COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Humphreys and O’Brien UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Lexington, Virginia
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY/ COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1252-19-3 JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN MARCH 10, 2020 IRMA D. HOUSDEN
FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION
Adam L. Katz, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General; Samuel T. Towell, Deputy Attorney General; Tara Lynn R. Zurawski, Section Chief, on brief), for appellant.
Terry L. Armentrout (Armentrout Accident & Injury Law, LLC, on brief), for appellee.
James Madison University, a public university and agent of the Commonwealth,
(“employer”) appeals a Workers’ Compensation Commission (“the Commission”) decision
awarding benefits to Irma D. Housden (“claimant”) for injuries resulting from a spider bite she
sustained at work on February 13, 2018. Employer contends that the Commission failed to apply
the correct legal standard of whether claimant’s “employment exposed her to a greater risk of a
spider bite than that encountered by the general public, i.e., whether there is a ‘critical link’ between
the conditions of the employment and the spider bite.” Employer also challenges the relevance and
accuracy of a number of the Commission’s factual findings. For the reasons below, we affirm the
award.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. BACKGROUND
At the time of her injury, claimant had worked for employer as an administrative assistant
for approximately thirty-seven years. Claimant’s office was on the third floor of Memorial Hall, a
former high school converted into office space. Beginning in December 2017, the building’s boiler
room in the basement was under construction.
When claimant entered her office on the morning of February 13, 2018, she saw two spiders
on a counter. She killed them but was unable to catch a third spider she saw on a cabinet. Later that
day, claimant was at her desk talking with a coworker, Sandra Gilchrist, when she felt a bite on her
foot. She exclaimed that she had been bitten and saw “at least two bites on [her] foot.” Claimant
went to the emergency room, where a doctor noted significant swelling and redness on her foot.
Based on pictures, claimant identified the spiders in her office as brown recluse spiders.
Additionally, medical records indicated that the doctor suspected a “[b]rown recluse spider bite or
sting.” Claimant was admitted to the hospital, underwent surgery, and was discharged on February
22, 2018.
Claimant filed for worker’s compensation benefits, and an evidentiary hearing occurred on
December 14, 2018. Claimant testified that approximately one or two weeks before being bitten,
she saw spider webs in a stairwell with rooftop access. She saw another spider in May 2018 in
Gilchrist’s office, near her computer keyboard. Gilchrist confirmed claimant’s account of being
bitten by a spider on February 13, 2018. Gilchrist also testified that the boiler room was under
construction at that time, and although she had not seen spiders in the building before the incident,
she did kill two spiders in her office in April or May 2018.
Dr. Diane Wilcox, who worked in the same office suite as claimant, testified that although
she was not present on February 13, 2018, she was aware of the incident. Wilcox also knew that
employees had captured multiple spiders in April and May 2018, and she personally saw “a small
-2- spider hanging in midair right above [claimant’s] desk” in December 2018. Wilcox confirmed that
the boiler room “directly below” their offices had been under construction for a few months before
the incident, and the drilling was causing noise and “spewing . . . dust and debris.” Wilcox stated
that “up until the construction work that we had, I had never seen a spider in [the] building ever”
and “the spider incident[s] started after the construction work.”
A third employee, Randy Snow, provided written testimony that he worked in Memorial
Hall and had captured and killed two spiders within two months of the February 13, 2018 incident.
Brandon Carter testified for employer. Carter was a pest control specialist hired to provide
monthly treatments on campus, including the interior and exterior of Memorial Hall. He explained
that he serviced the building’s perimeter and applied preventative treatments aimed at cockroaches
in the “mechanical rooms, common areas, kitchens, offices, [and] . . . interior” of the building.
Carter never received a complaint of spiders in Memorial Hall before the incident and never saw a
brown recluse spider anywhere on campus. However, he had observed “[h]ouse spiders and
webbing” in “common areas, like mechanical rooms” before February 13, 2018. He did not see
spiders in any offices before that date. Carter opined that nothing about claimant’s office area
would lead to an increased risk of a spider bite, but he acknowledged that construction activity
could have “disturbed these spiders [in mechanical rooms] to make them move to a different part of
the building.”
Employer introduced Carter’s service reports beginning with one dated November 2, 2017.
In the reports from November 2017 to January 2018, Carter did not observe any pests except “light”
cockroach activity on November 24, 2017.
After learning about claimant’s spider bite, Carter’s supervisor inspected Memorial Hall.
