Opinion
SPEAR, J.
The sole issue in this appeal is whether the state of Connecticut (state) waives its sovereign immunity and subjects itself to a counterclaim when it intervenes, pursuant to General Statutes § 31-293,1 in a personal injury action and seeks reimbursement for [420]*420workers’ compensation benefits that it paid to the plaintiff employee. The state claims that the trial court improperly denied its motion to dismiss the defendant’s counterclaim for indemnification and contribution because the state had not waived sovereign immunity and, therefore, the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction.2 We agree with the state and, accordingly, reverse the judgment of the trial court.
The plaintiff, Robin Isaacs, a state employee, injured herself in a slip and fall accident on premises leased by the state from the defendant, Mario Ottaviano. The plaintiff sought and was awarded workers’ compensation benefits from the state.
On July 18,1997, the plaintiff commenced a personal injury action against the defendant. Thereafter, the defendant filed a notice of claim with the claims commissioner, pursuant to General Statutes § 4-160 (a),3 seeking permission to bring an action against the state.4 The commissioner denied the claim on April 20, 1998. On March 2, 1999, the state filed an intervening complaint in the action, pursuant to § 31-293 (a), seeking reimbursement for all amounts that it had paid and would be obligated to pay to the plaintiff under the Workers’ Compensation Act, General Statutes § 31-275 et seq.
On August 5,1999, the defendant filed a counterclaim for indemnification against the state, alleging that the [421]*421state had breached its lease with him by failing to keep the premises safe and, therefore, was liable for the plaintiffs injuries. The court denied the state’s motion to dismiss the defendant’s counterclaim, and this appeal followed.
It is well settled that the state is immune from suit unless it waives sovereign immunity by appropriate legislation. Without such a waiver, courts do not have subject matter jurisdiction over a claim against the state. Brennan v. Fairfield, 58 Conn. App. 191, 195, 753 A.2d 396 (2000), rev’d on other grounds, 255 Conn. 693, 768 A.2d 433 (2001). Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law and, therefore, our review is plenary. Id.
The state claims that the statute permitting intervention for reimbursement for the payment of workers’ compensation benefits does not constitute the type of express authorization that signals legislative abrogation of sovereign immunity. The defendant does not claim an express statutory waiver of immunity, but responds that the state waived immunity by its conduct in voluntarily intervening in the litigation. He claims that where the state seeks affirmative relief by way of litigation, it cannot then use sovereign immunity to shield itself from a counterclaim.
Because there is no dispute that there is no statutory waiver of immunity, we must resolve whether the state’s filing of an intervening complaint constituted an implied waiver of immunity, pursuant to the line of cases on which the defendant relies. We conclude that those cases are inapposite in the circumstances here and, therefore, the state did not waive its immunity.
The defendant relies on Lacasse v. Burns, 214 Conn. 464, 572 A.2d 357 (1990), State v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., 136 Conn. 157, 70 A.2d 109 (1949), Reilly v. State, 119 Conn. 217, 175 A. 582 (1934), State v. Kilb[422]*422urn, 81 Conn. 9, 69 A. 1028 (1908), and State v. Lex Associates, judicial district of Hartford-New Britain at Hartford, Housing Session, Docket No. 4259 (December 4, 1995) (15 Conn. L. Rptr. 611), rev’d in part on other grounds, 248 Conn. 612, 730 A.2d 38 (1999).
In Lacasse, the issue was whether the accidental failure of suit statute applied, where the state had consented to be sued pursuant to General Statutes § 13a-144.5 The Supreme Court determined that once the state waives its immunity, the procedural statutes and rules of court apply to the state just as they apply to any other litigant. In State v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., supra, 136 Conn. 160 n.1, the state brought the action, but the defendant was authorized by special statute to pursue its counterclaim. The court noted, in dictum, that the authorization was not necessary because the state had brought the action. Id. Whether the state had waived sovereign immunity by instituting an action was not an issue in either Lacasse or Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co. because the state’s immunity had been waived by statute.
In Reilly, Kilburn and Lex Associates, the state had not waived its sovereign immunity, but in each instance the court held that by bringing the action, the state subjected itself to the claims of the defendant. In Reilly, the state made a claim against the trustee of an estate, in Kilbum, the state sought to foreclose a school fund mortgage and in Lex Associates, the state brought an [423]*423action to enforce a purchase option clause that was contained in a lease between it and the defendant.
