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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 16-11530 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 6:13-cv-01698-KBD-DAB
JAMES BARNES,
Petitioner - Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF FLORIDA,
Respondents - Appellees. ________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(April 25, 2018)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, MARTIN, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judge:
Petitioner James Barnes, a Florida death row prisoner, appeals the district
court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for writ of habeas corpus. The Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 2 of 31
district court granted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) as to its ruling that the
state trial court’s appointment of special counsel to present mitigation evidence did
not violate Petitioner’s Sixth Amendment right to self-representation as recognized
by the Supreme Court in Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975). After review
and with the benefit of oral argument, we conclude that federal habeas relief is not
warranted on Petitioner’s Faretta claim. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.
BACKGROUND
I. Petitioner’s Crime
In 2005, while serving a life sentence for the strangulation murder of his
wife, Petitioner confessed to the 1988 rape and murder of Patricia Miller. See
Barnes v. State, 29 So. 3d 1010, 1013 (Fla. 2010).1 As recounted in his confession,
Petitioner entered Ms. Miller’s condominium on the night of the murder, took off
all his clothes, and armed himself with a knife from the kitchen. See id. at 1015.
After surreptitiously watching Ms. Miller for a short period of time, Petitioner
confronted her and forced her at knife-point to the bedroom, where he sexually
assaulted her. See id. He then bound her hands and feet, sexually assaulted her
again, and tried to strangle her to death with a belt. See id. When the strangulation
attempt was unsuccessful, Petitioner killed Ms. Miller by hitting her in the head
1 We take the facts surrounding Petitioner’s crime, which are undisputed, from the Florida Supreme Court’s ruling on Petitioner’s direct appeal. See Barnes v. State, 29 So. 3d 1010, 1013, 1015–16 (Fla. 2010). 2 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 3 of 31
with a hammer he had found in her bedroom. See id. Petitioner then set fire to the
bed where Ms. Miller’s body lay to destroy any evidence left there before fleeing
the scene. See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1015.
Firefighters discovered Ms. Miller’s body while responding to a fire alarm at
the condominium complex. See id. The medical examiner autopsied the body and
noted signs of attempted strangulation, but ultimately determined that Ms. Miller
had died from multiple hammer strikes to her head. See id. Although Petitioner
had attempted to destroy any evidence of the crime by setting the fire, semen was
recovered from Ms. Miller and preserved for DNA testing. See id. Within a week
of the murder, the police questioned Petitioner as a potential suspect, but he denied
any involvement. See id. Petitioner provided a sample of his blood for DNA
comparison, but the DNA testing method available in 1988 was inadequate to
produce a match due to the small amount of semen that had been collected, and the
case remained unsolved. See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1016.
In 1998, while Petitioner was incarcerated for his wife’s murder, the semen
collected from Ms. Miller was retested with advanced techniques and produced a
positive match to Petitioner. See id. Before charges were filed against him,
Petitioner wrote to an assistant state attorney requesting an interview concerning
the Miller case. See id. During the interview, Petitioner admitted to the rape and
murder of Ms. Miller. See id. He described with accuracy Ms. Miller’s physical
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appearance and the interior of her condominium, and he provided details of the
murder, rape, and arson that were consistent with the forensic evidence that was
gathered by the police. See id.
II. Trial and Sentencing
Petitioner was charged with murder, burglary, sexual battery by use of a
deadly weapon, and arson, and the State indicated that it intended to seek the death
penalty on the murder charge. See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1013, 1016. At his initial
appearance, Petitioner waived his right to counsel and moved to proceed pro se.
See id. at 1016. The trial court conducted a hearing pursuant to Faretta v.
California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975) 2 and found Petitioner competent to represent
himself, but appointed standby counsel. See id. at 1013–14, 1016–17.
Petitioner pled guilty to all of the charges against him and waived his right
to an advisory sentencing jury. See id. at 1014. In preparation for the penalty
phase hearing, the trial judge ordered a presentence investigation report (“PSR”) to
be prepared. See id. In addition, the judge ordered Petitioner’s school records and
appointed Dr. William Riebsame, a forensic psychologist, to evaluate Petitioner.
See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1014.
