SIMPSON, Circuit Judge:
Following a jury verdict for the defendant, General Electric Company (GE), the trial judge denied the unsuccessful plaintiff-appellant’s alternative motions for judgment n.o.v. or for a new trial. Mrs. Dreiling appealed. We fail to find reversible error demonstrated in the denial of her post-trial motions and accordingly affirm the judgment appealed from.
The suit was based upon a claim of products liability for damages sustained by the plaintiff arising when she was required to undergo surgery to replace an allegedly defective heart pacemaker
manufactured by GE. Jurisdiction was based on diversity of citizenship between the plaintiff, a Louisiana citizen and GE, a New York corporation.
THE FACTS
In November 1971 the plaintiff, Mrs. Irma McLelland — since remarried and now known as Mrs. Irma Dreiling (Mrs. McLelland hereinafter, as she was referred to below) — underwent an operation in which a heart pacemaker was implanted in her chest to provide stimuli for maintenance of her heartbeat during periods of intermittent breakdown. The device was a transvenous standby type pacemaker manufactured by GE.
Mrs. McLelland suffered some difficulties with the pacemaker leading to a second operation in February 1972.
In early April 1972, her cardio-vascular surgeon, Dr. Freeman, received a “Product Safety Warning” letter from GE. The letter was transmitted to all physicians who had purchased pacemakers of
a specific production group manufactured by GE during the summer of 1971.
According to the warning, reproduced in fun the margin,
a small percentage
of the pacemakers from this production group, individually unidentifiable, had the potential to develop an “anomalous mode of operation characterized by an increase in pacing rate above that which may normally occur with these generators . . GE recommended immediate replacement of the generators and offered to bear the cost of replacement, including the replacement pacemaker and hospital and surgical costs, provided that: (i) replacement was with another GE pacemaker and the removed pacemaker was returned to GE, and (ii) bills for replacement costs were submitted within 90 days of the date of the warning letter.
Based on the warning notice, Dr. Freeman advised and Mrs. McLelland consented to a third operation to replace the transvenous type pacemaker with an epicardial type unit. Dr. Freeman recommended the switch in pacemaker types because Mrs. McLelland’s skin had not completely healed from the two earlier operations. The surgical procedure required for implantation of the epicardial pacemaker was a thoracostomy, described by Dr. Freeman as “an incision that’s made beneath the breast between the ribs, you have to spread the ribs and sew the electrode onto the heart, and then place a pulse generator or batteries beneath a different pocket and sew up the incision.” Aside from the additional scarring of Mrs. McLelland’s chest, the physical difficulties occasioned by the third operation were: (i) pleural effusion, described as “a collection of fluid between the lungs and the chest wall in the left chest, which required inserting a needle and aspirating the fluid”, and (ii) post-operative sensitivity in the area of the surgical incisions, which was described as a normal consequence of a thoracostomy. Mrs. McLelland encountered no apparent problems of malfunction with the epicardial pacemaker implanted during the third operation.
The transvenous pacemaker which was removed from Mrs. McLelland’s chest was returned to GE in accordance with the provisions of the warning letter. GE placed the pacemaker on a test bench where it was operated continuously and without malfunction at least until the time that this case was tried. As it undertook to do by the warning letter, Note 4, supra, GE paid the medical, surgical and hospital bills for the replacement of Mrs. MeLelland’s pacemaker.
THE TRIAL
Mrs. McLelland’s complaint asked damages of $150,000 for pain and suffering occasioned by the operation to replace her transvenous type pacemaker and for her claimed disability, disfigurement, and scarring resulting from that operation. She asserted that the pacemaker was defective and unfit for the use for which it was intended and that GE was liable to her for damages for (i) breach of implied warranty, (ii) under
the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, and (iii) under concepts of strict liability.
GE defended by denying (1) that it had been negligent in manufacturing the pacemaker or (2) that the pacemaker was defective. As to its non-negligence, GE produced testimony to the effect that the pacemaker had been manufactured with all possible human skill and caution and that GE, therefore, could not be found negligent. As to whether the pacemaker was defective and GE was accountable under a strict liability theory for damages flowing from such defect, GE pointed to the pacemaker’s continued operation without signs of malfunction after removal from Mrs. McLelland’s body as evidence that the pacemaker was not defective, either in the ordinary technical sense of mechanical fault or under a more refined theory of carrying the potential to develop an anomalous mode of operation, i. e., to develop harmful aberrations in use.
