James BROCK dba BROCK FARMS v. NATIONWIDE AGRIBUSINESS INSURANCE NAIC, and DOES 1 through 50, inclusive

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: March 17, 2026
• Docket: 3:24-cv-01165
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 James BROCK dba BROCK FARMS, Case No.: 3:24-cv-01165-JES-MMP

12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 13 v. DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY 14 NATIONWIDE AGRIBUSINESS JUDGMENT INSURANCE NAIC, and DOES 1 15 through 50, inclusive, 16 [ECF No. 38] Defendants. 17 18 19 20 21 Before the Court is a motion for summary judgment requiring the Court to determine 22 whether a farmer’s apparently largely inactive use of his property and equipment relieves 23 the insurer of that property of its obligation to pay for claims made under a “Farm Policy.” 24 ECF No. 38. Asparagus farmer James Brock (“Plaintiff”), doing business as Brock Farms, 25 contends that his use of the insured property to store asparagus seeds and repair farm 26 equipment falls within the policy’s coverage, and that his equipment was operable at the 27 time his claims accrued. Nationwide Agribusiness Insurance NAIC (“Defendant”), argues 28 that it should be relieved of its duties under their contract because Plaintiff’s activities were 1 too attenuated from farming and because his equipment was derelict. Each party accuses 2 the other of bad faith behavior throughout this dispute, and Defendant brings this motion 3 for summary judgment. For reasons set forth below, the Court disagrees with Defendants 4 that Plaintiff’s claims fall outside the terms of their contract as a matter of law, but agrees 5 that at least one property fixture falls outside of the policy’s coverage due to inoperability. 6 The Court does not find bad faith by either party in this dispute. Thus, the motion to dismiss 7 is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. 8 I. BACKGROUND 9 Defendant issued a Farm Package Policy (“the Policy”) to Plaintiff that was effective 10 from May 13, 2020, to May 13, 2021. ECF No. 46, Joint Statement of Undisputed Material 11 Facts (“JSUMF”) at 2. The policy applied to Plaintiff’s business located at Third Street and 12 Fern in Holtville, California (“the Property”), where Plaintiff grew asparagus and 13 conducted other farming operations. Id.; Compl. ¶ 11. The Policy obligated Defendant to 14 cover loss and damage of covered property there, up to $677,481 for the Packing House, 15 and $15,534 for the farm shop. JSUMF at 2-3. The Policy defined “Covered Property” in 16 relevant part as follows: 17 a. Farm buildings and structures other than “dwellings” including attached sheds and fixtures used for “farming” purposes. 18 Farm buildings and structures include… cold storage buildings… 19 Coverage for farm buildings and structures includes: 20 1) Water pumps and equipment, including motors and outdoor equipment, pertaining to and used in the service of the building; and 21 2) Furniture, fixtures, machinery and equipment pertaining to the 22 operation of the building, while located on or in the building or in the open within 100 feet of the building. 23

24 Id. at 3-4. The Policy defined farming as “the operation of an agriculture or aquaculture 25 business.” Id. 26 The Policy relieved Defendant of the obligation to pay for damages arising from “(1) 27 wear and tear; (2) rust, corrosion … deterioration, hidden or latent defect or any quality in 28 property that causes it to damage or destroy itself.” Id. at 4. The Policy also excluded loss 1 or damage arising from Petitioner’s neglect to use reasonable means to preserve property. 2 Id. at 5. The Policy explained that Defendant could examine Plaintiff under oath in the 3 event of loss, and that Plaintiff’s lack of cooperation in an examination would relieve 4 Defendant of its duties under the Policy. Id. at 5-6. Finally, under the “Concealment, 5 Misrepresentation, or Fraud,” condition, the Policy states: 6 This Coverage Form is void if any “insured” whether before or after a loss, has committed fraud or intentionally concealed or misrepresented any 7 material fact or circumstance regarding: 8 a. This Coverage Form; b. The Covered Property; 9 c. That “insureds” interest in the Covered Property 10 d. A claim under this Coverage Form.

