McCLELLAN, J.
This bill presents the complaint of a proprietor of lots in an unincorporated suburb of the city of Birmingham, and seeks the abatement of alleged public nuisances resulting from the asserted unlawful obstruction by respondent (appellee) of what are called in the pleadings Bibb and Pickens streets. While the bill complains against the obstruction of Pick-ens street, the complainant, in his testimony, detailing a conversation with President Boland, of the respondent company, in which complainant made demand for the removal of the obstruction from Bibb street, says: “I don’t recollect that I said anything to him about Pickens street. I don’t care anything about Pickens, if he would open Bibb street. * * [On cross-examination]. There is no graded street or highway through there [referring to Pickens street] and used by the public. * * *” The testimony, on the whole, in the cause, compels the conclusion that, because of a water course through that part of Pickens street attingent or immediately near the obstructed part, no public use of that section of Pickens street could he or was made by the public. The answer and testimony of the respondent shows that the fence across Pickens street has been removed, though a part of a wooden structure of respondent projects a few feet into Pickens street, confessedly without right and as the result of an error in the location of the line of rcspondput’s property abutting on this street at that point. Un[468]*468tier these circumstances, pretermitting all other considerations, it is impossible that complainant suffered any damages to his lots in respect of the obstructions theretofore existing, or existing at the time the bill was filed, in Pickens street. We therefore see no occasion to further consider the cause as influenced by respondent’s treatment of Pickens street.
Early in the year 1888 the East Birmingham Land Company sold and conveyed many lots in a suburb of Birmingham called “East Birmingham, after having first platted the area'into lots and streets, among the latter being Bibb and Pickens streets, which the platting shows to be 60 feet wide. The respondent’s several lots are described with express reference to these two streets and to this platting. The sales of these and other lots in the suburb by the named owning company operated an effective dedication and acceptance of Bibb and Pickens streets as public thoroughfares; and this, regardless of the entire absence of subsequent effort, if so, to subdue nature and render the allotted spaces comfortable and convenient for use as streets. — Demopolis v. Webb, 87 Ala. 659, 6 South. 408; Id. 95 Ala. 116, 13 South. 289, 21 L. R. A. 62; Reed v. Mayor and Aldermen, 92 Ala. 339, 9 South. 161. And it may be proper here to state that no private right can be grounded upon the failure of even constituted authority to move for the abatement of a public nuisance created by an unwarranted invasion of the public right to the unimpeded use of a street. — Demopolis v. Webb, supra; Costello v. State, 108 Ala. 45, 18 South. 820, 35 L. R. A. 303.
The respondent constructed and maintains, within the limits of what the platting shows to have been Bibb street, some of its buildings, and has also for many years fenced off that section of the platted street described in [469]*469the act of the General Assembly, to be quoted, in virtue of the effect of which the respondent defends its right to so hold and enjoy the space therein described. The act is as follows:
“An Act to authorize the closing and occupancy of a part of Bibb street as the same is designated and laid off according to the plat of the East Birmingham Land Company or its successors in -Jefferson county.
“Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Alabama, that the Birmingham Machine & Foundry Company as the owner of block number thirty-six and block number thirty-eight ‘B’ according to the plat of the East Birmingham Land Company, or its successors in Jefferson county, which two blocks of land abut on and are separated by what on said plat is desgnitade as Bibb street, a strip of land sixty feet wide, is hereby authorized to close said Bibb street by a fence or enclosure extending across said Bibb street from the southwest corner of block thirty-six to southeast corner of block thirty-eight ‘B’ and by a fence or enclosure extending across said street from northeast corner of block 38B to northwest corner of block thirty-six, thus making an enclosure of said two blocks and the said intervening street.
“Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, that when said part of Bibb street is or may be fenced or enclosed, as aforesaid, the same shall forever cease to be a public highway or street, and may be used and occupied perpetually by the Birmingham Machine & Foundry Company, its successors and assigns.” — Loc. Laws 1896-97, p. 949.