Carter prepared a February 15, 2018 report about the visit. According to the report, the supervisor
inspected the exterior and mechanical rooms and recommended correction of gaps in window
-3- casings or sills and installation of window screens. A February 19, 2018 report reflected that
although “[n]o activity [was] found” concerning “spiders and other crawling insects” in the
third-floor offices, Carter treated cracks and crevices specifically to deter spiders. At the hearing,
Carter testified that this treatment was “[j]ust a precautionary measure.” Carter also treated the
interior and exterior of the building for pests on February 20 and 22, 2018, and he reported no pest
activity on either date.
Carter saw common household spiders in the building in April 2018. He reported his
findings in an email to employer’s facility manager on April 20, 2018:
There was a report of a spider at Memorial Hall on April 19th[,] 2018. On April 20th, 2018[,] myself and your [pest management supervisor] inspected the building for spiders and other crawling insects. There was no activity present. They also had caught the suspected spider for observation. . . . I was able to determine that this insect was a common household spider. This spider is non[-]aggressive, and it is not poisonous. With our monthly exterior perimeter treatment, the activity levels [have] dropped significantly.
(Emphasis added).
At the conclusion of the hearing, the deputy commissioner found that claimant failed to
prove the injury arose out of her employment and denied benefits. Upon review, a majority of the
full Commission reversed. A dissenting opinion found that the evidence was insufficient to
establish a “critical link” between the conditions of the workplace and claimant’s injury.
ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
“On appeal, [this Court] view[s] the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing
party before the [C]ommission.” Portsmouth Sch. Bd. v. Harris, 58 Va. App. 556, 559 (2011)
(quoting Cent. Va. Obstetrics & Gynecology Assocs., P.C. v. Whitfield, 42 Va. App. 264, 269
(2004)).
-4- “Whether an employee’s work-related injury arises out of his employment ‘involves a
mixed question of law and fact, which [this Court] review[s] de novo on appeal.’” Turf Care, Inc. v.
Henson, 51 Va. App. 318, 324 (2008) (quoting Blaustein v. Mitre Corp., 36 Va. App. 344, 348
(2001)). “Factual findings of the [C]ommission will not be disturbed on appeal, if based on credible
evidence.” Roberson v. Whetsell, 21 Va. App. 268, 271 (1995). “If there is evidence, or reasonable
inferences can be drawn from the evidence, to support the Commission’s findings, they will not be
disturbed on review, even though there is evidence in the record to support a contrary finding.”
Mktg. Profiles, Inc. v. Hill, 17 Va. App. 431, 435 (1993) (quoting Morris v. Badger
Powhatan/Figgie Int’l, Inc., 3 Va. App. 276, 279 (1986)).
Although this Court “defer[s], on appeal, to the [C]ommission’s construction of the
Workers’ Compensation Act, we are ‘not bound by the [C]ommission’s legal analysis in this or
prior cases.’” Peacock v. Browning Ferris, Inc., 38 Va. App. 241, 248 (2002) (quoting USAir, Inc.
v. Joyce, 27 Va. App. 184, 189 n.1 (1998)).
B. The “arising out of employment” requirement
An injury is compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act only when it “aris[es] out
of and in the course of the employment.” Code § 65.2-101. “[T]he expressions ‘arising out of’ and
‘in the course of’ are used conjunctively and are not synonymous. Both conditions must be satisfied
before compensation can be awarded.” Graybeal v. Bd. of Supervisors, 216 Va. 77, 78 (1975).
“The words ‘arising out of’ . . . refer to the origin or cause of the injury[,] while the language ‘in the
course of’ pertains to the time, place, and circumstances under which the accident occurred.” R & T
Invs., Ltd. v. Johns, 228 Va. 249, 252 (1984). Here, claimant was injured at her workplace, and
employer does not contest that the spider bite occurred in the course of her employment. The only
dispute is whether the spider bite arose out of her employment.
-5- The “arising out of” prong contemplates a causal link between the injury and the
employment. See City of Richmond v. Braxton, 230 Va. 161, 164 (1985). “An accident arises out
of the employment if there is a causal connection between the claimant’s injury and the conditions
under which the employer requires the work to be performed.” Id. (quoting R & T Invs., Inc., 228
Va. at 252).
“Virginia employs the ‘actual risk’ test to determine whether an injury ‘arises out of’ the
employment.” Green Hand Nursery, Inc. v. Loveless, 55 Va. App. 134, 141 (2009).
