsel.
To succeed on a claim that counsel was constitutionally ineffective, [McMurria] must show both that his attorney’s performance was
5 deficient, and that he was prejudiced as a result. Under the first prong of this test, counsel’s performance will be found deficient only if it was objectively unreasonable under the circumstances and in light of prevailing professional norms. And under the second prong, prejudice is demonstrated only where there is a reasonable probability that, absent counsel’s errors, the result of the trial would have been different.
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FIRST DIVISION BARNES, P. J., GOBEIL and MARKLE, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
May 24, 2021
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A21A0193. MCMURRIA v. THE STATE.
MARKLE, Judge.
Following a jury trial, John Earle McMurria was convicted of child molestation
(OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (1)). He appeals from the trial court’s denial of his motion for
new trial, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence and contending trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object to improper (a) character evidence,
and (b) communications between the bailiff and the jury. Finding no error, we affirm.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S.
307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979), the record shows that, in January 2018, the
then-eight-year-old victim was riding her bike with two other children behind
McMurria’s home. McMurria called her away from the other children, unzipped his
pants, and told her to look down, exposing his penis to her. The victim returned home and immediately told her older brother what had happened. The brother told their
father, who called law enforcement. A forensic interview was conducted, and the
victim’s disclosure was consistent with her prior statements. McMurria was
subsequently charged with child molestation.
At trial, the brother testified that the victim disclosed to him that McMurria had
showed his “peter” to her. The forensic interviewer also testified that the victim
reported McMurria exposed his “peter,” which the victim described as “big and
white.”1 The victim testified at trial that McMurria had unzipped his pants and told
her to look down, but she insisted that she did not look down and had not seen his
penis. The State proffered, and the trial court admitted, McMurria’s 1992 convictions
for the molestation and statutory rape of his then-fourteen-year-old stepdaughter.
McMurria did not testify or otherwise offer evidence.
The jury returned a guilty verdict. McMurria filed a motion for new trial,
raising all the issues now argued on appeal. Following a hearing, the trial court
denied the motion, and this appeal followed.
1 The video recording of the forensic interview was admitted and published to the jury.
2 1. McMurria first argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his
conviction for child molestation because the victim testified at trial that she did not
see his penis, and there was no evidence of his intent to arouse or satisfy his sexual
desire by his acts. We are not persuaded.
On appellate review of a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, and the defendant no longer enjoys the presumption of innocence. We do not weigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses, but determine only if the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty of the offenses charged beyond a reasonable doubt.
(Citation omitted.) Davis v. State, 357 Ga. App. 720 (1) (848 SE2d 173) (2020).
“A person commits the offense of child molestation when such person . . .
[d]oes any immoral or indecent act to or in the presence of or with any child under the
age of 16 years with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the
child or the person[.]” OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (1).
The evidence at trial, as recounted above, was sufficient to support McMurria’s
conviction for child molestation, regardless of whether the victim saw his genitals.
Rainey v. State, 261 Ga. App. 888, 889 (1) (584 SE2d 13) (2003) (evidence of
“exposing sexual organs even though the child does not actually see them” sufficient
3 to support child molestation conviction); Arnold v. State, 249 Ga. App. 156, 158 (1)
(a) (545 SE2d 312) (2001) (defendant’s “conduct is rendered no less culpable by the
victim’s good judgment in turning her head away.”). Moreover, the victim’s
credibility, as well as any conflicts between her testimony and her out-of-court
statements, were for the jury to resolve. Hogg v. State, 356 Ga. App. 11, 13 (1) (846
SE2d 183) (2020).
Nevertheless, McMurria contends that the evidence was insufficient to show
that he acted with the requisite intent to arouse or satisfy his sexual desire. See OCGA
§ 16-6-4 (a) (1). However,
[t]he child molestation statute does not require proof of the defendant’s actual arousal. Instead, the law requires only that the defendant have acted with the intent to arouse his sexual desires. The question of intent is peculiarly a question of fact for determination by the jury, which may infer a defendant’s intent from the evidence presented at trial. Where the jury finds the requisite intent, that finding will not be reversed on appeal provided there is some evidence supporting the jury’s inference.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Brown v. State, 324 Ga. App. 718, 720-721 (1)
(751 SE2d 517) (2013); see also OCGA § 16-2-6 (Although a defendant is not
presumed to act with criminal intent, the jury “may find such intention upon
4 consideration of the words, conduct, demeanor, motive, and all other circumstances
connected with the act for which the accused is prosecuted.”).
Here, the jury was authorized to infer McMurria’s intent to arouse or gratify
his sexual desires from the act of exposing himself to a child. Hathcock v. State, 214
Ga. App. 188, 190 (2) (447 SE2d 104) (1994); see also Brown, 324 Ga. App. at 721
(1). The requisite intent was also established by McMurria’s prior convictions,
showing his disposition to molest young girls; his attempt to isolate the victim from
the other children in order to conceal his act; and his direction to the victim to look
down. See Eubanks v. State, 332 Ga. App. 568, 572 (3) (774 SE2d 146) (2015);
Arnold, 249 Ga. App. at 158 (1) (a) (inference of defendant’s sexual intent when he
encouraged victim to look at him while he exposed himself). The evidence of record
was thus sufficient to support McMurria’s conviction for child molestation.