11 Id. at 6-7. 12 This action arises from two separate incidents of theft which Plaintiff reported on 13 the Property: the first on January 23, 2021 (“first loss”), and the second on April 21, 2021 14 (“second loss”). Compl. ¶ 12. Plaintiff claimed loss or damage as a result of the thefts to 15 the HVAC system, electrical components, and wiring from Plaintiff’s packing house and 16 storing yard. ECF No. 43-1 (“Opp’n.”) at 6, 8. Plaintiff did not have operational security 17 cameras at the time of the first loss and only had grainy security camera footage showing 18 a person walking on the property following the second loss. ECF No. 38-1 (“Mot.”) at 11, 19 12; ECF No. 38-4 (“Coughlon Decl.”) ¶ 9. Regarding the second loss, Plaintiff told a 20 representative for Defendant that thieves had climbed a utility pole and disconnected the 21 wires from there. Id. at 12; Coughlon Decl. ¶ 16. 22 Defendant investigated the reported losses. Mot. at 11. Independent adjuster Larry 23 Adamy inspected the Property on January 30, 2021, and took pictures of the Property. ECF 24 No. 38-10. Defendant’s expert George White, an engineer, inspected the property on March 25 5, 2021, and opined based on his review of the equipment that it was “highly unlikely” that 26 the equipment was operational in the last four years, based on its apparent age. ECF No. 27 38-13 at 5. After the second loss, Defendant hired HVAC consultants who inspected the 28 1 Property. Mot. at 13; Coughlon Decl. ¶ 19. The consultants examined the property and 2 stated that the state of the electrical equipment and the allegedly cut pipes was inconsistent 3 with copper theft. ECF No. 38-16 at 3-9. The consultants also reviewed the facility’s power 4 usage history and found that the electricity costs were significantly lower than the costs 5 they would project if the HVAC system was in use. ECF No. 38-16 at 10. Defendant also 6 retained an agricultural sciences expert, who evaluated the asparagus seeds Plaintiff was 7 storing on the Property and concluded that the seeds were no longer viable. ECF No. 38- 8 27 at 10-11, 22. Defendant’s expert also spoke with an agent at the Imperial Irrigation 9 District, who said that the District had removed the fuses from the utility poles, rather than 10 the fuses being removed by thieves. Coughlon Decl. ¶ 23; ECF No. 38-16 (“Exh. K”) at 11 272. 12 Plaintiff sat for an Examination Under Oath (“EUO”) with Defendant’s counsel 13 regarding the losses in December of 2021. Mot. at 14. In his EUO, Plaintiff stated that the 14 last year he used the cooling room for a harvest was 2015. ECF No. 38-20 at 15-16. Plaintiff 15 testified that he closed his company in 2018, but continued to use the cold room to store 16 seeds and other buildings on the property to make repairs on farming equipment. Id. at 17. 17 Plaintiff also testified that he continued growing wheat off the property, in the desert, and 18 that those farming operations involved the use of the Holtville property for equipment 19 repairs. Id. at 17. Plaintiff stated that the cold room’s cooling system, which relied on 20 HVAC equipment, was always operational, but that it rarely, if ever, turned on because he 21 had set it to turn on at 85 degrees due to the low value of the remaining seed. Id. at 13. 22 Plaintiff stated that the last time he had personally known the HVAC equipment worked 23 was March of 2018, when he lasted turned it on. Id. at 11. However, Plaintiff stated that 24 the equipment was operational up until the time of the claimed losses, and that it would 25 have turned on if a switch was flipped. Id. at 11-12. 26 On May 25, 2022, Defendant denied coverage of the losses. Coughlon Decl. ¶ 30. 27 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s seed and farm equipment storage does not fall under the 28 insurance contract’s definition of farming, relieving Defendant of its duty to pay the claims. 1 Mot. at 20. Regarding the HVAC equipment and electrical components, Defendant argues 2 that the property was not Covered Property under the Policy because neither was used in 3 active operation. Id. Defendant also argues that policy’s Wear and Tear Exclusion, Neglect 4 Exclusion, Misrepresentation Condition of Coverage, and Cooperation Clause apply here 5 and preclude its payment of these claims. Id. at 22-25. 6 Both parties raise claims that the other has acted in bad faith. Compl. at 15; Mot. at 7 27. Plaintiff brings a claim of tortious breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair 8 dealing and seeks punitive damages for alleged bad behavior. Compl. at 15. Defendant 9 alleges that Plaintiff made material misrepresentations regarding the Property’s operations 10 and how the second loss occurred, relieving it of its duty to pay under the contracts 11 Concealment Misrepresentation or Fraud exception. Mot. at 27. 