2 In Faretta, the Supreme Court held that an accused has a Sixth Amendment right to represent himself in his criminal trial when he “knowingly and intelligently” elects to do so. Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835. When a defendant asserts his right to self-representation under Faretta, the trial court must conduct an inquiry to ensure that the defendant’s decision to represent himself is voluntary, and that it is made intelligently and with awareness of the “dangers and disadvantages of self-representation.” Id. 4 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 5 of 31
During the penalty phase proceedings, the State presented the following
evidence in support of various aggravators: (1) testimony of detective Dennis
Nichols that when he entered Ms. Miller’s apartment he found the charred remains
of her nude body on the bed, with her hands tied behind her back with shoelaces,
(2) testimony of Assistant State Attorney Michael Hunt that Petitioner had written
him a letter stating that a fellow inmate had persuaded him, as a converted Muslim,
to confess to Ms. Miller’s unsolved murder during Ramadan, (3) a videotaped
interview of Petitioner describing Ms. Miller’s murder, (4) testimony of the
medical examiner that Ms. Miller died from blunt-force trauma following multiple
blows to her head consistent with being beaten with a hammer, (5) Petitioner’s
confession explaining that he struck the back of Ms. Miller’s head several times
with the metal end of a hammer, then struck her fractured skull with the wooden
end of the hammer to conceal the identity of the murder weapon, (6) forensic
evidence showing that Petitioner attempted to strangle Ms. Miller prior to killing
her with a hammer, and that he set her body on fire after her death, (7) DNA
evidence matching semen found in Ms. Miller’s body to Petitioner, and (8) an
impact statement from the victim’s sister stating that Ms. Miller was a nurse who
loved to backpack, ride horses, hike with her dog, ski, canoe, and bird watch, and
who was generous and active with the Salvation Army domestic abuse program in
her community. See id. at 1018–19.
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At the conclusion of the State’s penalty phase presentation, Petitioner
announced that he did not plan to present any mitigation evidence. See id. at 1019.
Petitioner explained that, as mitigation, he would rely solely on the fact that he
confessed and took responsibility for the murder. See id. The trial judge inquired
whether Petitioner wanted appointed counsel to develop mitigation evidence, but
Petitioner declined. See id. The judge then asked standby counsel, who had
appeared at the hearing, what steps he would take to develop mitigation evidence if
he was representing Petitioner. See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1019. Standby counsel
replied that he would gather all of Petitioner’s school, medical, and mental health
records, and that he would interview anyone he could locate who had ever had
substantial contact with Petitioner. See id. Following this colloquy, the judge
continued the penalty phase proceedings and appointed special counsel to
investigate any available mitigation evidence. See id. Petitioner objected to the
appointment, reiterating that his strategy was to facilitate a final resolution of the
case by confessing and taking responsibility for Ms. Miller’s murder. See id.
The trial judge reconvened the penalty phase proceedings several months
later, and again offered to appoint counsel for Petitioner. See id. When Petitioner
declined the offer, the judge conducted a second Faretta inquiry and concluded
that Petitioner had made a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent decision to represent
himself. See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1019. After the Faretta inquiry, special counsel
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presented the mitigation evidence he had discovered during his investigation. See
id. The evidence primarily came from Dr. Riebsame, who testified that Petitioner
had suffered from behavioral and emotional problems since he was young, that he
had an antisocial personality disorder, and that he was under the emotional or
mental disturbance of cocaine dependency at the time of the offense. See id. at
1020. Dr. Riebsame arrived at these conclusions by reviewing the available
documentary and forensic evidence and by consulting a report prepared by a
mitigation expert who had interviewed Petitioner’s family members. 3 See id. at
1019–20. Petitioner cross-examined Dr. Riebsame, but he did not offer any
witnesses or other evidence and he advised the trial court that he would not submit
a sentencing memorandum. See id.
Based on the evidence presented during the penalty phase proceedings, the
trial court found six aggravators, each of which the court determined was entitled
to great weight: (1) Petitioner committed the murder while under sentence of
imprisonment, (2) he previously was convicted of another capital felony or felony
involving the use or threat of violence, (3) he committed the murder while engaged
in the commission of a sexual battery and burglary, (4) he committed the murder
for the purpose of avoiding lawful arrest, (5) the murder was especially heinous,
3 Dr. Riebsame had attempted to evaluate Petitioner in 2006, but was unable to provide a full diagnosis of Petitioner’s mental condition at that time because Petitioner refused to cooperate. See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1019. The specially appointed mitigation counsel asked Dr. Riebsame to attempt a reevaluation based on documentary evidence and witness interviews. See id. 7 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 8 of 31
atrocious, or cruel, and (6) the murder was cold, calculated, and premeditated. See
Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1014, n.3. The court found one statutory and nine non-
statutory mitigators, each of which it determined was entitled to little or slight
weight: (1) Petitioner was under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional
disturbance when he committed the crime (statutory and non-statutory), (2) he
came forward and revealed his involvement in the unsolved crime, (3) he took
responsibility for his acts, (4) he has experienced prolonged drug use, (5) he did
not have the benefit of a loving relationship with his mother or father, (6) he was
sexually abused as a child, (7) he has taken steps to improve himself, and (8) he is
a functional and capable person who demonstrated by his participation in the case
that he can contribute to society. See id. at n.4, 5. The court concluded that each
aggravator, standing alone, outweighed all of the mitigating factors combined. See
id. at 1014. It sentenced Petitioner to death for the murder, to life for the burglary
and sexual battery, and to thirty years for the arson. See id.