Those cases do not avail the defendant because here, the state did not initiate any litigation against the defendant.6 The employer’s claim is a derivative one that depends on the injured employee recovering against the defendant. See Quire v. Stamford, 231 Conn. 370, 376, 650 A.2d 535 (1994); see also Doucette v. Pomes, 247 Conn. 442,467-69, 724 A.2d 481 (1999). The intervening employer’s complaint “does not enlarge the amount of the recovery. . . . Rather, the employer may only obtain reimbursement for workers’ compensation benefits paid to its employee from any damages recovered by the employee.” Quire v. Stamford, supra, 377.
In the cases relied on by the defendant, the state sought to affirmatively establish the defendant’s liability to the state. The rationale for allowing counterclaims where the state brings such an action is simple fairness. To allow the state to invoke the jurisdiction of the court to seek to establish that a defendant is liable to it and yet allow it to shield itself from a counterclaim by way of sovereign immunity would be patently unfair. That rationale simply does not apply here, where the state’s claim is derivative, does not enlarge the defendant’s liability and does not seek to establish that the defendant is liable to the state. For those reasons, the state did not waive its immunity by inteivening, and the court improperly denied the state’s motion to dismiss.7
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Opinion
SPEAR, J.
The sole issue in this appeal is whether the state of Connecticut (state) waives its sovereign immunity and subjects itself to a counterclaim when it intervenes, pursuant to General Statutes § 31-293,1 in a personal injury action and seeks reimbursement for [420]*420workers’ compensation benefits that it paid to the plaintiff employee. The state claims that the trial court improperly denied its motion to dismiss the defendant’s counterclaim for indemnification and contribution because the state had not waived sovereign immunity and, therefore, the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction.2 We agree with the state and, accordingly, reverse the judgment of the trial court.
The plaintiff, Robin Isaacs, a state employee, injured herself in a slip and fall accident on premises leased by the state from the defendant, Mario Ottaviano. The plaintiff sought and was awarded workers’ compensation benefits from the state.
On July 18,1997, the plaintiff commenced a personal injury action against the defendant. Thereafter, the defendant filed a notice of claim with the claims commissioner, pursuant to General Statutes § 4-160 (a),3 seeking permission to bring an action against the state.4 The commissioner denied the claim on April 20, 1998. On March 2, 1999, the state filed an intervening complaint in the action, pursuant to § 31-293 (a), seeking reimbursement for all amounts that it had paid and would be obligated to pay to the plaintiff under the Workers’ Compensation Act, General Statutes § 31-275 et seq.
On August 5,1999, the defendant filed a counterclaim for indemnification against the state, alleging that the [421]*421state had breached its lease with him by failing to keep the premises safe and, therefore, was liable for the plaintiffs injuries. The court denied the state’s motion to dismiss the defendant’s counterclaim, and this appeal followed.
It is well settled that the state is immune from suit unless it waives sovereign immunity by appropriate legislation. Without such a waiver, courts do not have subject matter jurisdiction over a claim against the state. Brennan v. Fairfield, 58 Conn. App. 191, 195, 753 A.2d 396 (2000), rev’d on other grounds, 255 Conn. 693, 768 A.2d 433 (2001). Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law and, therefore, our review is plenary. Id.
The state claims that the statute permitting intervention for reimbursement for the payment of workers’ compensation benefits does not constitute the type of express authorization that signals legislative abrogation of sovereign immunity. The defendant does not claim an express statutory waiver of immunity, but responds that the state waived immunity by its conduct in voluntarily intervening in the litigation. He claims that where the state seeks affirmative relief by way of litigation, it cannot then use sovereign immunity to shield itself from a counterclaim.
Because there is no dispute that there is no statutory waiver of immunity, we must resolve whether the state’s filing of an intervening complaint constituted an implied waiver of immunity, pursuant to the line of cases on which the defendant relies. We conclude that those cases are inapposite in the circumstances here and, therefore, the state did not waive its immunity.
