NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 22-2172 ___________
JOHN BIANCHI, Appellant
v.
B & G MACHINE, INC, a Washington Corporation, dba H-E Parts International Engine Solutions ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (D. Del. Civ. No. 1:18-cv-01492) Magistrate Judge: Honorable Sherry R. Fallon (by consent) ____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) February 3, 2023
Before: SHWARTZ, BIBAS, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: February 10, 2023) ___________
OPINION * ___________
PER CURIAM
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. John Bianchi was president and part owner of B & G Machine, Inc. (B & G), a
machine shop in Washington State. Attendant to the sale of Bianchi’s interest in B & G to
Delaware-incorporated H-E Parts International (H-E Parts), an agreement was struck for
Bianchi to serve as president for three additional years. Before that term ended, Bianchi
agreed to have his role shifted to “technical advisor,” with his son assuming the position
of president. Roughly three years later, Bianchi’s employment was terminated. He was 73
years old at the time.
Raising claims of discrimination under the Age Discrimination in Employment
Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., and state law, Bianchi filed suit against B & G in
state court in Washington. B & G removed the matter to the local federal court, then
succeeded in having the action transferred to the United States District Court for the
District of Delaware. The parties consented to adjudication of dispositive motions by the
Magistrate Judge (hereinafter, the District Court), who granted B & G’s motion for
summary judgment.
This pro se appeal by Bianchi followed. We have appellate jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(2); Marshall v. Comm’r Pa. Dep’t of Corr., 840
F.3d 92, 95 (3d Cir. 2016) (per curiam). We review an order granting summary judgment
de novo, applying the same standard as was used by the District Court. Blunt v. Lower
Merion Sch. Dist., 767 F.3d 247, 265 (3d Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is proper if,
viewing the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Fakete v. Aetna, Inc., 308 F.3d 335, 337 (3d Cir. 2002).
2 The ADEA prohibits an employer from grounding an adverse employment
decision (e.g., termination, demotion, refusal to hire) in an individual’s age. See 29
U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). 1 Age must be more than a “motivating factor,” though: an ADEA
plaintiff must instead “prove that age was the ‘but-for’ cause of the employer’s adverse
decision.” Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 174, 176 (2009).
The burden-shifting framework of McDonell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S.
792 (1973), applies to ADEA claims based on circumstantial evidence, see Willis v.
UPMC Children’s Hosp. of Pittsburgh, 808 F.3d 638, 644 (3d Cir. 2015); see also Smith
v. City of Allentown, 589 F.3d 684, 691 (3d Cir. 2009). Under McDonnell Douglas, the
initial phase of the framework—the prima facie case—is established in ADEA litigation
by combined showings that the plaintiff: (1) “is at least forty years old”; (2) “suffered an
adverse employment decision”; (3) “was qualified for the position in question”; and (4)
“was ultimately replaced by another employee who was sufficiently younger so as to
support an inference of a discriminatory motive.” Id.
Through counsel, Bianchi conceded in the District Court that he could not make a
prima facie showing regarding the fourth prong of the test, i.e., that he was “replaced by
another employee.” Id. That concession was the natural byproduct of Bianchi’s
1 Bianchi in his counseled summary-judgment opposition unequivocally conceded that his claim under Washington law was not viable. Bianchi has come to regret that concession, see Br. 13, but he is bound by it, see Oscanyan v. Arms Co., 103 U.S. 261, 263 (1880); Wolfington v. Reconstructive Orthopaedic Assocs. II PC, 935 F.3d 187, 198 (3d Cir. 2019). The issue is forfeited regardless because Bianchi has not in his opening brief made a meaningful attempt to explain how his state-law claim could have survived summary judgment. See In re Wettach, 811 F.3d 99, 115 (3d Cir. 2016). 3 deposition, during which he repeatedly and alternatively testified that he had not, or did
not know whether he had, been replaced. See, e.g., Appellee’s Supp. App’x Vol. II (SA)
at 183-84, 188-89, 297. 2
Now on appeal, Bianchi contends that he satisfied McDonnell Douglas “with or
without the fourth prong”—a contention that ignores the requisite nature of each part of
the test—while stating in the next breath that McDonnell Douglas “may . . . be the wrong
law” to apply insofar as he relies on direct evidence of age discrimination. Br. 17. Even
assuming, despite the foregoing, both that Bianchi (1) raises an argument that he satisfies
McDonnell Douglas, and (2) could overcome his concession below, but see Oscanyan,
103 U.S. at 263; Wolfington, 935 F.3d at 198, the argument readily collapses under
pressure from the same evidence that sparked counsel’s concession in the first place.