III. Direct Appeal and State Post-Conviction Proceedings
The Florida Supreme Court affirmed Petitioner’s convictions and sentences
on direct appeal. See id. at 1013. Among other claims asserted in support of his
direct appeal, Petitioner argued that the trial court had violated his Sixth
Amendment right to self-representation, as recognized by the United States
Supreme Court in Faretta, by appointing special counsel to investigate and present
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mitigation evidence during the penalty phase of his trial. See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at
1022. The Florida Supreme Court considered and rejected Petitioner’s Sixth
Amendment self-representation claim on the merits. See id. at 1022–26. The
United States Supreme Court denied certiorari. Barnes v. Florida, 562 U.S. 901
(2010).
Petitioner filed a motion for post-conviction relief pursuant to Rule 3.851 of
the Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure. See Barnes v. State, 124 So. 3d 904 (Fla.
2013). The state court denied the motion. See id. at 907. Its decision was
affirmed by the Florida Supreme Court. See id.
IV. Petitioner’s Federal Habeas Petition and Appeal
Petitioner subsequently filed a petition for habeas corpus in federal court
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, asserting four grounds for relief: (1) a claim that his
Sixth Amendment right to self-representation was violated by the trial court’s
appointment of special counsel to investigate and present mitigation evidence
during the penalty phase of his trial, (2) a Confrontation Clause claim arising from
the trial court’s allegedly erroneous admission of hearsay evidence, (3) an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on standby counsel’s failure to
request a competency hearing prior to the entry of Petitioner’s guilty plea, and (4) a
claim that Petitioner may be incompetent by the time of his execution, such that his
execution would violate the Eighth Amendment. The district court denied all of
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Petitioner’s claims. The court declined to issue a certificate of appealability
(“COA”) as to Petitioner’s Confrontation Clause, ineffective assistance, and
competency claims, but it granted a COA as to the Sixth Amendment self-
representation issue.
Petitioner appealed the denial of his § 2254 petition, and Capital Collateral
Regional Counsel (“CCRC”) attorney Ali Shakoor filed a motion in this Court to
expand the COA to include Petitioner’s Confrontation Clause and competency
claims. Petitioner responded with a pro se motion to discharge Shakoor as his
counsel, as well as a motion to dismiss Shakoor’s motion to expand the COA. In
his motion to discharge Shakoor, Petitioner did not ask the Court to appoint
alternate counsel. Instead, Petitioner indicated that he was specifically electing to
proceed pro se in this habeas appeal.
Citing record evidence establishing that Petitioner was competent to
represent himself, and noting that federal litigants have a statutory right to pursue
their claims pro se pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1654, we granted Petitioner’s motion to
discharge Shakoor as his counsel. In our order granting the motion, we stated that
Petitioner would “henceforth be responsible for representing himself in this habeas
appeal.” Nevertheless, we continued Shakoor’s appointment to serve as standby
counsel. We further advised Shakoor that, in his capacity as standby counsel, he
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would be served all pleadings in the case and should be ready to respond or resume
his representation of Petitioner as directed by the Court.
In accordance with Petitioner’s decision to proceed pro se, we denied the
motion Shakoor had filed to expand the COA. We noted that Petitioner had
indicated in his motion to discharge Shakoor his disagreement with any expansion
of the COA. In addition, we concluded that an expansion of the COA was not
warranted because Petitioner’s Confrontation Clause claim was procedurally
barred and his competency claim lacked evidentiary support.
By separate order, we advised Petitioner that his pro se brief on the Sixth
Amendment self-representation issue was due on July 24, 2017. In the same order,
we directed Shakoor to file a supplemental brief on the Sixth Amendment issue by
August 14, 2017 and to file a reply brief within 14 days of service of the State’s
response. We also directed Shakoor to appear at oral argument on Petitioner’s
behalf.
Petitioner failed to file a pro se brief by the July 24, 2017 deadline. We
instructed Petitioner that he could correct the deficiency by submitting a motion to
file the brief out of time on or before August 14, 2017, but Petitioner also failed to
comply with that deadline and failed thereafter to file any motions or briefing in
support of his appeal. Shakoor filed opening and reply briefs addressing the Sixth
Amendment issue, and he appeared at oral argument on Petitioner’s behalf, as he
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was instructed to do. The State also filed a brief on the issue and appeared at oral
argument.
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
We review the district court’s denial of Petitioner’s Sixth Amendment claim
de novo, applying the standards set forth in the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act (“AEDPA”). Peterka v. McNeil, 532 F.3d 1199, 1200 (11th Cir.
2008). Under AEDPA, a federal court cannot grant habeas relief on a claim that
was “adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings” unless the state court’s
decision was (1) “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly
established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States”
or (2) “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence
presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). For purposes of
AEDPA, clearly established federal law includes only the holdings of Supreme
Court decisions—not Supreme Court dicta and not the opinions of this Court.
White v. Woodall, 134 S. Ct. 1697, 1702 & n.2 (2014).