12 II. LEGAL STANDARD 13 Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine 14 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 15 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is material when it “might affect the outcome of the suit.” 16 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 17 The moving party bears the initial burden of establishing the absence of any genuine 18 issues of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The movant can 19 satisfy this burden in two ways: (1) by presenting evidence that negates an essential 20 element of the nonmoving party’s case; or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving party 21 failed to make a showing sufficient to establish an element essential to that party’s case on 22 which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. Id. at 322–23. In such cases, “there 23 can be ‘no genuine issue as to any material fact,’ since a complete failure of proof 24 concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other 25 facts immaterial.” Id. 26 Once the moving party has satisfied its initial burden, the nonmoving party cannot 27 rest on the mere allegations or denials of its pleading. Id. at 322 n.3. The nonmoving party 28 must “go beyond the pleadings and by [its] own affidavits, or by the depositions, answers 1 to interrogatories, and admissions on file, designate specific facts showing that there is a 2 genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 324 (internal quotation marks omitted). The nonmoving party 3 may meet this requirement by presenting evidence from which a reasonable jury could find 4 in its favor, viewing the record as a whole, in light of the evidentiary burden the law places 5 on that party. See Triton Energy Corp. v. Square D Co., 68 F.3d 1216, 1221–22 (9th Cir. 6 1995). In determining whether there are any genuine issues of material fact, the court must 7 “view[] the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Fontana v. 8 Haskin, 262 F.3d 871, 876 (9th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted). 9 III. DISCUSSION 10 Defendant moves for summary judgment on the basis that (1) Plaintiff’s use of the 11 Property at the time of the losses did not meet the contractual definition of farming; (2) the 12 damaged property was so worn that it was valueless; (3) Plaintiff failed to act to prevent 13 the second loss; and (4) Plaintiff made bad faith misrepresentations and failed to cooperate. 14 Mot. at 8-9. Defendant further argues that Plaintiff’s bad faith claim fails as a matter of 15 law, and that therefore Plaintiff’s punitive damages claim must be dismissed. Id. Plaintiff 16 disagrees, arguing that the parties’ differing characterizations of the facts of the case 17 constitute a genuine issue for trial. Opp’n. at 12. The Court examines each of these 18 arguments below. 19 A. Principles of Contract Interpretation 20 “Insurance policies are contracts to which ordinary rules of contractual interpretation 21 apply.” Maryland Casualty Co. v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 65 Cal. App. 4th 21, 21 (1998). 22 Contract interpretation, as a question of law, is often amenable to summary judgment, 23 although ‘[s]ummary judgment may be inappropriate in a contract case if there is a dispute 24 over a material fact necessary to interpret the contract.’” Essex Walnut Owner L.P. v. Aspen 25 Specialty Ins. Co., 335 F. Supp. 3d 1146, 1150 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (quoting United Pac. Ins. 26 Co. v. Kilroy Indus., 608 F. Supp. 847, 850 (C.D. Cal. 1985)). 27 “The primary aim in interpreting an insurance contract is to give effect to the mutual 28 intention of the parties at the time of contracting.” Houston Cas. Co. v. Etco Homes, Inc., 1 777 F. Supp. 3d 1112, 1120 (C.D. Cal. 2025). “The court must look first to the language 2 of the contract in order to ascertain its plain meaning or the meaning a layperson would 3 ordinarily attach to it.” Perez- Encinas v. Amerus Life Ins. Co., 468 F. Supp. 2d 1127, 1133 4 (N.D. Cal. 2006). Language is ambiguous when “it is capable of two or more constructions, 5 both of which are reasonable.” Id. “Multiple or broad meanings do not 6 necessarily create ambiguity,” because a contract can use a broad word “for that very 7 reason—its breadth—to achieve a broad purpose.” Bay Cities Paving & Grading, Inc. v. 8 Lawyers’ Mutual Ins. Co., 5 Cal. 4th 854, 875 (1993). 