The case was tried before a jury and submitted for decision on special interrogatories. F.R.Civ.P. 49(a), framed as follows:
The jury answered questions numbered 1 and 2 in the negative and found that Mrs. McLelland was entitled to no damages.
The plaintiff timely moved for judgment n.o.v. and, in the alternative, for new trial. Each motion was based upon claimed insufficiency of the evidence to support the jury verdict. The new trial motion alleged in addition that the jury verdict was contrary to the law and that the form of special interrogatory employed by the trial court deprived the
jury of a chance to consider fully the complex liability issues involved in the case. The district court, in an unpublished but elaborate and meticulously reasoned memorandum order dated August 15, 1973, denied both motions and entered judgment for GE. This appeal followed.
ISSUES ON APPEAL
1.
The Special Interrogatory Form.
The plaintiff submits that the trial judge erred in striking from the special interrogatory form what had been originally proposed as Interrogatory # 3. This interrogatory asked: “At the time General Electric made it, did the Pacemaker have a potential for an anomalous mode of operation such that its actual properties could not have been known without an operation?”
The plaintiff asserts that, absent proposed Interrogatory # 3, the interrogatory form “confused the jury as to the actual issues presented, to such an extent that it could not render a verdict in conformance with the law as charged by the Court.
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SIMPSON, Circuit Judge:
Following a jury verdict for the defendant, General Electric Company (GE), the trial judge denied the unsuccessful plaintiff-appellant’s alternative motions for judgment n.o.v. or for a new trial. Mrs. Dreiling appealed. We fail to find reversible error demonstrated in the denial of her post-trial motions and accordingly affirm the judgment appealed from.
The suit was based upon a claim of products liability for damages sustained by the plaintiff arising when she was required to undergo surgery to replace an allegedly defective heart pacemaker
manufactured by GE. Jurisdiction was based on diversity of citizenship between the plaintiff, a Louisiana citizen and GE, a New York corporation.
THE FACTS
In November 1971 the plaintiff, Mrs. Irma McLelland — since remarried and now known as Mrs. Irma Dreiling (Mrs. McLelland hereinafter, as she was referred to below) — underwent an operation in which a heart pacemaker was implanted in her chest to provide stimuli for maintenance of her heartbeat during periods of intermittent breakdown. The device was a transvenous standby type pacemaker manufactured by GE.
Mrs. McLelland suffered some difficulties with the pacemaker leading to a second operation in February 1972.
In early April 1972, her cardio-vascular surgeon, Dr. Freeman, received a “Product Safety Warning” letter from GE. The letter was transmitted to all physicians who had purchased pacemakers of
a specific production group manufactured by GE during the summer of 1971.
According to the warning, reproduced in fun the margin,
a small percentage
of the pacemakers from this production group, individually unidentifiable, had the potential to develop an “anomalous mode of operation characterized by an increase in pacing rate above that which may normally occur with these generators . . GE recommended immediate replacement of the generators and offered to bear the cost of replacement, including the replacement pacemaker and hospital and surgical costs, provided that: (i) replacement was with another GE pacemaker and the removed pacemaker was returned to GE, and (ii) bills for replacement costs were submitted within 90 days of the date of the warning letter.
Based on the warning notice, Dr. Freeman advised and Mrs. McLelland consented to a third operation to replace the transvenous type pacemaker with an epicardial type unit. Dr. Freeman recommended the switch in pacemaker types because Mrs. McLelland’s skin had not completely healed from the two earlier operations. The surgical procedure required for implantation of the epicardial pacemaker was a thoracostomy, described by Dr. Freeman as “an incision that’s made beneath the breast between the ribs, you have to spread the ribs and sew the electrode onto the heart, and then place a pulse generator or batteries beneath a different pocket and sew up the incision.” Aside from the additional scarring of Mrs. McLelland’s chest, the physical difficulties occasioned by the third operation were: (i) pleural effusion, described as “a collection of fluid between the lungs and the chest wall in the left chest, which required inserting a needle and aspirating the fluid”, and (ii) post-operative sensitivity in the area of the surgical incisions, which was described as a normal consequence of a thoracostomy. Mrs. McLelland encountered no apparent problems of malfunction with the epicardial pacemaker implanted during the third operation.
The transvenous pacemaker which was removed from Mrs. McLelland’s chest was returned to GE in accordance with the provisions of the warning letter. GE placed the pacemaker on a test bench where it was operated continuously and without malfunction at least until the time that this case was tried. As it undertook to do by the warning letter, Note 4, supra, GE paid the medical, surgical and hospital bills for the replacement of Mrs. MeLelland’s pacemaker.