As is evident from the standards set out above, AEDPA “greatly
circumscribe[s]” a federal court’s authority to grant habeas relief on a claim that
has been adjudicated on the merits by a state court. Crawford v. Head, 311 F.3d
1288, 1295 (11th Cir. 2002). See also Trepal v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 684
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F.3d 1088, 1107 (11th Cir. 2012) (noting that AEDPA “imposes a highly
deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings and demands that state-court
decisions be given the benefit of the doubt” (internal quotation marks omitted)). A
federal court may grant habeas relief under the “contrary to” clause only if the state
court “applie[d] a rule different from the governing law set forth” in Supreme
Court precedent or “decide[d] a case differently than [the Supreme Court] ha[s]
done on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685,
694 (2002). A federal court may grant habeas relief under the “unreasonable
application” clause if the state court “correctly identifie[d] the governing legal
principle” from Supreme Court precedent but “unreasonably applie[d] it to the
facts of the particular case.” Id. However, a state court’s decision must be
“objectively unreasonable, not merely wrong” in order to warrant relief under the
“unreasonable application” clause. Virginia v. LeBlanc, 137 S. Ct. 1726, 1728
(2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). Even “clear error” does not meet the
“objectively unreasonable” standard. Id. Rather, the state court’s ruling must be
“so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and
comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded
disagreement.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Likewise, “a decision adjudicated on the merits in a state court and based on
a factual determination will not be overturned on factual grounds unless [the
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decision is] objectively unreasonable in light of the evidence presented in the state-
court proceeding.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 340 (2003) (citing 28
U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2)). Further, a state court’s factual determinations are “presumed
correct” unless they are rebutted by “clear and convincing evidence to the
contrary.” Id. (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1)).
II. Petitioner’s Sixth Amendment Claim
A. The Sixth Amendment Right to Self-Representation
In Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975), the United States Supreme
Court held that a criminal defendant has a right to represent himself at trial “when
he voluntarily and intelligently elects to do so.” Faretta, 422 U.S. at 807. See also
Marshall v. Rodgers, 569 U.S. 58, 62 (2013) (citing Faretta for the “well settled”
proposition that a criminal defendant “has the right to proceed without counsel
when he voluntarily and intelligently elects to do so” (internal quotation marks
omitted)). The Supreme Court’s holding in Faretta was based on “the long-
standing recognition of a right of self-representation in federal and most state
courts, and on the language, structure, and spirit of the Sixth Amendment.”
McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168, 174 (1984).
The Supreme Court acknowledged in Faretta that when a criminal defendant
chooses to represent himself, “he relinquishes . . . many of the traditional benefits
associated with the right to counsel,” which is also guaranteed by the Sixth
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Amendment. Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835. As such, the Faretta Court imposed a
substantial check on the right of self-representation by requiring that a defendant
“be made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation” prior to
being allowed to proceed without counsel, and that the record show that the
defendant, having been so advised, “knows what he is doing and his choice is
made with eyes open.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). As a result of this
requirement, a trial court must ensure—via what has come to be known as a
Faretta inquiry—that a defendant who asserts the right to self-representation is
“competent[] and understanding” and that he has “voluntarily” as well as
“knowingly and intelligently” elected to dispense with his right to the assistance of
counsel. See id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Even assuming the above requirements are met, the right to self-
representation recognized in Faretta is not absolute. See id. at 834, n.46. The
Faretta Court noted, for example, that a “trial judge may terminate self-
representation by a defendant who deliberately engages in serious and
obstructionist misconduct.” Id. In later decisions, the Supreme Court confirmed
that the right to self-representation is subject to other limitations as well. See
Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164, 178 (2008) (holding that a state may deny a
defendant the right to represent himself if he lacks the mental competency to
conduct his defense, even though the defendant is competent to stand trial);
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Martinez v. Court of App. of Cal., Fourth App. Dist., 528 U.S. 152, 154 (2000)
(holding that a criminal defendant has no constitutional right to self-representation
on appeal).
Of particular significance to this appeal, the Faretta Court indicated that a
trial court could appoint standby counsel to aid in the defense, even over the
objection of a pro se criminal defendant. See Faretta, 422 U.S. at 834, n.46. In
McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168 (1984), the Supreme Court addressed in more
detail the proper role of standby counsel who is present at trial over the objection
of a pro se criminal defendant. See Wiggins, 465 U.S. at 170 (“Today we must
decide what role standby counsel who is present at trial over the defendant’s
objection may play consistent with the protection of the defendant’s Faretta
rights.”). The defendant in Wiggins argued that standby counsel’s unsolicited
participation in his trial, primarily via motions practice and other arguments made
to the trial judge outside the presence of the jury, deprived him of the right to self-
representation as recognized in Faretta. The Supreme Court rejected the
defendant’s argument, holding that the unsolicited participation of standby counsel
did not violate Faretta under the circumstances. Id. at 173.