9 When insurance contract language is ambiguous, courts are to resolve the ambiguity 10 “by looking to the reasonable expectations of a reasonable insured.” In re K F Dairies, Inc. 11 & Affiliates, 224 F.3d 922, 926 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Bay Cities Paving, 5 Cal. 4th at 12 875). If the term is still ambiguous after looking to the expectations of a reasonable insured, 13 “it is construed against the party who caused the ambiguity to exist,” which is typically the 14 insurer as the drafter of the contract. Id. California’s Supreme Court has made clear that 15 courts should construe contracts made under the laws of its state broadly and in favor of 16 coverage where ambiguity exists. See Montrose Chem. Corp. v. Admiral Ins. Co., 10 Cal. 17 4th 645, 667 (1995) (explaining that courts should “generally interpret the coverage clauses 18 of insurance policies broadly, [in order to protect] the objectively reasonable expectations 19 of the insured.”); AIU Ins. Co. v. Superior Ct., 51 Cal. 3d 807, 822 (1990) (“Because the 20 insurer writes the policy, it is held ‘responsible’ for ambiguous policy language, which is 21 therefore construed in favor of coverage.”) However, courts “will not adopt a strained or 22 absurd interpretation in order to create an ambiguity where none exists.” Bay Cities Paving, 23 5 Cal. 4th 854 at 867. 24 B. Operability and Scope of Coverage 25 Defendant argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on the basis that Plaintiff’s 26 losses fell outside the contract’s definition of covered property. Mot. at 20-21. Defendant 27 argues that the contract only covers the HVAC and electrical components to the extent that 28 they were used for farming operations, and that the evidence produced shows both were 1 outside the scope of coverage because they were inoperable. Id. at 20-21. Defendant also 2 argues more broadly that neither system could be used for farming operations because 3 Plaintiff’s business closed in 2018, after which he used the property to store non-viable 4 seeds. Id. at 21-22. Plaintiff argues that the losses still fall within the terms of the agreement 5 because he continued to use the property for farming operations. Opp’n. at 14. Plaintiff 6 asserts that the expert reports and evidence corroborate his use of the property for 7 agricultural purposes. Id. The Court addresses each argument below. 8 1. Coverage Definitions 9 The Court first addresses the broader dispute between the parties regarding whether 10 the contract’s definition of farming operations forecloses coverage of the claimed HVAC 11 and electrical losses after Plaintiff closed his business and used the Property for storage 12 and repairs. See Mot. at 21-22; Opp’n. at 14. 13 Defendant argues that the contract terms could not be understood to cover the HVAC 14 and electrical systems because Plaintiff had stopped “active farming” when his business 15 closed in 2018. Mot. at 21. In the same vein, Defendant points out that Plaintiff’s use of 16 the Property for seed storage cannot be understood as farming because its expert opined 17 that the stored seeds were no longer viable. Mot. at 21; ECF No. 38-27 at 22. 18 Plaintiff argues that the evidence reflects that he used the Property as “an agricultural 19 shop” covered by the contract, albeit less resource intensive than his previous business. 20 Opp’n. at 14. The parties agree that Plaintiff was storing bags of asparagus seed in 21 structures created for agricultural purposes at the Property. ECF No. 39 at 16. Plaintiff also 22 stated in his EOU, and Defendant does not contest, that he continued to use the Property to 23 repair equipment for his farming operations up until the time of the losses. ECF No. 38-20 24 at 17. 25 To determine whether Plaintiff’s activities necessarily fall outside the contract’s 26 terms, the Court first looks to the contract’s plain language. The relevant section defining 27 coverage states that the Policy covers “[f]arm buildings and structures” used for “‘farming’ 28 purposes.” ECF No. 38-8 at 7. The contract goes on to define farming as “the operation of 1 an agriculture […] enterprise.” ECF No. 38-9 at 5. The contract distinguishes farm 2 buildings and structures from dwellings, and, in a section entitled “PROPERTY NOT 3 COVERED,” excludes coverage of land, water, foundations, pilings, excavations, plastic 4 exteriors of greenhouses, and irrigation equipment. ECF No. 38-8 at 27-28. However, 5 outside of these exclusions, the contract appears to take a broad view of farming: it includes 6 a list of potential types of farm buildings and structures but indicates that the list is non- 7 exhaustive, covers building materials and supplies, and allows for coverage of all 8 “furniture, fixtures, machinery and equipment pertaining to the operation of the building, 9 while located on or in the building or in the open within 100 feet of the building.” ECF No. 10 38-8 at 27. 