The complainant insists that the act is unconstitutional, in that it wrought the taking of private property for private (corporate, otherwise than municipal) use, without the consent of the owner. — Const. 1875, art. 3, § 24 [470]*470(Const. 1901, art. 1, § 23). The construction of the act is simple. Its effect was, if valid, the surrender by the Legislature of the rights of the public in the defined section of Bibb street, on which, to either side of the vacated part, the respondent was the abutting owner. The provision in the act, declaring the respondent might use and occupy, forever, the described part of the street, Avas but the statement of the result the law Averts Avhen an easement is removed from a servient estate in fee. So this merely declarative feature of the act is unimportant as a factor in the determination of the constitutionality of the act, since, under the conditions shown in this cause, it cannot be assumed, from this iteration of the effect of the Iuav’s operation where an easement is lifted, that the legislative purpose Avas to annual the public right in that part of the street in the interest of the respondent and against the interest and welfare of the public. The presumption ahvays is that the laAV-making department has constitutional^ acted, and that it has not is the burden undertaken by him who attacks the act. —Sadler v. Langham, 34 Ala. 311.
It has been long settled that, saAre as limited by constitutional restrictions, the state has plenary poAver over streets and highways Avithin its borders. Such poAver is an attribute of sovereignty, and the fundamental law can, and alone does, set bounds to its exercise. In consequence of these considerations, the inquiry raised by the constitutional objection urged by complainant is whether a property owner, whose real estate does not abut on the street sought to be vacated, suffers a “taking” of a private right of property by the partial or entire vacation of a public street. The answer to this question must depend upon the character and extent of the right such an owner has in such a street. Hardly any subject of [471]*471judicial investigation has been more often before the courts of last resort in this country than that of roads and streets, and in perhaps no instance has' there resulted a greater contrariety of opinion than in respect of the right to which our stated inquiry pertains. It is impossible to reconcile the divergent opinions entertained, or to pronounce satisfactorily upon the correctness, in our view, of many ably considered cases where constitutional and statutory provisions intervened to color, if not control, the conclusion reached.
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McCLELLAN, J.
This bill presents the complaint of a proprietor of lots in an unincorporated suburb of the city of Birmingham, and seeks the abatement of alleged public nuisances resulting from the asserted unlawful obstruction by respondent (appellee) of what are called in the pleadings Bibb and Pickens streets. While the bill complains against the obstruction of Pick-ens street, the complainant, in his testimony, detailing a conversation with President Boland, of the respondent company, in which complainant made demand for the removal of the obstruction from Bibb street, says: “I don’t recollect that I said anything to him about Pickens street. I don’t care anything about Pickens, if he would open Bibb street. * * [On cross-examination]. There is no graded street or highway through there [referring to Pickens street] and used by the public. * * *” The testimony, on the whole, in the cause, compels the conclusion that, because of a water course through that part of Pickens street attingent or immediately near the obstructed part, no public use of that section of Pickens street could he or was made by the public. The answer and testimony of the respondent shows that the fence across Pickens street has been removed, though a part of a wooden structure of respondent projects a few feet into Pickens street, confessedly without right and as the result of an error in the location of the line of rcspondput’s property abutting on this street at that point. Un[468]*468tier these circumstances, pretermitting all other considerations, it is impossible that complainant suffered any damages to his lots in respect of the obstructions theretofore existing, or existing at the time the bill was filed, in Pickens street. We therefore see no occasion to further consider the cause as influenced by respondent’s treatment of Pickens street.
Early in the year 1888 the East Birmingham Land Company sold and conveyed many lots in a suburb of Birmingham called “East Birmingham, after having first platted the area'into lots and streets, among the latter being Bibb and Pickens streets, which the platting shows to be 60 feet wide. The respondent’s several lots are described with express reference to these two streets and to this platting. The sales of these and other lots in the suburb by the named owning company operated an effective dedication and acceptance of Bibb and Pickens streets as public thoroughfares; and this, regardless of the entire absence of subsequent effort, if so, to subdue nature and render the allotted spaces comfortable and convenient for use as streets. — Demopolis v. Webb, 87 Ala. 659, 6 South. 408; Id. 95 Ala. 116, 13 South. 289, 21 L. R. A. 62; Reed v. Mayor and Aldermen, 92 Ala. 339, 9 South. 161. And it may be proper here to state that no private right can be grounded upon the failure of even constituted authority to move for the abatement of a public nuisance created by an unwarranted invasion of the public right to the unimpeded use of a street. — Demopolis v. Webb, supra; Costello v. State, 108 Ala. 45, 18 South. 820, 35 L. R. A. 303.