Under this test, if the injury can be seen to have followed as a natural incident of the work and to have been contemplated by a reasonable person familiar with the whole situation as a result of the exposure occasioned by the nature of the employment, then it arises “out of” the employment. But it excludes an injury which cannot fairly be traced to the employment as a contributing proximate cause and which comes from a hazard to which the [employee] would have been equally exposed apart from the employment. The causative danger must be peculiar to the work and not common to the neighborhood. It must be incidental to the character of the business and not independent of the relation of master and servant. It need not have been foreseen or expected, but after the event it must appear to have had its origin in a risk connected with the employment, and to have flowed from that source as a rational consequence.
Id. at 141-42 (emphasis added) (quoting Baggett Transp. Co. & Meador Trucking Co. v. Dillon, 219
Va. 633, 638 (1978)). See also Bernard v. Carlson Cos.-TGIF, 60 Va. App. 400, 405-06 (2012).
An actual risk of employment is “not merely the risk of being injured while at work.”
Taylor v. Mobil Corp., 248 Va. 101, 107 (1994). A claimant can prove actual risk by showing
employment conditions create “an enhanced risk” of injury. Bernard, 60 Va. App. at 407. “A
workplace condition that ‘increase[s] the risk of injury’ implicates the actual risk test.” Id. at 407
n.3 (quoting Hill City Trucking v. Christian, 238 Va. 735, 740 (1989)). See also King v. DTH
Contract Servs. Inc., 69 Va. App. 703, 713-16 (2019) (stating that, in assault cases, one way of
demonstrating an injury arose out of the employment is by showing the assault resulted from an
increased risk of assault created by employment). -6- However, demonstrating an increased risk is not the only method of proving actual risk. See
O’Donoghue v. United Continental Holdings, Inc., 70 Va. App. 95, 105 n.5 (2019). A claimant can
satisfy the actual risk test with evidence of a workplace condition that is “peculiar,” “unusual,” or
otherwise “qualitatively different” than a risk to which the general public is exposed. Bernard, 60
Va. App. at 407 (noting that in cases involving tripping on workplace steps, an injury is generally
only compensable if the steps are “‘unusual’ because they are ‘slightly higher than normal’ or
otherwise peculiar” and thus “present an enhanced risk, qualitatively different from the steps most
people walk up and down on and off the job” (quoting County of Chesterfield v. Johnson, 237 Va.
180, 185-86 (1989))). See also Reserve Life Ins. Co. v. Hosey, 208 Va. 568, 572 (1968) (holding
that an injury was compensable where the claimant fell going up workplace steps made from rock
with unusual vertical distances); Loveless, 55 Va. App. at 141 (stating that “[t]he causative danger
must be peculiar to the work and not common to the neighborhood” (emphasis added) (quoting
Dillon, 219 Va. at 638)).
Absent a showing of actual risk, which can be evidenced in a number of ways,
compensation would be a function of merely establishing “positional risk,” a doctrine the Supreme
Court has “consistently rejected.” Hill City Trucking, 238 Va. at 740. “[A]n assessment of
‘positional risk’ . . . asks only if the injury occurred during the course of employment” and
“overlook[s] ‘the difference between the concepts of “arising out of” and “in the course of” the
employment.’” Bernard, 60 Va. App. at 405 (first quoting Johnson, 237 Va. at 185, and then
quoting Dillon, 219 Va. at 640).
Virginia’s actual risk test requires “[a] ‘critical link’ . . . between the conditions of the
workplace and the injury in order for the injury to qualify as ‘arising out of’ the employment.”
Pinkerton’s Inc. v. Helmes, 242 Va. 378, 380 (1991) (quoting Johnson, 237 Va. at 186). This
critical link may be shown by evidence of an injury resulting from an unusual workplace condition
-7- or job responsibility. See Johnson, 237 Va. at 182, 186 (finding “[n]o such link” where a
water-treatment plant worker failed to prove anything unusual about the stairs he fell down en route
to a basement to check on water pumps); Marion Corr. Treatment Ctr. v. Henderson, 20 Va. App.
477, 479 (1995) (affirming award where claimant’s “job responsibilities caused him to watch the
tower guards rather than the steps,” providing “the ‘critical link’ between the conditions of the
workplace and the injury,” and thereby proving his “injury arose out of his employment”).
