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FILED MARCH 17, 2022 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
JOANN CASKEY, an individual, ) ) No. 38017-3-III Appellant, ) ) v. ) ) OLD REPUBLIC SURETY COMPANY, ) PUBLISHED OPINION a Wisconsin corporation, ) ) Respondent. )
STAAB, J. — While a surety company is generally not liable for tort damages to a
third party, the legislature has carved out a specific exception for the setting up and siting
of mobile homes. Under RCW 18.27.117(3), it is a per se violation of the Consumer
Protection Act (CPA), chapter 19.86 RCW, when a bonding company’s failure to
reasonably and professionally investigate and resolve claims made by injured parties
causes a safety risk or severely hinders the use of the mobile home. Joann Caskey hired a
bonded contractor to set up her new mobile home. Ms. Caskey contends that the
contractor set up her mobile home incorrectly resulting in damages. Approximately a
year after the contractor stopped working, Ms. Caskey’s attorney wrote a letter to Old
Republic, the surety company that issued the contractor’s licensing bond, demanding the For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
No. 38017-3-III Caskey v. Old Republic Surety Co.
bond proceeds. By response letter, Old Republic informed Ms. Caskey’s attorney that
claims against the bond must be brought by way of a lawsuit in superior court pursuant to
RCW 18.27.040.
Ms. Caskey did not file suit against the contractor or the bond. Instead, two-and-
one-half years after the contractor stopped working on her home, she filed a complaint
directly against Old Republic, alleging violations of the Washington “Insurance Fair
Conduct Act” (IFCA), RCW 48.30.010-.015, and the CPA. On Old Republic’s motion,
the superior court dismissed all of Ms. Caskey’s causes of action on summary judgment.
On appeal, we hold that RCW 18.27.117(3) creates a duty for surety companies
who issue licensing bonds under the “Registration of Contractor’s Act” (RCA), chapter
18.27 RCW, to reasonably and professionally investigate claims made by injured parties
when their mobile homes are not set up correctly. For purposes of this statute, the injured
party’s “claim” is a claim against the bond. A claim against the bond is not made unless
and until a lawsuit is filed in superior court using the substitute process procedures
required by RCW 18.27.040(3). Once a claim against the bond is made by filing suit, the
surety has an obligation to reasonably and professionally investigate and resolve the
claim.
In this case, since Ms. Caskey never filed suit against the bond, she did not make a
claim against the bond, and Old Republic’s duty to investigate under RCW 18.27.117(3)
did not ripen. For the same reason, Ms. Caskey’s independent CPA claim, based on Old
2 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
Republic’s response letter, was not misleading or an unfair and deceptive trade practice.
Finally, we also reject Ms. Caskey’s claim that Old Republic’s actions violated the IFCA
because Ms. Caskey was not a first-party claimant and did not qualify for protection
under RCW 48.30.015. We affirm the superior court’s dismissal on summary judgment.
BACKGROUND
The relevant facts are not in dispute. Joann Caskey bought a manufactured home
for her and her sister. She paid Bud’s & Doug’s Mobile Home Service LLC (Contractor)
to install the mobile home on property in Kettle Falls. The contractor was registered with
the Department of Labor & Industries (Department) and bonded through Old Republic
Surety Company (Old Republic), for $12,000.
Ms. Caskey alleges that in December 2017, shortly after beginning the project of
setting up her mobile home, the contractor breached the installation contract. She
asserted that the contractor caused significant damage to the home by installing the
mobile home with defective skirting on bare ground without any pad, gravel, leveling, or
access stairs. The home failed inspection and was denied an occupancy permit in January
2018. The contractor requested additional funds to effect repairs. Ms. Caskey resolved
the mobile home’s alleged defects through the manufacturer and the dealership by hiring
other contractors. The existence of the contract and the allegations of breach against the
contractor are asserted but not proven. The parties concede that Ms. Caskey did not file
suit against the contractor.