The Wiggins Court identified the core rights protected by Faretta as (1) the
right of a pro se defendant to “have his voice heard” and (2) the right of a pro se
defendant to “present his case in his own way.” Id. at 174, 177. To protect those
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rights, the Court explained, a pro se defendant “must be allowed to control the
organization and content of his own defense, to make motions, to argue points of
law, to participate in voir dire, to question witnesses, and to address the court and
the jury at appropriate points in the trial.” Id. at 174. The record showed that the
defendant in Wiggins had been allowed to do all of those things: he had filed and
argued numerous pretrial and trial motions, conducted voir dire, made opening and
closing statements to the jury, selected and cross-examined witnesses, made
objections, filed requested jury charges, and elected to go to the jury at the penalty
phase of the trial. See id. at 174–75. Furthermore, it was apparent from the record
that the participation of standby counsel, albeit unsolicited, had not interfered with
the defendant’s right to be heard or to present his case in his own way because the
trial judge had deferred to the defendant when disagreements arose regarding trial
strategy and because counsel’s participation (1) generally occurred outside the
presence of the jury and, thus, did not undermine the jury’s perception that the
defendant was representing himself, and (2) primarily involved routine procedural
matters when it did occur in the presence of the jury. See Wiggins, 465 U.S. at
180–85.
In the course of its holding, the Wiggins Court acknowledged that
“excessively intrusive participation” by standby counsel, particularly in the
presence of the jury, could erode a pro se defendant’s Faretta rights under certain
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circumstances. See id. at 177. The Court reiterated that a pro se defendant is
entitled to preserve control over the case he chooses to present to the jury and that,
in the absence of the defendant’s consent, standby counsel should not be allowed
to substantially interfere with the defendant’s tactical decisions in that regard or,
alternatively, to destroy the jury’s perception that the defendant is representing
himself. See id. at 178. In proceedings outside the presence of the jury, the Court
explained, standby counsel’s participation does not raise the same concerns. See
id. at 179. In that setting, the Court reasoned, a pro se defendant’s Faretta rights
are adequately protected if:
the pro se defendant is allowed to address the court freely on his own behalf and if disagreements between counsel and the pro se defendant are resolved in the defendant’s favor whenever the matter is one that would normally be left to the discretion of counsel.
Id.
B. The Florida Supreme Court’s Ruling on Petitioner’s Sixth Amendment Claim
As noted, Petitioner argued in his direct appeal that the state trial court
violated his Faretta rights when it appointed special counsel to develop and
present penalty phase mitigation evidence. See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1022. The
Florida Supreme Court considered and rejected that argument on the merits. See
id. at 1023–26. The Florida Supreme Court’s ruling on Petitioner’s self-
representation claim is the relevant state court decision for purposes of AEDPA
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review. See Hittson v. GDCP Warden, 759 F.3d 1210, 1231 (11th Cir. 2014)
(noting that “the highest state court decision reaching the merits of a habeas
petitioner’s claim is the relevant state court decision . . . under AEDPA” (internal
quotation marks omitted)).
In ruling on Petitioner’s claim, the Florida Supreme Court recognized that
Faretta establishes a right to self-representation but that the right is not absolute.
See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1025–26 (citing Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164 (2008)
for the proposition that “the government’s interest in ensuring the integrity and
efficiency of the trial at times outweighs the defendant’s interest in acting as his
own lawyer” (internal quotation marks omitted)). For example, the Florida court
observed, Faretta is not violated when a state requires a severely mentally ill but
otherwise competent defendant to be represented by counsel. See id. at 1025.
Honing in on the particular issue presented by Petitioner’s case, the Florida court
cited Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California, Fourth Appellate District, 528
U.S. 152 (2000) and McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168 (1984) for the principle
that standby counsel can, consistent with Faretta, participate in a pro se
defendant’s trial without the defendant’s consent “as long as that participation does
not seriously undermine the appearance before the jury that the defendant is
representing himself.” See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1026 (internal quotation marks
omitted and alteration adopted).
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Applying Faretta and its progeny, the Florida Supreme Court held that
special counsel’s investigation into and presentation of mitigation evidence did not
violate Petitioner’s self-representation rights under the circumstances of this case.
See id. First, the court emphasized that special counsel’s mitigation presentation
did not occur in the presence of the jury, an important factor in the Supreme
Court’s case law addressing the proper role of standby counsel in a pro se
defendant’s trial. See id. at 1024. Second, the court observed that special
counsel’s mitigation presentation supplemented, but did not conflict with or
undermine, the mitigation strategy pursued by Petitioner, which was to rely on the
fact that he confessed and took responsibility for the murder. See id. at 1026. To
that end, the Florida court noted that the trial judge found as a mitigating factor
that Petitioner had confessed to his involvement in the crime and accepted
responsibility for his acts. See id.
Finally, the Florida Supreme Court found it significant that special counsel’s
mitigation presentation occurred during the penalty phase of a capital trial, with its
attendant obligation to ensure that the defendant “received individualized
sentencing and that the death penalty is fairly and constitutionally imposed.” See
Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1026. The Florida court explained that it was reluctant to
accept Petitioner’s Faretta argument in this context, stating:
We decline to hold, as [Petitioner] requests, that a trial court may never consider other mitigation contained in the record or appoint special 20 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 21 of 31
mitigation counsel to assist the court, where a pro se defendant’s refusal to present mitigating evidence impedes or prevents the trial court’s exercise of its constitutional duty to provide individualized sentencing.