The respondent constructed and maintains, within the limits of what the platting shows to have been Bibb street, some of its buildings, and has also for many years fenced off that section of the platted street described in [469]*469the act of the General Assembly, to be quoted, in virtue of the effect of which the respondent defends its right to so hold and enjoy the space therein described. The act is as follows:
“An Act to authorize the closing and occupancy of a part of Bibb street as the same is designated and laid off according to the plat of the East Birmingham Land Company or its successors in -Jefferson county.
“Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Alabama, that the Birmingham Machine & Foundry Company as the owner of block number thirty-six and block number thirty-eight ‘B’ according to the plat of the East Birmingham Land Company, or its successors in Jefferson county, which two blocks of land abut on and are separated by what on said plat is desgnitade as Bibb street, a strip of land sixty feet wide, is hereby authorized to close said Bibb street by a fence or enclosure extending across said Bibb street from the southwest corner of block thirty-six to southeast corner of block thirty-eight ‘B’ and by a fence or enclosure extending across said street from northeast corner of block 38B to northwest corner of block thirty-six, thus making an enclosure of said two blocks and the said intervening street.
“Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, that when said part of Bibb street is or may be fenced or enclosed, as aforesaid, the same shall forever cease to be a public highway or street, and may be used and occupied perpetually by the Birmingham Machine & Foundry Company, its successors and assigns.” — Loc. Laws 1896-97, p. 949.
The complainant insists that the act is unconstitutional, in that it wrought the taking of private property for private (corporate, otherwise than municipal) use, without the consent of the owner. — Const. 1875, art. 3, § 24 [470]*470(Const. 1901, art. 1, § 23). The construction of the act is simple. Its effect was, if valid, the surrender by the Legislature of the rights of the public in the defined section of Bibb street, on which, to either side of the vacated part, the respondent was the abutting owner. The provision in the act, declaring the respondent might use and occupy, forever, the described part of the street, Avas but the statement of the result the law Averts Avhen an easement is removed from a servient estate in fee. So this merely declarative feature of the act is unimportant as a factor in the determination of the constitutionality of the act, since, under the conditions shown in this cause, it cannot be assumed, from this iteration of the effect of the Iuav’s operation where an easement is lifted, that the legislative purpose Avas to annual the public right in that part of the street in the interest of the respondent and against the interest and welfare of the public. The presumption ahvays is that the laAV-making department has constitutional^ acted, and that it has not is the burden undertaken by him who attacks the act. —Sadler v. Langham, 34 Ala. 311.
It has been long settled that, saAre as limited by constitutional restrictions, the state has plenary poAver over streets and highways Avithin its borders. Such poAver is an attribute of sovereignty, and the fundamental law can, and alone does, set bounds to its exercise. In consequence of these considerations, the inquiry raised by the constitutional objection urged by complainant is whether a property owner, whose real estate does not abut on the street sought to be vacated, suffers a “taking” of a private right of property by the partial or entire vacation of a public street. The answer to this question must depend upon the character and extent of the right such an owner has in such a street. Hardly any subject of [471]*471judicial investigation has been more often before the courts of last resort in this country than that of roads and streets, and in perhaps no instance has' there resulted a greater contrariety of opinion than in respect of the right to which our stated inquiry pertains. It is impossible to reconcile the divergent opinions entertained, or to pronounce satisfactorily upon the correctness, in our view, of many ably considered cases where constitutional and statutory provisions intervened to color, if not control, the conclusion reached.