3 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
In January 2019, the contractor dissolved its limited liability company. In April
2019, Ms. Caskey’s attorney sent Old Republic a demand letter for payment under the
contractor’s bond. In the letter, Ms. Caskey asserted that she was directly “entitled to
recover much more than the $12,000 limit of Bud’s and Doug’s contractor bond issued
by your company. Please consider this correspondence to be a formal claim to the limits
of the bond #YLl230029 that was issued to Bud’s and Doug’s.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at
78.
Old Republic responded to Ms. Caskey’s letter with its own letter, informing her
that any claim against the contractor’s bond must be made by filing a lawsuit in superior
court. The specific language of the letter provided:
This is to acknowledge receipt of your correspondence, which was received in this office on April 15, 2019, asserting a claim under the above- captioned bond. From reviewing the information received, it would appear that your client is experiencing problems with the above referenced contractor [Buds & Dougs Mobile Home Service]. Unfortunately, to have a proper claim under this bond, your client must comply with the provisions of RCW 18.27.040. This statute specifically states that to have a proper claim under the bond, suit must be filed against the Principal and Surety in Superior Court. There are specific requirements for service of the suit and the timeframes for filing same. Therefore, this means that we will be unable to be of any further assistance to your client at this time. Please do not construe this letter as a waiver of any rights of the surety. Any and all rights and defenses are hereby specifically reserved.
CP at 15, 80 (emphasis added).
4 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
Ms. Caskey did not file suit against the contractor and the bond. Instead, in July
2020, she filed suit against Old Republic raising several causes of action, including
violations of the CPA and the IFCA. Ms. Caskey claimed to be the obligor of the surety
as a “‘first-party claimant.’” CP at 10. She claimed to have a per se violation of the
CPA based on RCW 18.27.350 and RCW 18.27.117. Ms. Caskey appeals from the
superior court’s order dismissing all of her causes of action by summary judgment.
ANALYSIS
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment rulings are reviewed de novo, undertaking the same inquiry as
the trial court. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Butler, 118 Wn.2d 383, 394, 823 P.2d 499
(1992). When the record demonstrates no genuine issue of material fact, summary
judgment is appropriate when reasonable persons could reach but one conclusion and the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 394-95; CR 56(c). Facts
and reasonable inferences are made in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.
Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 182 Wn.2d at 394-95. Once this initial burden is established, the
nonmoving party must rebut the moving party’s contentions by setting forth specific facts
showing there is a genuine issue for trial. Seven Gables Corp. v. MGM/UA Entm’t Co.,
106 Wn.2d 1, 13, 721 P.2d 1 (1986); CR 56(e).
5 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
Likewise, the interpretation of a statute is a question of law subject to de novo
review. Cosmopolitan Eng’g Grp., Inc. v. Ondeo Degremont, Inc., 159 Wn.2d 292, 298,
149 P.3d 666 (2006).
B. OVERVIEW OF LICENSING BONDS
The RCA is a comprehensive chapter regulating contractor business practices.
The express purpose of the RCA is to “afford protection to the public” from “unreliable,
fraudulent, financially irresponsible, or incompetent contractors.” RCW 18.27.140. The
RCA requires contractors to be registered with the Department. Int’l Com. Collectors,
Inc. v. Carver, 99 Wn.2d 302, 304, 661 P.2d 976 (1983). The RCA also requires
contractors to maintain a continuous bond or provide proof of a security deposit. Id. at
304; RCW 18.27.040(1). For general contractors, the surety bond amount is $12,000; for
specialty contractors, the surety bond amount is $6,000. RCW 18.27.040(1).
The bond required by RCW 18.27.040(1) is considered a noncontractual license
bond.1 It is a type of performance bond. 33 DAVID K. DEWOLF & MATTHEW C.
ALBRECHT, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: CONSTRUCTION LAW MANUAL § 13.4 (2d ed.