11 As Plaintiff correctly points out, the term “active farming” appears nowhere in the 12 contract. Opp’n. at 7. The coverage section of the contract does not state or intimate that 13 the term “operation of an agricultural […] enterprise” depends on the functionality, 14 viability, or profitability of that operation. See ECF No. 38-9 at 5. Nor does a common 15 sense understanding of the term foreclose the possibility that ancillary tasks conducted by 16 a farmer could reasonably be considered agriculture. See Farmer’s Reservoir & Irrigation 17 Co. v. McComb, 337 U.S. 755, 762-63 (1949) (holding that both primary agriculture, 18 meaning “cultivation and tillage of the soil, dairying, etc.,” and secondary agriculture 19 which “includes any practices, whether or not themselves farming practices, which are 20 performed either by a farmer or on a farm, incidentally to or in conjunction with ‘such’ 21 farming operations,” qualified as agriculture.) The term “operation of an agricultural […] 22 enterprise,” which defines farm building and equipment coverage in the contract, is thus 23 ambiguous, because it can reasonably be construed either narrowly, to mean the 24 functioning of an active farming business on the property, or broadly, to mean the entirety 25 of operations for which a farmer might use land subject to such a policy. See Perez- 26 Encinas, 468 F. Supp. 2d at 1133. 27 Because the term is ambiguous, the Court looks next to the reasonable expectation 28 of the insured. See K F Dairies, 224 F.3d at 926. Plaintiff had a reasonable expectation that 1 Defendant would cover the property in question when he enrolled in the Policy and made 2 his insurance payments, especially considering that, in both parties’ versions of events, the 3 state of the Property did not meaningfully change between the beginning of the operative 4 policy and the losses. See Opp’n. at 7. If there were any doubt as to reasonable expectations 5 of the insured, the final tie-breaker of insurance contract interpretation would also weigh 6 against Defendant as the drafter of the contract and in favor of coverage. See Montrose 7 Chem., 10 Cal. 4th at 667. Defendant thus has not met its burden to show that Plaintiff 8 cannot prove the losses were covered by the policy as a matter of law. See Celotex, 477 9 U.S. at 323. The motion for summary judgment on the basis that neither the HVAC nor 10 electrical system were covered due to Plaintiff’s use of the property at the time of the losses 11 is therefore DENIED. 12 2. Operability of the HVAC and Electrical Systems 13 Defendant also argues that the HVAC and electrical components were no longer 14 covered by the contract because they were no longer used for farming operations due to 15 their apparent state of disrepair. Mot. at 20-21. Plaintiff disagrees, arguing that the HVAC 16 and electrical systems were fully utilized for farming operations. Opp’n. at 14. The Court 17 finds that a dispute of material fact exists as to the Policy’s coverage of the electrical 18 system, but that no dispute of material fact exists as to the Policy’s coverage of the HVAC 19 system. 20 Defendant argues that “it is clear that coverage for the copper HVAC and electrical 21 components applies only to the extent they were used for farming operations.” Mot. at 20. 22 As explained above, the Court does not find that Defendant’s interpretation of the coverage 23 terms as excluding Plaintiff’s use of the farm as a repair shop and seed storage site controls. 24 Thus, to be entitled to summary judgment based on coverage terms for the HVAC and 25 electrical systems, Defendant must show that there is no dispute of material fact as to 26 whether the HVAC and electrical systems were covered under either its definition or 27 Plaintiff’s definition of agricultural enterprises. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. 28 1 Regarding the electrical systems, Defendant argues that the electricity use levels for 2 the property have been flat since 2018. Mot. at 20-21. Viewing the evidence in the light 3 most favorable to Plaintiff, this usage level does not contradict Plaintiff’s claimed use of 4 the property for shop and storage operations. See ECF No. 38-20 at 14. A reasonable jury 5 could credit Plaintiff’s testimony and view the evidence that he continued to pay electrical 6 bills on the property as corroborating Plaintiff’s proffered use of the property as an 7 agricultural shop. ECF No. 38-16 at 10; Opp’n. at 14. Under the contract’s definitions, 8 these uses do not fall outside of coverage as a matter of law as explained above. Defendant 9 has therefore not shown that flat electricity levels negate an element of Plaintiff’s claims, 10 and is not entitled to summary judgment regarding coverage for the electrical system. See 11 Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322–23. 