2. McMurria next contends that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by
failing to object to improper (a) character testimony and (b) communications between
the bailiff and the jurors. We address each claim in turn, and conclude that he has
failed to meet his burden to show ineffective assistance of counsel.
To succeed on a claim that counsel was constitutionally ineffective, [McMurria] must show both that his attorney’s performance was
5 deficient, and that he was prejudiced as a result. Under the first prong of this test, counsel’s performance will be found deficient only if it was objectively unreasonable under the circumstances and in light of prevailing professional norms. And under the second prong, prejudice is demonstrated only where there is a reasonable probability that, absent counsel’s errors, the result of the trial would have been different. A “reasonable probability” is defined as a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Failure to satisfy either prong of the . . . test is sufficient to defeat a claim of ineffective assistance, and it is not incumbent upon this Court to examine the other prong. And although both the performance and prejudice components of an ineffectiveness inquiry involve mixed questions of law and fact, a trial court’s factual findings made in the course of deciding an ineffective assistance of counsel claim will be affirmed by the reviewing court unless clearly erroneous.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Green v. State, 302 Ga. 816, 817-818 (2) (809
SE2d 738) (2018).
(a) McMurria first argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object
to allegedly improper character evidence. Specifically, McMurria points to a question
posed by the State during its re-direct examination of the victim’s brother:
[D]o you know anything about whether or not -- I know I told you yesterday we probably wouldn’t talk about it but we are going to. Do
6 you know anything about whether or not [McMurria] has ever had any prior history?
Trial counsel did not object, and the brother responded in the affirmative.
Pretermitting whether trial counsel was deficient for failing to object to this
question, McMurria has failed to establish prejudice because he has not shown a
reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different had this
evidence been excluded. See Green, 302 Ga. at 817-818 (2). First, we note that trial
counsel acknowledged that McMurria was a convicted sex offender in his opening
statement to the jury. Moreover, McMurria’s prior convictions were admitted into
evidence. And the victim’s mother testified that she knew McMurria was a registered
sex offender. Thus, the State’s question to the brother merely elicited cumulative
evidence. And “[t]he failure of trial counsel to object to such cumulative evidence
does not support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.”2 (Citation omitted.)
2 McMurria’s reliance on Merritt v. State, 255 Ga. 459 (339 SE2d 594) (1986) is misplaced because the character evidence at issue there was not cumulative. Rather, the Georgia Supreme Court found that testimony regarding the defendant having previously thrown a molotov cocktail at his grandfather just to “watch a man burn” was irrelevant to the present murder charges, involving a shooting, and was offered solely to malign the defendant’s character. Id. at 460 (2). The facts of Merritt are thus distinguishable from the case at hand.
7 Haney v. State, 305 Ga. 785, 790 (2) (827 SE2d 843) (2019); Garza v. State, 347 Ga.
App. 335, 341 (2) (b) (819 SE2d 497) (2018).
(b) Finally, McMurria contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
object to improper communications between the bailiff and the jurors.
Here, during a break in the proceedings prior to the close of the evidence, a
juror asked the bailiff if the jurors could begin discussing the case. The bailiff
responded in the negative and, once all the jurors were present in the jury room,
reiterated that they were not to deliberate until all the evidence was in. After the
bailiff reported the incident in open court, but outside the presence of the jurors, trial
counsel did not object.
It is well established that where such an improper communication occurs, there is a presumption of harm and the burden is on the State to show the lack thereof. However, where the substance of the communication is established without contradiction, the facts themselves may establish the lack of prejudice or harm to the defendant.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Adorno v. State, 236 Ga. App. 588, 590 (2) (512
SE2d 703) (1999); see also Lawson v. State, 280 Ga. App. 870, 872 (1) (635 SE2d
259) (2006) (“where there is no suggestion that jurors were influenced by the
improper communication, the presumption of prejudice is rebutted.”).
8 We fail to see how the bailiff’s communication, merely reiterating a frequently
given charge of the court, influenced the jury or otherwise prejudiced McMurria. See
Adorno, 236 Ga. App. at 590 (2); Lawson, 280 Ga. App. at 872 (1). Compare State
v. McCargo, 352 Ga. App. 501, 501-504 (835 SE2d 317) (2019) (State could not
rebut the presumption of harm where bailiff told jurors that the case had previously
ended in a mistrial and one of the jurors later testified that the jury considered
bailiff’s comments during deliberations). As such, McMurria cannot demonstrate that
trial counsel’s failure to object to the bailiff’s comments affected the outcome of the
trial. See Griffin v. State, 309 Ga. 516, 520 (2) (847 SE2d 168) (2020) (“The failure
to pursue a futile objection does not amount to ineffective assistance.”) (citation
omitted). Accordingly, McMurria fails to meet his burden to show that trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance.
For all these reasons, the trial court properly denied McMurria’s motion for
new trial, and we affirm.
Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., and Gobeil, J., concur.