2018). Like other sureties, a licensing bond creates a tripartite relationship between the
1 “There are two general categories of surety bonds: contract bonds and noncontract bonds. Contract bonds include bid bonds, performance bonds, payment bonds, maintenance bonds, advance payment bonds, and supply bonds. Noncontract bonds include: judicial bonds, license and permit bonds.” KEVIN L. LYBECK ET AL., THE LAW OF PAYMENT BONDS 1 n.1 (2d ed. 2011) (citing 1 JOHN B. FITZGERALD, RAY H. BRITT & DANIEL D. WALDORF, PRINCIPLES OF SURETYSHIP, ch. 2 n.13 (1991))
6 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
surety, the principal (contractor), and the obligee. See Colorado Structures, Inc. v. Ins.
Co. of the W., 161 Wn.2d 577, 605 n.15, 167 P.3d 1125 (2007) (plurality opinion). The
obligee of the license bond issued under this chapter is the state of Washington.
RCW 18.27.040(1).
Washington’s licensing bond is continuous with several conditions, including that
the contractor “will pay all amounts that may be adjudged against the contractor by
reason of breach of contract including improper work in the conduct of the contracting
business.” RCW 18.27.040(1). When a bonded contractor fails to pay a judgment for
damages covered by the bond, the extent of a surety’s liability is limited to the penal
amount of the bond. RCW 18.27.040(4).
Performance bonds are similar but distinct from insurance policies. While
Washington recognizes that insurance companies have a good faith obligation to
investigate and handle claims of their insureds, this duty of good faith has never been
extended to sureties. See Tank v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 105 Wn.2d 381, 394, 715
P.2d 1133 (1986). Even in the context of direct insurance (as opposed to surety), our
Supreme Court has repeatedly held that third-party claimants may not sue insurance
companies directly for alleged breach of the duty of good faith. See id. at 393.
In this case, Old Republic is a surety, not an insurance company. Ms. Caskey is
not a party to the bond. And yet she has filed a tort action, alleging that Old Republic
violated a duty to investigate her claim. While this claim would generally be summarily
7 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
decided on the case law set forth above, Washington recognizes a surety’s duty of good
faith in the very narrow circumstances presented by Ms. Caskey.
C. DERIVATIVE CPA CLAIM
Under RCW 18.27.117, the legislature has declared that the “setting up and siting
mobile/manufactured homes must be done properly for the health, safety, and enjoyment
of the occupants:”
Therefore, when any of the following cause a health and safety risk to the occupants of a mobile/manufactured home, or severely hinder the use and enjoyment of the mobile/manufactured home, a violation of RCW 19.86.020 shall have occurred:
(1) The mobile/manufactured home has been improperly installed by a contractor registered under chapter 18.27 RCW, or a mobile/manufactured dealer or manufacturer licensed under chapter 46.70 RCW; (2) A warranty given under chapter 18.27 RCW or chapter 46.70 RCW has not been fulfilled by the person or business giving the warranty; and (3) A bonding company that issues a bond under chapter 18.27 RCW or chapter 46.70 RCW does not reasonably and professionally investigate and resolve claims made by injured parties.
RCW 18.27.117.
The parties disagree on whether this statute creates a private cause of action under
the CPA. To answer this question, we must interpret the statute. In doing so, our
primary goal is to carry out the legislature’s intent. Subcontractors & Suppliers
Collection Servs. v. McConnachie, 106 Wn. App. 738, 741, 24 P.3d 1112 (2001) (citing
Cockle v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 142 Wn.2d 801, 807, 16 P.3d 583 (2001)).
8 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
Legislative intent is derived primarily from the statutory language in the context of the
overall legislative scheme. Id. If the statute’s meaning is plain on its face, then the court
must give effect to that plain meaning as the expression of legislative intent. Christensen
v. Ellsworth, 162 Wn.2d 365, 372-73, 173 P.3d 228 (2007).
To determine whether the legislature intended to imply a private right of action, a
reviewing court applies a three-part test established in Bennett v. Hardy, 113 Wn.2d 912,
920-21, 784 P.2d 1258 (1990). Wright v. Lyft, Inc., 189 Wn.2d 718, 727, 406 P.3d 1149
(2017). “First, we determine whether the plaintiff is within the class for whose ‘especial’
benefit the statute was enacted; second, whether the explicit or implicit legislative intent
supports creating or denying a remedy; and third, whether implying a remedy is
consistent with the underlying purpose of the legislation.” Id.