We turn next to Bianchi’s argument about direct evidence of age discrimination,
which elides the McDonnell Douglas test. See Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston,
469 U.S. 111, 121 (1985). It has been observed that direct proof of discrimination (in
litigation) is rare. See Geraci v. Moody-Tottrup, Int’l, Inc., 82 F.3d 578, 581 (3d Cir.
1996). But Bianchi says he has it, pointing to documented expressions of H-E Parts’s
desire for: “new blood”; “long term leadership at B & G” to have “some runway behind
them when we sell the company”; and “succession planning.” See, e.g., SA at 97, 122,
241; see also SA at 126 (Jan. 31, 2018 email conveying Bianchi’s termination, that his
2 We have considered documents in Bianchi’s late-filed supplemental appendix to the extent that the documents are not duplicative of those in B & G’s supplemental appendix. 4 “history and reputation cast a large shadow[,] and [that] the business needs for [new
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 22-2172 ___________
JOHN BIANCHI, Appellant
v.
B & G MACHINE, INC, a Washington Corporation, dba H-E Parts International Engine Solutions ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (D. Del. Civ. No. 1:18-cv-01492) Magistrate Judge: Honorable Sherry R. Fallon (by consent) ____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) February 3, 2023
Before: SHWARTZ, BIBAS, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: February 10, 2023) ___________
OPINION * ___________
PER CURIAM
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. John Bianchi was president and part owner of B & G Machine, Inc. (B & G), a
machine shop in Washington State. Attendant to the sale of Bianchi’s interest in B & G to
Delaware-incorporated H-E Parts International (H-E Parts), an agreement was struck for
Bianchi to serve as president for three additional years. Before that term ended, Bianchi
agreed to have his role shifted to “technical advisor,” with his son assuming the position
of president. Roughly three years later, Bianchi’s employment was terminated. He was 73
years old at the time.
Raising claims of discrimination under the Age Discrimination in Employment
Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., and state law, Bianchi filed suit against B & G in
state court in Washington. B & G removed the matter to the local federal court, then
succeeded in having the action transferred to the United States District Court for the
District of Delaware. The parties consented to adjudication of dispositive motions by the
Magistrate Judge (hereinafter, the District Court), who granted B & G’s motion for
summary judgment.
This pro se appeal by Bianchi followed. We have appellate jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(2); Marshall v. Comm’r Pa. Dep’t of Corr., 840
F.3d 92, 95 (3d Cir. 2016) (per curiam). We review an order granting summary judgment
de novo, applying the same standard as was used by the District Court. Blunt v. Lower
Merion Sch. Dist., 767 F.3d 247, 265 (3d Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is proper if,
viewing the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Fakete v. Aetna, Inc., 308 F.3d 335, 337 (3d Cir. 2002).
2 The ADEA prohibits an employer from grounding an adverse employment
decision (e.g., termination, demotion, refusal to hire) in an individual’s age. See 29
U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). 1 Age must be more than a “motivating factor,” though: an ADEA
plaintiff must instead “prove that age was the ‘but-for’ cause of the employer’s adverse
decision.” Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 174, 176 (2009).
The burden-shifting framework of McDonell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S.
792 (1973), applies to ADEA claims based on circumstantial evidence, see Willis v.
UPMC Children’s Hosp. of Pittsburgh, 808 F.3d 638, 644 (3d Cir. 2015); see also Smith
v. City of Allentown, 589 F.3d 684, 691 (3d Cir. 2009). Under McDonnell Douglas, the
initial phase of the framework—the prima facie case—is established in ADEA litigation
by combined showings that the plaintiff: (1) “is at least forty years old”; (2) “suffered an
adverse employment decision”; (3) “was qualified for the position in question”; and (4)
“was ultimately replaced by another employee who was sufficiently younger so as to
support an inference of a discriminatory motive.” Id.