THE TRIAL
Mrs. McLelland’s complaint asked damages of $150,000 for pain and suffering occasioned by the operation to replace her transvenous type pacemaker and for her claimed disability, disfigurement, and scarring resulting from that operation. She asserted that the pacemaker was defective and unfit for the use for which it was intended and that GE was liable to her for damages for (i) breach of implied warranty, (ii) under
the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, and (iii) under concepts of strict liability.
GE defended by denying (1) that it had been negligent in manufacturing the pacemaker or (2) that the pacemaker was defective. As to its non-negligence, GE produced testimony to the effect that the pacemaker had been manufactured with all possible human skill and caution and that GE, therefore, could not be found negligent. As to whether the pacemaker was defective and GE was accountable under a strict liability theory for damages flowing from such defect, GE pointed to the pacemaker’s continued operation without signs of malfunction after removal from Mrs. McLelland’s body as evidence that the pacemaker was not defective, either in the ordinary technical sense of mechanical fault or under a more refined theory of carrying the potential to develop an anomalous mode of operation, i. e., to develop harmful aberrations in use.
The case was tried before a jury and submitted for decision on special interrogatories. F.R.Civ.P. 49(a), framed as follows:
The jury answered questions numbered 1 and 2 in the negative and found that Mrs. McLelland was entitled to no damages.
The plaintiff timely moved for judgment n.o.v. and, in the alternative, for new trial. Each motion was based upon claimed insufficiency of the evidence to support the jury verdict. The new trial motion alleged in addition that the jury verdict was contrary to the law and that the form of special interrogatory employed by the trial court deprived the
jury of a chance to consider fully the complex liability issues involved in the case. The district court, in an unpublished but elaborate and meticulously reasoned memorandum order dated August 15, 1973, denied both motions and entered judgment for GE. This appeal followed.
ISSUES ON APPEAL
1.
The Special Interrogatory Form.
The plaintiff submits that the trial judge erred in striking from the special interrogatory form what had been originally proposed as Interrogatory # 3. This interrogatory asked: “At the time General Electric made it, did the Pacemaker have a potential for an anomalous mode of operation such that its actual properties could not have been known without an operation?”
The plaintiff asserts that, absent proposed Interrogatory # 3, the interrogatory form “confused the jury as to the actual issues presented, to such an extent that it could not render a verdict in conformance with the law as charged by the Court.
Our decisions make clear that both the initial question of whether to employ special interrogatories and the secondary question of how those interrogatories are to be framed are matters within the sound judicial discretion of the trial judge. Abernathy v. Southern Pacific Co., 5 Cir. 1970, 426 F.2d 512, 514; Grey v. First National Bank in Dallas, 5 Cir. 1968, 393 F.2d 371, 385, cert. denied 1968, 393 U.S. 961, 89 S.Ct. 398, 21 L.Ed.2d 374. The corollary is that our review of a trial court’s use of special interrogatories is confined to deciding whether such use was an abuse of discretion.
Abernathy,
supra.
In prior cases we have emphasized several factors in determining the adequacy of forms of special interrogatories: (i) whether, when read as a whole and in conjunction with the general charge the interrogatories adequately presented the contested issues to the jury, Merchant’s Fast Motor Lines, Inc. v. Lane, 5 Cir. 1958, 259 F.2d 336, 339, cert. denied 1959, 359 U.S. 935, 79 S.Ct. 651, 3 L.Ed.2d 636; (ii) whether the submission of the issues to the jury was “fair”, Travelers Insurance Co. v. Truitt, 5 Cir. 1960, 280 F.2d 784, 789; and (iii) whether the “ultimate questions of fact” were clearly submitted to the jury,
Id.
Balanced against these standards, the special interrogatories used were adequate, and we perceive no error in the trial court’s withholding submission to the jury of its proposed Interrogatory # 3.
The two theories of ■ recovery pressed by the plaintiff in the trial below and on appeal were (i) negligence and (ii) strict liability based on the alleged defect in the pacemaker. The questions of negligence and defectiveness
vel non
of the pacemaker — the plaintiff’s ultimate factual theories of liability — were concisely stated in the special interrogatory form submitted to the jury. Whether the pacemaker had a potential to develop an anomalous mode of operation was a penultimate question adequately covered in the court’s general
charge. The trial judge charged the jury:
It’s for you to decide whether or not the pacemaker was defective.