12 Regarding the HVAC system, Defendant argues that the system does not fall under 13 the terms of the contract because Defendant’s evidence shows that the system has not been 14 operable for years. Mot. at 20. Defendant’s engineer expert inspected and photographed 15 the HVAC system, and opined that the equipment had not been in use for more than ten 16 years. ECF No. 38-13 at 5. Defendant also hired an HVAC consultant who also gave the 17 opinion that the equipment was not operational after inspecting the property and viewing 18 the flat electricity use records. ECF No. 38-16 at 10. Plaintiff disputed this assertion in his 19 sworn EOU, stating that HVAC system was serviceable and would have worked if turned 20 on at the time of the losses. ECF No. 38-20 at 11-13. He stated that the system was set to 21 only come on in very high temperatures due to the low value of the remaining seed. Id. at 22 15. Defendant accurately points out that Plaintiff stated that the last time he “personally 23 knew” that the HVAC was working was in March of 2018. See Reply at 4; ECF No. 38-20 24 at 11-13. In that answer, Plaintiff went on to say that the equipment did work and would 25 have turned on at the time of the loss. ECF No. 38-20 at 11-13. 26 The direct evidence offered by Defendant shows that the HVAC system was not 27 operable at the time of the losses, and thus fell outside the policy’s coverage of “attached 28 [] fixtures used for ‘farming’ purposes” used under both its definition and Plaintiff’s 1 definition of farming. See JSUMF at 3-4. Plaintiff has not produced any evidence to 2 contradict this point, and relies solely on his statement in his EUO that the HVAC would 3 have worked if turned on. See generally, Opp’n.; ECF No. 38-20 at 10-13. However, in 4 that same statement, Plaintiff said, “For sure, the last time that I personally know that the 5 thing was working [] was, I think, the 22nd, 21st, 22n[d] of March 17 of 2018.” ECF No. 6 38-20 at 11. Considering Plaintiff’s EOU statements together, in the absence of any other 7 evidence indicating a basis for Plaintiff’s assertion, the Court finds Plaintiff’s statement 8 that the HVAC would have turned on to be speculative and self-serving. See id.; ECF No. 9 38-13 at 5; ECF No. 38-16 at 10. At the summary judgement stage, speculative and 10 conclusory evidence alone does not create a triable issue of fact. See Cafasso, U.S. ex rel. 11 v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1061 (9th Cir. 2011). Further, while the 12 Court is required to assume the truth of Plaintiff’s direct evidence where it contradicts that 13 of Defendant, a mere scintilla of evidence in support of his position does not suffice to 14 show a dispute of material fact. See T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass'n, 15 809 F.2d 626, 631 (9th Cir. 1987); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 16 (1986). Because Plaintiff has not shown competent evidence to refute Defendant’s showing 17 that the HVAC was inoperable, he has not shown that there is a genuine issue for trial 18 regarding the system falling within the Policy’s coverage even under an expansive 19 definition of farming. See Triton Energy Corp., 68 F.3d at 1221–22; JSUMF at 3-4 20 (defining covered property as items “used for ‘farming’ purposes.”). The motion for 21 summary judgment on the basis that the HVAC system fell outside the contract’s coverage 22 is therefore GRANTED. 23 C. Wear and Tear 24 Next, Defendant argues that its denial of coverage for the HVAC equipment was 25 proper under the contract’s wear and tear exclusion. Mot. at 22. Because the Court grants 26 summary judgment for Defendant on the basis that the HVAC system falls outside the 27 policy’s coverage, the Court DENIES AS MOOT Defendant’s argument regarding the 28 wear and tear exception. 1 D. Neglect 2 Nationwide argues that it is not obligated to cover property lost in the second theft 3 because Plaintiff did not take additional security measures to protect his property after the 4 first theft. ECF No. 38 at 23. Defendant suggests that appropriate steps may have been to 5 “install an alarm system, hire a night watchman, or have guard dogs on site.” Id. However, 6 Plaintiff states that he had operable cameras and had contacted law enforcement about 7 increasing patrol of the area. ECF No. 43 at 15. Whether these measures sufficed to meet 8 Plaintiff’s duties under the contract is a disputed issue of material fact to be determined by 9 a jury. See Fontana, 262 F.3d 876; Triton Energy Corp., 68 F.3d at 1221–22. The Court 10 DENIES the motion for summary judgment on the basis of the neglect exception. 