RCW 18.27.117 states that it benefits “occupants of a mobile/manufactured
home.” However, RCW 18.27.350 governing CPA violations states, “The surety bond
shall not be liable for monetary penalties or violations of chapter 19.86 RCW.” LAWS OF
1986, ch. 197, § 11. Together, these statutory provisions suggest that damages for
violations of the CPA will be imposed against the surety and not the bond. Otherwise,
the legislature’s explicit intent to create a per se CPA violation is clear from the statute’s
language.
Despite the unambiguous language in RCW 18.27.117, Old Republic contends
that third-party tort actions against an insurance company or surety are not recognized in
9 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
Washington, citing Tank. As noted above, Tank held that under common law “third party
claimants may not sue an insurance company directly for alleged breach of duty of good
faith under a liability policy.” 105 Wn.2d at 391. Tank was decided in 1986. RCW
18.27.117 did not become law until 1987. See LAWS OF 1987, ch. 313, § 2. Old
Republic fails to cite any authority suggesting that the legislature may not carve out a
statutory exception to the common law rule precluding third-party tort claims against an
insurer or surety. Instead, Old Republic contends that according to Tank, any right of
enforcement created by RCW 18.27.117 rests exclusively with the Washington Insurance
Commissioner (Commissioner). This argument misconstrues the holding in Tank.
Tank held that the Commissioner has the authority to develop comprehensive
unfair practice regulations under the Washington Administrative Code. 105 Wn.2d at
393. The regulations adopted by the Commissioner did not give third-party claimants the
right to enforce the regulations. Whether such a right should be granted under the
regulations “should be the province of the Insurance Commissioner, not individual third
party claimants.” Id. But nothing in Tank suggests that the legislature has no authority to
carve out a statutory exception to the regulations.
Having determined that RCW 18.27.117 creates a private cause of action for a
CPA violation, the next question is whether Ms. Caskey is entitled to bring this claim.
The statute provides a per se violation of the CPA when “A bonding company that issues
a bond under chapter 18.27 RCW or chapter 46.70 RCW does not reasonably and
10 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
professionally investigate and resolve claims made by injured parties.” RCW
18.27.117(3) (emphasis added). Old Republic argues that even if the statute creates a
private right of action, Ms. Caskey’s action fails because she never made a claim against
the bond.
To determine if Ms. Caskey’s demand letter qualified as a claim made by an
injured party, we must determine (1) against whom or what the claim is made, and (2)
how the claim is made. To answer these questions, we must interpret the statute.
Statutory interpretation includes context. Like any statute, the contractor registration
statute should be read as a whole. Pope & Talbot, Inc. v. Productization, Inc., 74 Wn.
App. 197, 201, 872 P.2d 78 (1994).
In the context of recovering against a “bonding company that issues a bond,” the
“claims” referenced in RCW 18.27.117(3) can only mean a claim against the bond as
opposed to a claim against the contractor. The surety bond required by
RCW 18.27.040 only covers specific claims against a contractor. See Ahten v. Barnes,
158 Wn. App. 343, 354, 242 P.3d 35 (2010) (holding that substitute service procedure
required by RCW 18.27.040 does not convey personal jurisdiction for claims against a
contractor that are not covered by bond). For instance, a homeowner alleging breach of a
contract would have six years to file against the contractor but only two years to bring an
action upon the bond. See RCW 4.16.040; RCW 18.27.040(3) (two-year statute of
limitation on actions against bond).
11 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
A homeowner may have a claim against both the bond and the contractor, but a
claim against the contractor will ripen before a claim against the bond. See RCW
18.27.040(3) (“Any person, firm, or corporation having a claim against the contractor for
any of the items referred to in this section may bring suit against the contractor and the
bond or deposit in the superior court.”) (Emphasis added.) While all claims against the
contractor do not necessarily include a claim against the bond, all claims against the bond
require a claim against the contractor. See Cosmopolitan Eng’g Grp., 159 Wn.2d at 300
(“[A]n action against the bond must also necessarily claim that a contractor breached a
contract or failed to pay.”).