The defendant relies on Lacasse v. Burns, 214 Conn. 464, 572 A.2d 357 (1990), State v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., 136 Conn. 157, 70 A.2d 109 (1949), Reilly v. State, 119 Conn. 217, 175 A. 582 (1934), State v. Kilb[422]*422urn, 81 Conn. 9, 69 A. 1028 (1908), and State v. Lex Associates, judicial district of Hartford-New Britain at Hartford, Housing Session, Docket No. 4259 (December 4, 1995) (15 Conn. L. Rptr. 611), rev’d in part on other grounds, 248 Conn. 612, 730 A.2d 38 (1999).
In Lacasse, the issue was whether the accidental failure of suit statute applied, where the state had consented to be sued pursuant to General Statutes § 13a-144.5 The Supreme Court determined that once the state waives its immunity, the procedural statutes and rules of court apply to the state just as they apply to any other litigant. In State v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., supra, 136 Conn. 160 n.1, the state brought the action, but the defendant was authorized by special statute to pursue its counterclaim. The court noted, in dictum, that the authorization was not necessary because the state had brought the action. Id. Whether the state had waived sovereign immunity by instituting an action was not an issue in either Lacasse or Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co. because the state’s immunity had been waived by statute.
In Reilly, Kilburn and Lex Associates, the state had not waived its sovereign immunity, but in each instance the court held that by bringing the action, the state subjected itself to the claims of the defendant. In Reilly, the state made a claim against the trustee of an estate, in Kilbum, the state sought to foreclose a school fund mortgage and in Lex Associates, the state brought an [423]*423action to enforce a purchase option clause that was contained in a lease between it and the defendant.
Those cases do not avail the defendant because here, the state did not initiate any litigation against the defendant.6 The employer’s claim is a derivative one that depends on the injured employee recovering against the defendant. See Quire v. Stamford, 231 Conn. 370, 376, 650 A.2d 535 (1994); see also Doucette v. Pomes, 247 Conn. 442,467-69, 724 A.2d 481 (1999). The intervening employer’s complaint “does not enlarge the amount of the recovery. . . . Rather, the employer may only obtain reimbursement for workers’ compensation benefits paid to its employee from any damages recovered by the employee.” Quire v. Stamford, supra, 377.
In the cases relied on by the defendant, the state sought to affirmatively establish the defendant’s liability to the state. The rationale for allowing counterclaims where the state brings such an action is simple fairness. To allow the state to invoke the jurisdiction of the court to seek to establish that a defendant is liable to it and yet allow it to shield itself from a counterclaim by way of sovereign immunity would be patently unfair. That rationale simply does not apply here, where the state’s claim is derivative, does not enlarge the defendant’s liability and does not seek to establish that the defendant is liable to the state. For those reasons, the state did not waive its immunity by inteivening, and the court improperly denied the state’s motion to dismiss.7
Moreover, to construe the state’s intervening complaint as a waiver of sovereign immunity would run [424]*424contrary to one of the “four overlapping principles that inform the rights established by § 31-293 (a).” Durniak v. August Winter & Sons, Inc., 222 Conn. 775, 779, 610 A.2d 1277 (1992). One of those principles is that “the statute protects an employer by allowing the employer to obtain reimbursement for workers’ compensation benefits from a third party tortfeasor, either by becoming an intervening plaintiff in the employee’s cause of action or by bringing a separate action derivative of the employee’s cause of action.” Id. To imply a waiver of sovereign immunity by the state’s intervention would expose the state to a loss of its reimbursement. If the plaintiff were to prevail against the defendant, the state’s recovery from the plaintiffs judgment would be negated if the defendant were successful on the counterclaim.
Finally, the defendant claims that the court’s judgment should be affirmed pursuant to a footnote in Durniak.8 The Dumiak court held that a third party tortfeasor may not raise the negligence of the plaintiffs employer as a special defense when the employer has intervened in the personal injury action, pursuant to § 31-293 (a), to recover the workers’ compensation benefits paid. In a footnote, the court commented that “[a] different result might follow if the special defense alleged not merely the negligence of the employer but included some other basis for liability such as the existence of an independent relationship between the defendant and the employer.” Id., 782 n.5.
The defendant asserts that his lease with the state created an independent relationship that fits within the Dumiak exception. Even if that is so, the defendant fails to show how the exception abrogates the state’s [425]*425sovereign immunity. His claim would be viable only if we were to agree that the state had waived its immunity by filing the intervening complaint. Because we have rejected the defendant’s waiver of immunity theory, we need not decide whether the Dumiak exception applies.
The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded with direction to dismiss the defendant’s counterclaim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.