11 E. Material Misrepresentations 12 Defendant argues that Plaintiff has made plainly contradictory statements regarding 13 the operability of the HVAC system and the wire theft in the second loss which relieve it 14 of its obligation to pay under the “Concealment, Misrepresentation, or Fraud” condition of 15 the policy. Mot. at 23. Plaintiff states that he has acted in good faith regarding his claims, 16 and that his statements are not contradictory. Opp’n. at 15. Because the Court has granted 17 summary judgment regarding the HVAC claims above, the Court only addresses the 18 Defendant’s misrepresentation exception argument in regards to the second loss. 19 “Whether a false statement was in fact made is generally a question of fact to be 20 decided by the jury.” Ram v. Infinity Select Ins., 807 F. Supp. 2d 843, 853 (N.D. Cal. 2011). 21 Courts have ruled on this issue in summary judgment where, in the cases cited by 22 Defendant, a plaintiff admitted to lying about a material fact (Ram, 807 F. Supp. 2d at 853); 23 a plaintiff completely made up a business transaction (Cummings v. Fire Ins. Exchange, 24 202 Cal. App. 3d 1407, 1415 (1988)); or a plaintiff completely made up a car crash 25 (Torralba v. National General Ins. Co., 2023 WL 8351566 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 20, 2023)). As 26 discussed in each of those cases, summary judgment on this issue is only appropriate where 27 the false statement is admitted or incontrovertible and central to the insured’s claim. See 28 Ram, 807 F. Supp. 2d at 854 (“whether a false statement was made knowingly and with 1 the intent to deceive the insurer is usually a question of fact but may be decided as a matter 2 of law where the insured admits that he made knowingly false statements with the intent 3 that the insurer rely upon them.”); Cummings, 202 Cal. App. 3d at 1417-18 (explaining that 4 although generally the question of a statements falsity and intent is a question of fact, “[i]n 5 the instant case, however, that issue need not be tried” because “plaintiff admits she was 6 lying to the defendant and did so with the intent that defendant not find out the actual 7 facts.”); Torralba, 2023 WL 835166 at *4 (explaining that the making of a false statement 8 is generally a jury question, but “can be decided as a matter of law, however, where a 9 plaintiff admits to making false statements with the intent that the insurer rely on those 10 statements.”). 11 Here, Defendant argues that Plaintiff made a knowingly false statement that thieves 12 had disconnected wires during the second loss, because Defendant’s expert stated that he 13 spoke with someone at the Irrigation District who said they disconnected the wires. Mot. 14 at 25. Plaintiff argues that his statement was a speculative theory of how the loss occurred, 15 which does not rise to the level of a false statement. Opp’n. at 15. Although Plaintiff’s 16 theory was contradicted by Defendant’s expert, a jury could view his statement as 17 speculation regarding the mechanism of the loss. See Ram, 807 F. Supp. 2d at 853. This 18 statement therefore does rise to the level of incontrovertible or admitted falsity required to 19 apply a misrepresentation exception as a matter of law. See Torralba, 2023 WL 835166 at 20 *4. The Court DENIES Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the basis of the 21 misrepresentation exception. 22 F. Cooperation Clause 23 Defendant also argues that it is relieved of its ability to pay under the cooperation 24 clause of its policy because Plaintiff failed to provide requested documents such as photos, 25 records, and receipts. Mot. at 25. Plaintiff argues that he has cooperated throughout the 26 process, and that Defendant has acted in bad faith. Opp’n. at 15. 27 To find that an insured breached a contract’s cooperation clause as a matter of law, 28 California law generally requires a showing that either (1) the insured refused to ever 1 submit to an exam under oath or (2) that “the insured was prejudiced in its investigation by 2 the insured’s failure to cooperate.” Martinez v. Infinity Ins. Co., 714 F. Supp. 2d 1057, 3 1061-62 (N.D. Cal. 2010). A failure to produce documents or a delay in sitting for an exam 4 under oath does not show a breach of a cooperation clause as a matter of law. Id. at 1061. 5 Here, Defendants claim relies on the failure to produce documents. Mot. at 25. Defendant 6 does not argue that this failure prejudiced its investigation. See id. Further, Plaintiff did sit 7 for an examination under oath. See generally ECF No. 38-20. Defendant has not met its 8 burden to show that it is entitled to summary judgment on this issue. See Martinez, 714 F. 9 Supp. 2d at 1061-61. The motion for summary judgment on the basis of the cooperation 10 clause is DENIED. 