Here, the Commission’s majority opinion determined that claimant’s injury was
compensable because “[h]er work environment during the construction exposed her to the risk of
spiders.” The majority did not expressly require evidence of a spider bite risk that was qualitatively
different from that to which the general public is exposed. To the contrary, the majority opinion
indicated that her injury would be compensable regardless of whether the risk was shared by the
general public and not peculiar to the employment. This articulation of the standard more closely
reflects positional rather than actual risk. “The fact that the injury occurred at work adds nothing
and answers nothing, when the inquiry is, did the injury arise out of the employment. It simply
helps prove the ‘in the course of’ prong of the compensability test.” Johnson, 237 Va. at 185.
However, the evidence cited by the majority opinion, and the record as a whole, satisfies the
actual risk test articulated above. Where it is clear on the record that the Commission reached the
right result for a different reason, an appellate court may affirm the decision. See Granados v.
Windson Dev. Corp., 257 Va. 103, 109 (1999) (“Since the Commission reached the correct
conclusion[,] . . . although it gave the wrong reason, we sustain that conclusion and assign the right
ground.”); Mercy Tidewater Ambulance Serv. v. Carpenter, 29 Va. App. 218, 226 (1999). Here, the
record demonstrated a peculiar and unusual presence of spiders in claimant’s office area after
December 2017, when construction began in the boiler room directly below. The construction
subjected claimant to a risk of spiders that was qualitatively different from that to which the general
-8- public is exposed. See Bernard, 60 Va. App. at 406-07. The Commission found that not only did
claimant see three spiders the day of the incident, but also her coworkers observed spiders “within a
few months of [claimant’s] injury” and the “problem . . . persisted until shortly before the hearing.”
Further, the record supports a finding that claimant was bitten by a brown recluse spider, an invasive
species not common to an office environment. Therefore, credible evidence in the record
demonstrated a causative danger that was peculiar to claimant’s workplace. See Loveless, 55
Va. App. at 141.
Additionally, the evidence established both a physical and temporal proximity between a
peculiar or unusual workplace condition (i.e., construction causing a proliferation of spiders in an
office suite where they were not usually found) and claimant’s spider-bite injury. Accordingly,
claimant proved the necessary “critical link.”1 See Pinkerton’s, Inc., 242 Va. at 380. Because the
Commission reached the correct conclusion that claimant’s injury arose out of her employment, we
affirm that result. See Granados, 257 Va. at 109; Carpenter, 29 Va. App. at 226.
1 In its assignment of error, employer argues that the Commission failed to apply the correct legal standard of whether claimant’s “employment exposed her to a greater risk of a spider bite than that encountered by the general public, i.e., whether there is a ‘critical link’ between the conditions of the employment and the spider bite.” (Emphasis added). We disagree with employer’s construction of the appropriate legal standard. Virginia’s actual risk doctrine does not require evidence of a greater or increased risk; a claimant can satisfy the actual risk test with evidence of a peculiar, unusual, or otherwise qualitatively different workplace condition. See Bernard, 60 Va. App. at 407. Additionally, we disagree that employer’s favored “greater risk” standard is synonymous with the “critical link” requirement. The cases analyzing the “critical link” requirement speak more broadly about a claimant’s burden to establish a causal connection between an unusual workplace condition and the injury. See Pinkerton’s, Inc., 242 Va. at 380-81 (declining to presume that a claimant’s injury arose out employment when brain damage left her unable to recall any facts regarding a car accident between her workplace and a public highway); PYA/Monarch v. Harris, 22 Va. App. 215, 224-25 (1996) (holding that a claimant’s injury was a non-compensable unexplained accident when he found himself lying outside of his delivery truck, injured, and with no memory of what happened). -9- C. The Commission’s factual findings
Employer contests certain factual findings of the Commission, asserting that they are either
unsupported by the evidence or prove only that claimant’s injury occurred “in the course of” her
employment, not that it “arose out of ” her employment.
Initially, employer challenges the relevance of the Commission’s findings concerning the
circumstances of the injury, including that claimant saw three spiders on the date she was injured,
that she identified them as brown recluse spiders, and that her injury was corroborated by a witness.
Employer argues that these facts only demonstrate that the spider bite occurred at work and thus the
injury occurred “in the course of” the employment. However, the number of spiders claimant
observed on February 13, 2018, is relevant to the “arising out of” analysis because it demonstrates
that her work environment exposed her to an actual risk of a spider bite not shared by the general
public. See Loveless, 55 Va. App. at 141. Likewise, claimant’s identification of the spiders as
brown recluses is evidence of an invasive species unusual to an office environment. See Hosey, 208
Va. at 569, 572 (affirming award where workplace steps were made from rocks, and the vertical
distance between each step was “just a little bit higher than usual for a step”).