C. Analysis
There is no basis to conclude that the Florida Supreme Court’s denial of
Petitioner’s Sixth Amendment self-representation claim was either “contrary to” or
an “unreasonable application” of Supreme Court precedent, or that it resulted from
an “unreasonable determination of the facts.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
Consequently, federal habeas relief is not warranted on the claim, and the district
court properly denied it.
We first note that the Florida Supreme Court reasonably construed the
Supreme Court precedent derived from Faretta and its progeny. See Barnes, 29
So. 3d at 1025–26. As correctly summarized by the Florida court, Faretta
establishes a right to self-representation for criminal defendants, but the right is not
absolute. See id. In particular, and as further recognized by the Florida court, the
participation of standby counsel, even over the objection of a pro se defendant, is
consistent with Faretta as long as counsel does not seriously interfere with the
defendant’s opportunity to present his own case or undermine the jury’s perception
that the defendant is representing himself. See id. at 1026 (citing Martinez, 528
U.S. at 162 and Wiggins, 465 U.S. at 187). Because the Florida court identified
21 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 22 of 31
Faretta as the controlling precedent, and accurately characterized the protections
set forth in Faretta and developed in subsequent Supreme Court case law, it cannot
be said that the Florida court’s decision was “contrary to” clearly established
federal law.
Nor was the Florida Supreme Court’s decision an “unreasonable
application” of Faretta. Again, to trigger habeas relief under the “unreasonable
application” clause, a state court’s ruling must contain an error that so obvious that
it is “beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Woodall, 134 S. Ct. at
1702 (internal quotation marks omitted). Applied in the context of Faretta and
subsequent Supreme Court precedent such as Wiggins, such an error would require,
at the very least, the unsolicited participation of standby counsel in a manner that
(1) patently interfered with a pro se defendant’s right to be heard or to present his
own case, (2) resolved a disagreement between counsel and the pro se defendant in
counsel’s favor when the defendant’s choice would normally govern, or (3)
“destroy[ed] the jury’s perception that the defendant [wa]s representing himself.”
See Wiggins, 465 U.S. at 174, 178. In rejecting Petitioner’s Faretta claim, the
Florida Supreme Court reasonably concluded that special counsel’s participation in
Petitioner’s trial did not violate any of these.
First, the record supports the Florida Supreme Court’s finding that
Petitioner’s core Faretta right to be heard was adequately vindicated. See Wiggins,
22 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 23 of 31
465 U.S. at 174. Petitioner does not dispute that he was “allowed to address the
court freely on his own behalf” throughout his criminal proceeding. See id. at 179.
He filed and argued motions, made objections, argued points of law, and
questioned a witness who testified during special counsel’s mitigation presentation.
See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1013–20. He made the strategic decision to plead guilty
and to proceed without a jury at the penalty phase of his trial, and he was permitted
to present his own theory of mitigation, which resulted in the trial court finding as
a non-statutory mitigator that Petitioner had confessed to his crime and taken
responsibility for his actions. See id.
Further, the record supports the Florida Supreme Court’s finding that special
counsel’s mitigation presentation did not substantially erode Petitioner’s Faretta
rights. The presentation supplemented, but did not conflict with, Petitioner’s
asserted theory of mitigation, and it was made to the trial judge, rather than to a
jury. See Wiggins, 465 U.S. at 179 (“A trial judge, who . . . receives a defendant’s
original Faretta request and supervises the protection of the right throughout the
trial, must be considered capable of differentiating the claims presented by a pro se
defendant from those presented by standby counsel.”). Moreover, the presentation
occurred during the penalty phase of a capital trial, after Petitioner had refused to
present any mitigation evidence whatsoever, thus limiting the trial judge’s ability
to provide the “individualized sentencing” required in that context. See Kansas v.
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Marsh, 548 U.S. 163, 174 (2006) (“The use of mitigation evidence is a product of
the requirement of individualized sentencing.”).
Standby counsel Shakoor cites in his supplemental brief the decision of the
Fifth Circuit on direct review that the appointment of independent mitigation
counsel violated the right of a defendant to represent himself, United States v.
Davis, 285 F.3d 378 (5th Cir. 2002), but his reliance on that decision is misplaced.
The decision of a federal court of appeals is not, and does nothing to change,
“clearly established federal law” within the meaning of AEDPA. See Woodall,
134 S. Ct. at 1702 & n.2. And it does not matter that the Fifth Circuit disagreed
with the reasoning of the Florida Supreme Court so long as there was “any
possibility for fairminded disagreement.” LeBlanc, 137 S. Ct. at 1728 (internal
quotation marks omitted). For the reasons that we have explained, the state court’s
interpretation of the relevant Supreme Court precedents was not “objectively
unreasonable,” irrespective of whether we would agree with it on direct review.