11 G. Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 12 Defendant argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claim of a 13 breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing because it acted reasonably 14 in handling Plaintiff’s claims. Mot. at 26. Plaintiff contends that he has presented 15 competent evidence to show that Nationwide acted unreasonably by misrepresenting the 16 record and denying him coverage as a “conscious and deliberate act to unfairly frustrate 17 the agreed purpose” of the insurance agreement. Opp’n. at 17. The Court finds that the 18 record in this matter reflects that Defendant has engaged in good faith dispute regarding 19 the terms and applicability of the contract, and is thus entitled to summary judgment on 20 Plaintiff’s implied covenant claim. 21 “To establish breach of the implied covenant, the insured must show that: (1) 22 benefits due under the policy were withheld, and (2) such withholding was unreasonable.” 23 O'Keefe v. Allstate Indem. Co., 953 F. Supp. 2d 1111, 1115 (S.D. Cal. 2013) (citing Love 24 v. Fire Ins. Exchange, 221 Cal. App. 3d 1136, 1151, 271 Cal.Rptr. 246 (1990). “The 25 covenant of good faith and fair dealing, implied by law in every contract, exists merely to 26 prevent one contracting party from unfairly frustrating the other party's right to receive the 27 benefits of the agreement actually made.” Guz v. Bechtel Nat. Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 317, 349 28 (2000). “That said, where breach of an actual term is alleged, a separate implied covenant 1 claim, based on the same breach, is superfluous and where an implied covenant claim 2 alleges a breach of obligations beyond the agreement's actual terms, it is invalid.” Citizens 3 Ins. Co. of Am. v. Chief Digital Advisors, 578 F. Supp. 3d 1113, 1121 (S.D. Cal. 2020 4 (internal quotations omitted)). A good faith dispute in regards to the terms and applicability 5 of a contract precludes a claim of breach of the covenant. Keshish v. Allstate Ins. Co., 959 6 F.Supp.2d 1226, 1233 (C.D. Cal. 2013). 7 Because Plaintiff’s claim of breach of contract survives summary judgment, Plaintiff 8 will receive any benefits of the agreement actually made to which he is entitled following 9 adjudication of the factual disputes in his claims. See Guz, 24 Cal.4th at 349. A good faith 10 claim is therefore superfluous because it is based upon the same breach of obligations. See 11 Citizens Ins. Co., 578 F. Supp. 3d at 1121. Further, Defendant’s denial of coverage is 12 supported by its investigation and the reports of its experts, which it has supplied as 13 evidence in this motion, supporting that its denial of coverage was made in good faith and 14 precluding a claim of breach of the implied covenant. See generally Mot.; Keshish, 959 F. 15 Supp. 3d at 1233. Thus, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment 16 of Plaintiff’s claim for a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. 17 H. Punitive Damages 18 The parties agree that punitive damages are unavailable if an insurer has not acted 19 in bad faith or with malice. See ECF No. 43 at 18; American Casualty Co. of Reading, PA 20 v. Krieger, 181 F.3d 1113, 1123 (9th Cir. 1999). Defendant argues that Plaintiff has not 21 provided evidence of malice, oppression, or fraud in its handling of Plaintiff’s claims. Mot. 22 at 30. Plaintiff argues that it has “repeatedly shown that Defendants misrepresentation of 23 materials in the record […] has been an act of bad faith.” Opp’n. at 18. This statement is 24 conclusory. As explained above, the record reflects that Defendant’s denial of coverage 25 was based upon an investigation and the advice of its experts, not malice or oppression. 26 Thus, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment regarding punitive 27 damages. 28 // l IV. CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary 3 judgment on the basis that the HVAC system fell outside the terms of the Policy. The Court 4 ||DENIES the motion on the basis that the electrical system fell outside the terms of the 5 || policy. The Court also DENIES the motion regarding the conditions and exclusions to the 6 policy. The Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment regarding 7 || Plaintiff's bad faith claim and claim for punitive damages. 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9 19 || Dated: March 17, 2026 faite Siemens 4. 11 Honorable James E. Sunmons Jr. 12 United States District Judge 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 17