In this case, Old Republic is the surety who issued the contractor’s licensing bond.
As the surety, Old Republic would have no obligation to investigate or resolve a claim
against the contractor that is not covered by the bond. Because Old Republic’s duty to
investigate only arises from claims against the bond, the “claim” referenced in
RCW 18.27.117(3) is a claim against the bond.
Having determined that RCW 18.27.117(3) imposes a duty on a surety to
investigate claims against the bond, we must next determine how a claim against the
bond is made. Our review of the RCA convinces us that the only way to file a claim
against a licensing bond is to file a lawsuit pursuant to the procedures set forth in RCW
18.27.040.
12 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
While licensing bonds are a type of performance bond, they are unique in their
nature. The purpose of the licensing bond is to protect the public as opposed to a specific
obligee. The bond accomplishes this purpose by providing a guarantee for adjudicated
claims that are left unsatisfied, and by providing the Department with a means to suspend
a contractor’s registration and notify the public of claims against the contractor and the
bond. The process set forth in RCW 18.27.040 provides the only means for notifying the
Department of actions against the bond and the only means for the Department to direct
payments from the bond toward an unsatisfied judgment.
As noted above, the RCA requires contractors to register with the Department and
show proof of securing a bond. RCW 18.27.040. The bond’s obligee is the State of
Washington. RCW 18.27.040(1). The Department is responsible for maintaining
contractors’ licenses and publishing information to the public, including bond status and
complaints against the bond. RCW 18.27.040(3), .120.
The bond is conditioned upon the contractor paying all amounts “adjudged”
against the contractor for breach of contract. RCW 18.27.040(1). In other words, a bond
is a guarantee that if a contractor fails to pay an adjudicated claim, the bond can be
applied toward the judgment amount. 33 DEWOLF, supra, § 13:1; 12 AM. JUR. 2d Bonds
§ 25 (2019). If a plaintiff prevails in a lawsuit and receives payment that impairs the
bond, the Department will suspend the contractor’s license, post the suspension on its
13 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
public website, and notify the contractor of the suspension. RCW 18.27.040(7), .060(3),
.120.
When suit is filed against the surety for a claim against the bond, service of
process is made exclusively through the Department. RCW 18.27.040(3). The plaintiff
must serve three copies of the summons and complaint on the Department, who then
serves the contractor and the surety. RCW 18.27.040(3). “Unless the suit is filed in a
superior court, the department will not be able to direct payment on an unsatisfied final
judgment against a secured contractor.” WAC 296-200A-080(1). In Washington, the
only way to bring an action upon a bond is to file a lawsuit in superior court, naming the
principal/contractor and the surety. RCW 18.27.040; 33 DEWOLF, supra, 13.8 (“A
residential homeowner who seeks to recover on the bond must file a summons and
complaint within two years from the date of substantial completion of the project.”). As
the amicus curiae points out, using the proscribed bond claim process allows the
Department to fulfill its duties to regulate contractors and provide information to the
public. Amicus Br. at 1-2.
Ms. Caskey argues that filing a claim against the bond can be accomplished with a
demand letter. She does not cite any authority for this position, nor does she refer us to
any examples where a demand letter was used to resolve a claim against a bond. Instead,
she argues that this alternative is not foreclosed by RCW 18.27.040(3), which reads:
14 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
Any person, firm, or corporation having a claim against the contractor for any of the items referred to in this section may bring suit against the contractor and the bond or deposit in the superior court of the county in which the work was done or of any county in which jurisdiction of the contractor may be had.
Ms. Caskey focuses on the word “may” and argues that filing a lawsuit is discretionary.
She asks this court to interpret the word “may” as a choice between filing a lawsuit and
other unspecified recovery methods. Old Republic and amicus argue that “may” refers to
the choice of venue and not discretion in how to make a claim against the bond.