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
The case before the Fifth Circuit also was different from this appeal in two
key respects. First, the independent counsel presented mitigation evidence to a
sentencing jury, see Davis, 285 F.3d at 380, and we have explained that Faretta
and its progeny place crucial weight on the “jury’s perception.” Wiggins, 465 U.S.
at 178. Barnes waived his right to an advisory jury, and mitigation counsel
24 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 25 of 31
appeared only before the judge. Second, the Fifth Circuit concluded that “Davis’s
strategy was in direct conflict with the independent counsel’s approach.” Davis,
285 F.3d at 385. In contrast, we have explained that the Florida Supreme Court
reasonably determined that the presentation by special counsel did not conflict with
Barnes’s asserted theory of mitigation.
Shakoor also argues that some of the information presented by special
counsel was aggravating, including evidence that Petitioner had been a pyromaniac
from an early age, that as a child he had assaulted family members and peers in
various settings, and that his score on a psychological assessment conducted by Dr.
Riebsame classified him as a psychopath. Contrary to Shakoor’s suggestion, there
is no evidence in the record that special counsel’s mitigation presentation
prejudiced Petitioner.4 Rather, it appears that the mitigation presentation inured to
Petitioner’s benefit because it resulted in the trial court finding numerous
additional mitigators, including the statutory mitigator that Petitioner was “under
the influence of a mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the offense” and
the non-statutory mitigators that he “had an abusive childhood, lacked a loving
relationship with his parents, and was a functional and capable person with a
capacity to contribute to society.” See Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1026. 4 We recognize, of course, that the lack of prejudice does not resolve the Faretta issue presented by this case. See Wiggins, 465 U.S. at 177, n.8 (explaining that the denial of a pro se defendant’s Faretta rights is “not amenable to ‘harmless error’ analysis. The right is either respected or denied.”). But in response to Shakoor’s argument, we think it important to note that no prejudice resulted. 25 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 26 of 31
Further, it is clear from the record that the trial judge obtained all of the
allegedly aggravating information from sources other than special counsel’s
mitigation presentation, and that the judge would have been privy to that
information even if special mitigation counsel had not been appointed. Florida law
requires the preparation of a PSR in all death penalty cases where the defendant
waives mitigation or refuses to present mitigation evidence. See Fla. R. Crim. P.
3.710(b) (requiring the preparation of a “comprehensive” PSR when a capital
defendant refuses to present mitigation evidence); Muhammad v. State, 782 So. 2d
343, 363 (Fla. 2001) (announcing the PSR requirement, which later was adopted as
a procedural rule). 5 In accordance with that requirement, the trial judge ordered
that a PSR be prepared in Petitioner’s case. The PSR, which was provided to the
trial judge on May 17, 2007 and supplemented on November 16, 2007, contains all
of the information Petitioner claims is aggravating. 6
Specifically, the PSR describes a long history of criminality, violence, and
drug use beginning when Petitioner was fifteen years old and continuing until
Petitioner murdered his wife when he was 35. The “family history” section of the
PSR states that Petitioner had assaulted his mother and sisters, including one
5 Petitioner’s appeal does not challenge the constitutionality or validity of the PSR requirement as applied to his case. 6 Indeed, the PSR contains information that is a great deal more aggravating than any information contained in Dr. Riebsame’s testimony. In particular, the PSR includes Petitioner’s graphic and detailed description of his prolonged sexual assault of Ms. Miller on the night of her murder. 26 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 27 of 31
incident during which he broke his sister’s nose by punching her in the face, and
that he had been diagnosed as a sociopath. The “mental health” section of the PSR
states that Petitioner had been seen by a psychiatrist and psychologist beginning at
the age of six for behaviors such as stealing, being cruel to other children, and
exposing himself sexually, and that he lacked remorse for his actions and
“seemingly show[ed] no emotion.” The PSR also reveals that Petitioner had issues
with aggression and “firesetting” at a young age. Special counsel’s attempt during
the mitigation presentation to cast this information—already available to the trial
judge as a result of the PSR—in the best light possible in terms of Petitioner’s
culpability could not possibly have prejudiced Petitioner.
Finally, there is no support for finding that the Florida Supreme Court’s
decision was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. Standby
counsel Shakoor vaguely asserts in his brief that the state court proceedings
“resulted in decisions that w[ere] based on an unreasonable determination of the
facts, in light of the evidence presented in the State court.” But Shakoor does not
cite any evidence in support of that assertion, nor even specify the factual findings
he claims were unreasonable. In fact, the parties appear to agree on the essential
facts underlying Petitioner’s Faretta claim: (1) Petitioner asserted his right to self-
representation in his criminal proceeding and the trial judge found, after
conducting a Faretta inquiry, that he was competent to proceed without a lawyer,
27 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 28 of 31
(2) Petitioner decided to plead guilty and waived his right to an advisory jury, (3)
during the penalty phase of his proceeding, Petitioner refused to present any
mitigation other than the fact that he had come forward and accepted responsibility
for his crime, (4) the trial judge, over Petitioner’s objection, appointed special
counsel to investigate and present any available mitigating evidence, and (5)
special counsel presented mitigation evidence to the trial judge, including evidence
regarding Petitioner’s background and record. These facts, which were the basis of
the Florida Supreme Court’s decision on Petitioner’s Faretta claim, are undisputed
and well-supported in the record, meaning they were reasonably determined by the
Florida court.
CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order denying
federal habeas relief on Petitioner’s Sixth Amendment self-representation claim.
28 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 29 of 31
MARTIN, Circuit Judge, concurring:
I concur in the opinion of the majority. I write separately in appreciation of
the state trial judge’s appointment of special counsel for Mr. Barnes. This
appointment by the state trial judge allowed development and presentation of
mitigation evidence, even here, where Mr. Barnes refused to participate in that
process.
The courts are charged with ensuring that death sentences are imposed only
in a manner consistent with constitutional requirements. “[C]onsideration of the
character and record of the individual offender and the circumstances of the
particular offense [is] a constitutionally indispensable part of the process of
inflicting the penalty of death.” Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 304, 96
S. Ct. 2978, 2991 (1976) (plurality opinion). Without knowledge of a person’s
individual history and characteristics, “the fundamental respect for humanity
underlying the Eighth Amendment” cannot be given. Id.
After the State presented its case for aggravation, Mr. Barnes “refused to
present any evidence of mitigation and announced that he would rely only on the
fact that he came forward and took responsibility for the murder.” Barnes v. State,
29 So. 3d 1010, 1014 (Fla. 2010). His refusal meant the sentencer—here, the trial
judge—would not be able to fully consider Mr. Barnes’s character and
background. So if the judge had not intervened to develop the record, the “process
29 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 30 of 31
of inflicting the penalty of death” would have proceeded without one of its
“constitutionally indispensable” components. See Woodson, 428 U.S. at 304, 96
S. Ct. at 2991; see also Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 112, 102 S. Ct. 869,
875 (1982).
This trial judge did not let that happen. Over Mr. Barnes’s objection, the
judge ordered a pre-sentence investigation (“PSI”), a mental health evaluation, and
school records, also appointing special counsel to investigate and present
mitigation. Barnes, 29 So. 3d at 1014.1 With the help of an investigator, special
counsel then prepared and presented a mitigation report to the court. That report
revealed that Mr. Barnes’s mother was an alcoholic who showed her children no
affection; that Mr. Barnes’s father was cold and physically abusive; and that Mr.
Barnes was likely sexually abused as a child. And special counsel presented the
testimony of Dr. Riebsame, a forensic psychologist, who indicated that Mr. Barnes
was suffering from an extreme mental disturbance while murdering and sexually
assaulting Ms. Miller. Upon reviewing Mr. Barnes’s guilty plea and the record
created through Barnes’s own representation of himself, the trial judge found three
1 “[T]o ensure reliability, fairness, and uniformity in the imposition of the death penalty” when a defendant refuses to present mitigation evidence, Florida trial judges must order a comprehensive PSI and require the State “to place in the record all evidence in its possession of a mitigating nature.” Muhammad v. State, 782 So. 2d 343, 363–65 (Fla. 2001). When these records “alert the trial [judge] to the probability of significant mitigation,” Florida encourages the trial judge to call its own mitigation witnesses or appoint special counsel for that purpose. Id. at 364. In my view, the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments surely encourage similar procedures and may well require them. 30 Case: 16-11530 Date Filed: 04/25/2018 Page: 31 of 31
non-statutory mitigators. But with the help of the PSI, the mitigation report, and
Dr. Riebsame’s testimony, that judge then found six additional mitigators. These
included one statutory mitigator—that Mr. Barnes was suffering from an extreme
emotional disturbance at the time of the offense—and five non-statutory
mitigators. 2 Clearly, the information provided by special counsel and the PSI
allowed the court to more “accurately gauge [Mr. Barnes’s] moral culpability.”
See Porter v. McCollum, 558 U.S. 30, 41, 130 S. Ct. 447, 454 (2009).
Our jurisprudence guarantees Mr. Barnes, and others like him, the right to
represent themselves, even when facing a sentence of death. This guarantee can,
of course, be in tension with the obligation of courts to individually assess every
defendant facing a death sentence. See McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168, 177–
78, 104 S. Ct. 944, 950–51 (1984) (explaining that the “core” of the right to self-
representation is a pro se defendant’s “actual control over the case he chooses to
present,” which requires ensuring that standby counsel does not “make or
substantially interfere with any significant tactical decisions”). This trial judge did
a commendable job of balancing both commands. And, as the majority has
explained, the Florida Supreme Court’s validation of that judge’s actions in this
regard was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of clearly
established federal law.
2 The judge also found a non-statutory mitigator that duplicated the extreme emotional disturbance statutory mitigator. 31