Employer asserts that no evidence in the record supports the Commission’s findings that
claimant’s “work environment during the construction exposed her to the risk of spiders” and “[a]t
the time of the accident, construction had recently begun in the boiler room, one of the mechanical
rooms located directly below [the] office suite.” In support of its argument, employer relies
primarily on testimony from the pest control technician, Brandon Carter.
Credible evidence in the record supports the Commission’s conclusion regarding a
significant and unusual presence of spiders in the office after construction began in December 2017.
Although Carter’s testimony may contradict other evidence, it does not mandate reversal of the
Commission’s decision. See Mktg. Profiles, Inc., 17 Va. App. at 435 (stating that the Commission’s
- 10 - findings supported by credible evidence will not be disturbed on review “even though there is
evidence in the record to support a contrary finding” (quoting Morris, 3 Va. App. at 279)). Further,
Carter acknowledged that the construction activity itself could have “disturbed these spiders [in
mechanical rooms] to make them move to a different part of the building.”
Employer also disputes the Commission’s findings that Carter “had seen spiders and spider
webs in the mechanical rooms before [claimant] was bitten on February 13, 2018” and “[s]piders
were present in the area where [claimant] worked both before and after the accident.” Employer
argues that Carter’s observation of spiders in the mechanical rooms is irrelevant to the presence of
spiders in office spaces. However, the presence of spiders and spider webs in mechanical rooms
supports the inference that construction in the boiler room resulted in the proliferation of spiders in
the office space directly above. The Commission found a causal connection between construction
beginning in December 2017 and the unusual presence of spiders in the third-floor office suite. This
finding is supported by credible evidence, and we will not disturb it on appeal despite conflicting
evidence. See id.
Employer asserts that, contrary to the Commission’s findings, “there is no evidence in the
record that spiders were seen in the third floor before February 13, 2018.” However, the
Commission did not find that spiders were in claimant’s office “before February 13, 2018” but,
rather, “before and after the accident.” (Emphasis added). The uncontroverted evidence that
claimant observed three spiders in her office the morning she was bitten was necessarily
“before . . . the accident.”
Employer also argues that the presence of multiple spiders during the ten months after the
incident does not prove claimant’s employment exposed her to an increased risk of spiders on
February 13, 2018. We disagree. First, the actual risk test does not require evidence of an increased
risk; peculiar, unusual, or otherwise qualitatively different risks can satisfy the test. Bernard, 60
- 11 - Va. App. at 407. Second, the persistent spider sightings, requiring additional treatment by the pest
control technician, support an inference that on the day of the incident, there was already a
significant and unusual presence of spiders that was qualitatively different from that which the
general public encounters. See id. See also Loveless, 55 Va. App. at 141. Further, Carter’s April
20, 2018 email that spider activity levels “dropped significantly” due to additional treatment
supports an inference that previous activity levels were peculiar and unusual for the workplace.
Even assuming Carter’s email was in the context of household spiders, it nevertheless supports a
finding that claimant’s workplace exposed her to an unusual risk of spider encounters, including the
brown recluse spiders she identified in the emergency room after the incident. Therefore, evidence
of persistent, post-incident spider activity is relevant to whether the workplace conditions exposed
claimant to an actual risk of a spider bite.
Finally, employer challenges the relevance of the Commission’s finding that Carter
“recommended correcting gaps in window casings or sills and screening windows.” Employer
argues that subsequent remedial measures are inadmissible to prove negligence or culpable conduct
under Code § 8.01-418.1 and Rule of Evidence 2:407. However, employer introduced this evidence
and did not object to the Commission considering it on the issue of employer’s responsibility for
claimant’s injury. Therefore, employer has waived the issue on appeal. See Rule 5A:18.
Further, to the extent employer offered this evidence to demonstrate that any pest control
was merely “precautionary,” the Commission was free to draw its own reasonable inferences from
the evidence, including that there was significant spider activity on the premises. See Am. Furniture
Co. v. Graves, 141 Va. 1, 9 (1925) (cautioning that “[i]t must . . . be remembered that the
Commission is empowered to draw reasonable inferences from proper testimony introduced”).
- 12 - CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, we hold that claimant proved her spider bite injury arose out of her
employment, and we affirm the Commission’s decision awarding compensation for her injury.
Affirmed.
- 13 -