Through counsel, Bianchi conceded in the District Court that he could not make a
prima facie showing regarding the fourth prong of the test, i.e., that he was “replaced by
another employee.” Id. That concession was the natural byproduct of Bianchi’s
1 Bianchi in his counseled summary-judgment opposition unequivocally conceded that his claim under Washington law was not viable. Bianchi has come to regret that concession, see Br. 13, but he is bound by it, see Oscanyan v. Arms Co., 103 U.S. 261, 263 (1880); Wolfington v. Reconstructive Orthopaedic Assocs. II PC, 935 F.3d 187, 198 (3d Cir. 2019). The issue is forfeited regardless because Bianchi has not in his opening brief made a meaningful attempt to explain how his state-law claim could have survived summary judgment. See In re Wettach, 811 F.3d 99, 115 (3d Cir. 2016). 3 deposition, during which he repeatedly and alternatively testified that he had not, or did
not know whether he had, been replaced. See, e.g., Appellee’s Supp. App’x Vol. II (SA)
at 183-84, 188-89, 297. 2
Now on appeal, Bianchi contends that he satisfied McDonnell Douglas “with or
without the fourth prong”—a contention that ignores the requisite nature of each part of
the test—while stating in the next breath that McDonnell Douglas “may . . . be the wrong
law” to apply insofar as he relies on direct evidence of age discrimination. Br. 17. Even
assuming, despite the foregoing, both that Bianchi (1) raises an argument that he satisfies
McDonnell Douglas, and (2) could overcome his concession below, but see Oscanyan,
103 U.S. at 263; Wolfington, 935 F.3d at 198, the argument readily collapses under
pressure from the same evidence that sparked counsel’s concession in the first place.
We turn next to Bianchi’s argument about direct evidence of age discrimination,
which elides the McDonnell Douglas test. See Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston,
469 U.S. 111, 121 (1985). It has been observed that direct proof of discrimination (in
litigation) is rare. See Geraci v. Moody-Tottrup, Int’l, Inc., 82 F.3d 578, 581 (3d Cir.
1996). But Bianchi says he has it, pointing to documented expressions of H-E Parts’s
desire for: “new blood”; “long term leadership at B & G” to have “some runway behind
them when we sell the company”; and “succession planning.” See, e.g., SA at 97, 122,
241; see also SA at 126 (Jan. 31, 2018 email conveying Bianchi’s termination, that his
2 We have considered documents in Bianchi’s late-filed supplemental appendix to the extent that the documents are not duplicative of those in B & G’s supplemental appendix. 4 “history and reputation cast a large shadow[,] and [that] the business needs for [new
management] to gain their footing.”). 3
We reject Bianchi’s assessment. The H-E Parts communications—notably, all
temporally remote from Bianchi’s termination—at best were ambiguous as to the
significance of Bianchi’s age and, as a result, do not constitute direct evidence of
discrimination. See, e.g., Velazquez-Ortiz v. Vilsack, 657 F.3d 64, 75 (1st Cir. 2011)
(“[New blood] is a profoundly ambiguous remark that is much too innocuous to
transform routine managerial decisions into something more invidious.”) (internal
quotation marks omitted); Glanzman v. Metro. Mgmt. Corp., 391 F.3d 506, 513 (3d Cir.
2004) (concluding that employer’s inquiry about plaintiff’s “retirement plans” “was not
direct evidence of age discrimination and could just as easily be explained by a desire on
[the employer’s] part to do some long-term planning”); cf. Allen v. Diebold, Inc., 33 F.3d
674, 677 (6th Cir. 1994) (“The ADEA was not intended to protect older workers from the
often harsh economic realities of common business decisions and the hardships
associated with corporate reorganizations, downsizing, plant closings and relocations.”).
When viewed in the context of the summary judgment record as a whole, the
aforementioned communications simply reflect that B & G’s gradual ties-cutting had to
do with corporate restructuring and Bianchi’s stature and years at the company, not his
3 Insofar as specific direct-evidence arguments raised in Bianchi’s opening brief, see, e.g., Br. 26-27, were not presented to the District Court during summary judgment proceedings, and insofar as no exceptional circumstances warranting sua sponte consideration are apparent, we do not address the merits of those arguments for the first time on appeal. See Tri-M Grp., LLC v. Sharp, 638 F.3d 406, 416 (3d Cir. 2011). 5 years on Earth. Cf. Hazen Paper CO. v. Biggins, 507 U.S. 604, 611 (1993) (“Because age
and years of service are analytically distinct, an employer can take account of one while
ignoring the other, and thus it is incorrect to say that a decision based on years of service
is necessarily ‘age based.’”). We thus agree with the District Court that Bianchi failed to
present a genuine issue of material fact that would preclude summary judgment.
Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment entered in B & G’s favor. Bianchi’s
motion for leave to file a supplemental appendix is granted.