It is axiomatic that, if the individual right prejudiced by the vacation of a part of the street affected is but of the common right enjoyed previous to vacation therein by the public, the exercise of the sovereign power before referred to by the state, or any authorized arm of it, it may be, to surrender the public right, no private right is impinged, and the constitutional restriction appealed to here is not violated. Additional to the right one has in common with the public, and which the state may surrender and destroy without invading any private property right, in a public street, there is only one class of proprietors whose private property rights a vacation of a public street may infringe to their damage. This class is created by the relation the property held bears to the public street. This relation, in the aspect under consideration, is in respect of the right of access one has to his property. In Elliott on Streets and Roads, at page 961, it is said that “the right which an abutter enjoys as one of the public and in common with other citizens is not property in such sense as to entitle him to compensation on the discontinuance of the road or street; hut with respect to the right which he has in the highway as a means of enjoying the free and convenient use of his abutting property this is radically different, for his right [472]*472is a special one. If this special right is of value — and it is of value if it increases the value of his abutting premises — then it is property, no matter whether it be of great or small value. * * * For this reason we think that the discontinuance or vacation of a street in such manner as to prevent access to the property of an adjoining owner is a ‘taking’ of property within the constitutional inhibition, and cannot be lawful without compensation to such owner.” And this court, in First National Bank v. Tyson, 133 Ala. 475, 32 South. 149, 59 L. R. A. 399, 91 Am. St. Rep. 46, in recognition of the quoted statement of the right inhering in the abutting owner, said: “The easement of light and air is placed, on what would seem to be good reason, and certainly on authority, along with the easement of access — the one no more important than the other, except in degree. This easement of access, says Mr. Elliott, ‘is so far regarded as private property that not even the Legislature can take it away and deprive the owner of it without compensation.’ ” And in the course of the opinion numerous authorities are quoted or cited to the effect that an abutting owner on a public street has a property right by way of easement of access, which, if destroyed, is a “taking” for which the deprived owner is entitled to compensation. A large number of adjudications, fully supporting this view, may also be found in the note to section 695 in Elliott on Streets and Roads.
But the question arises: To what extent, in the abutted street, does the private right of easement or access extend? In our opinion, and the conclusion is decisive of the constitutionality of the act as here assailed, the easement of access comprehends the unobstructed righi of convenient and reasonable ingress and egress to the property abutting on the street. Necessarily the deter-[473]*473mi nation of what, in a given case, is a “taking” short of an infringement upon a “convenient and reasonable” way of ingress and egress to the property involved, must, depend upon the circumstances and conditions developed by the investigation. No hard and fast rule can lie declared, nor should an aesthetic taste or unreasonable desire for convenience of way be allowed to expand the right of easement of access to an extent beyond that necessarily essential to a fairly convenient way to the property of the complaining owner. This rule appeals to us as right and just to both the state and property owner. If the right should be limited to only those whose property abuts on the vacted section of a formerly public highway, that would result, palpably, in a denial of the very essence of the private right of property existing in the easement of access, because the vacation of the street on either side of that upon which the lot of the property owner abuts would just as effectually destroy his means of access as if that part of the street adjoining the lot was undertaken to be surrendered. But the limit, territorially speaking, of the easement of access, is found when the property owner is afforded a convenient and reasonable outlet to neighboring thoroughfares that he may unobstructedly use.- The whole right is implied in the term “access;” and, to afford it, neither distance, Avithin reasonable limits, nor ease of travel, left open, should be permitted to lead to wider requirement than Ave have undertaken to state, generally, as necessitated to avoid an infringement upon the private right of access to the OAvner of property abutting public streets.
These vieAvs are, we think, sustained, in principle or on reason by the following authorities, though not all are in point: Gargan v. Louisville & Chicago R. Co., 89 Ky. 212, 12 South. 259, 6 L. R. A. 340; Dill v. Board of Edu[474]*474cation, 47 N. J. Eq. 421, 20 Atl. 739,10 L. R. A. 276, and authorities in note on page 276; First National Bank v. Tyson, 133 Ala. 459, 32 South. 144, 59 L. R. A. 399; 91 Am. St. Rep. 46, and authorities there cited; Re Melon Street, 182 Pa. 397, 38 Atl. 482, 38 L. R. A. 275; 1 Hale’s American Const. Law., pp. 376, 377; Elliott on Roads and Streets, §§ 695, 877, 878, and authorities in notes. The maps made exhibits in the cause show that complainant’s lots do not abut on Bibb street, but that, if so, they lie beyond two avenues, with reference to the vacated part of Bibb street, and that there are numerous convienient and reasonable ways of ingress and egress to complainant’s lots. It follows that complainant neither had nor has any private right of access enjoyable over that part of Bibb street which the Legislature by its act vacated, and that in so doing it took, without the consent of complainant, no right of his apart from that he had as one of the public.
Several primary questions are presented by the solicitors in their briefs, but the views entertained obviate their consideration now. The decree of the city court was well rendered, and is therefore affirmed.
Affirmed.
Tyson, C. J., and Dowdell and Andekson, JJ., concur.