“Words in a statute must be given their usual and ordinary meaning unless a
contrary intent appears.” Stenge v. Clarke, 89 Wn.2d 23, 28, 569 P.2d 60 (1977) (district
court possesses jurisdiction to hear consumer protection claims). The word “may”
conveys the idea of choice or discretion. Id. In Stenge, the petitioner argued that the
word “may” in the phrase “may bring a civil action in the superior court” or district court
indicated that an injured party is under no compulsion to sue at all. 89 Wn.2d at 28-29.
However, the court disagreed, holding that the word “may” merely permits the petitioner
to make a choice of forum because a prospective litigant may always choose whether or
not to pursue civil action. Id. Under Stenge, Ms. Caskey’s argument is not persuasive.
In addition, Ms. Caskey’s argument that a demand letter suffices as a claim against
the bond is not workable because a letter fails to trigger the collateral ramifications of an
action against the bond. Assuming the surety was able to resolve a claim made by
demand letter, the surety is required by statute and bond to pay the obligee, the State of
15 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
Washington. Without a lawsuit, there is no procedure for the State of Washington to
direct those funds to the claimant. See WAC 296-200A-080(1). In addition, the lawsuit
provides notice to the Department and triggers an automatic suspension of the
contractor’s license if the bond is used against an unpaid judgment. If more than one
person has a claim against the bond pending, the procedures set forth in RCW 18.27.040
establish the priority in the event the bond is insufficient to pay all the claims.
We hold that RCW 18.27.117(3) creates a derivative cause of action for a
consumer protection violation against a surety separate from the bond. The surety’s duty
to investigate “claims made by injured persons” requires the surety to investigate claims
made against the bond. A claim against the bond requires a lawsuit according to the
procedures set forth in RCW 18.27.040(3). Once the Department serves the surety, the
claimant can provide its information to the surety, and the surety has an obligation to
perform a reasonable investigation and resolve the case.
Since Ms. Caskey did not file a claim against the bond, Old Republic did not have
a duty to investigate her claim against the contractor. Thus, the trial court did not err in
dismissing Ms. Caskey’s derivative CPA claim on summary judgment.
D. IFCA VIOLATION
Ms. Caskey also alleges that Old Republic’s refusal to investigate and resolve her
claim constituted a violation of the IFCA. Specifically, she argues that she is a first-party
16 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
claimant of an insurance policy (the license bond), and Old Republic unreasonably
denied her claim to the bond in violation of RCW 48.30.015(1).
Ms. Caskey’s cause of action for violation of the IFCA fails because she is not a
first-party claimant to the contractor’s licensing bond. A “first-party claimant” is “an
individual . . . asserting a right to payment as a covered person under an insurance policy
or insurance contract arising out of the occurrence of the contingency or loss covered by
such a policy or contract.” RCW 48.30.015(4); WAC 284-30-320(7). Ms. Caskey was
not a party to the bond. As such, she was not a “covered person under an insurance
policy or insurance contract.” Instead, she is a third-party claimant because she is
asserting a claim against the contractor and against the contractor’s bond. See WAC 284-
30-320(17) (A third-party claimant is “any individual . . . asserting a claim against any . .
. corporation . . . or other legal entity insured under an insurance policy or insurance
contract of the insurer.”).
E. INDEPENDENT CPA CLAIM
Ms. Caskey also filed a cause of action for violating the CPA, alleging that Old
Republic’s response letter, advising her she must file a lawsuit to make a claim against
the bond, was misleading and constituted an unfair and deceptive act or practice under
RCW 19.86.020. She acknowledges, however, that if we hold that the only way to file a
claim against the contractor’s bond is to file a lawsuit under RCW 18.27.040, then Old
17 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
Republic’s letter was not misleading and would not provide a factual basis for an
independent CPA violation.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the superior court’s summary dismissal of Ms. Caskey’s causes of
action against Old Republic. As such, we deny Ms. Caskey’s request for attorney fees.
_________________________________ Staab, J.
WE CONCUR:
______________________________ Siddoway, C.J.
______________________________ Fearing, J.