In deciding this, you should consider whether the pacemaker in fact had the potential for developing what you have heard called as an anomalous mode of operation. If the pacemaker with such a potential is considered by you to be defective, and it was impossible to determine whether it was safe for use or not safe for use without an operation, then G.E. is liable for that operation and any damages occasioned thereby. (Transcript at 153).
Taken in conjunction with the interrogatories as submitted, this language fairly informed the jury of the basis upon which they could find the pacemaker to have been defective.
Mrs. McLelland insists on appeal however that the instruction quoted above “was buried in with so many technical definitions of ‘defect’ that it was impossible even for counsel to follow when recited by the Court”. (Appellant’s brief at p. 17). We do not so view the charge and the accompanying interrogatories.
There were several ways in which the trial court could have structured its use of the special interrogatories in conjunction with its general charge to the jury. Not all judges and few trial lawyers would be apt to agree on the “best” interrogatories and jury charge. But we may not substitute our judgment as to the best choice for the decision in that respect of the trial judge. We limit our review to determining whether his choice satisfied the standards alluded to above. We find here substantial compliance with those principles. Abuse of discretion in this respect is not demonstrated.
2.
Sufficiency of the Evidence.
The plaintiff urged in her motion for judgment n.o.v. (and in her motion for new trial as well) that under the doctrine of absolute liability and under the evidence in the case she was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
We review this contention under the principles we promulgated in Boeing Co. v. Ship-man, 5 Cir. 1969, 411 F.2d 365 (en banc):
On motions for directed verdict and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict the Court should consider all of the evidence — not just that evidence which supports the non-mover’s case— but in the light and with all reasonable inferences most favorable to the party opposed to the motion. If the facts and inferences point so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor of one party that the Court believes that reasonable men could not arrive at a contrary verdict, granting of the motions is proper. On the other hand, if there is substantial evidence opposed to the motions, that is, evidence of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair-minded men in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions, the motions" should be denied, and the case submitted to the jury.
411 F.2d at 374. Viewing the evidence under these standards, we conclude that reasonable men might differ as to the correct answers to the interrogatories propounded by the trial court.
On the negligence issue, GE introduced‘‘substantial testimony regarding the care with which it manufactured its heart pacemakers. GE’s evidence was to the effect that its production methods represented the most advanced procedure possible under the current state of the art. As the trial court noted regarding the pacemaker assembly process:
It requires about two weeks to assemble this intricate life saving appliance. Its parts are put together on an assembly board by a single industrial worker. All units are energized throughout the production process so
that short circuits or defective connections can be instantly detected. The unit’s batteries are installed just before the unit is sealed so as to assure the longest possible battery life. Then to avoid corrosion and absorption of body fluids, the unit is filled with an epoxy plastic so that it is a single solid. Finally, the unit is tested for a period of several weeks. It is then ready for surgical installation in the human body.
Reasonable men might differ as to whether in the light of this evidence, GE had been negligent in the manufacture of Mrs. McLelland’s pacemaker.
As to the strict liability question of whether the pacemaker was defective, GE introduced, in addition to its evidence regarding the care and skill with which the pacemakers were manufactured, evidence showing that once tlie pacemaker was completely assembled and sealed it became impossible to inspect the internal mechanism for defects without completely destroying the pacemaker itself. In our considered judgment there was ample evidence upon which the jury could reasonably resolve the defect issue in the defendant-appellee’s favor.
In sum, because the evidence on both the negligence and defect issues was of such a character that the jury could reasonably find for the defendant, denial of the plaintiff’s motion for judgment n.o.v. was not error under the standard of Boeing Co. v. Shipman, supra.
We determine finally that the denial of Mrs. McLelland’s motion for new trial was not error. It is well-established in this circuit that the decision to grant or deny a motion for new trial is entrusted to the sound judicial discretion of the district court. Urti v. Transport Commercial Corp., 5 Cir. 1973, 479 F.2d 766, 768. We will reverse only where the district court has failed to exercise its discretion or in its exercise has abused that discretion. Faircloth v. Lamb-Grays Harbor Co., 5 Cir. 1972, 467 F.2d 685, 697; Marsh v. Illinois Central R. Co., 5 Cir. 1949, 175 F.2d 498, 499-500. See also Woods Exploration & Producing Co. v. Aluminum Company of America, 5 Cir. 1975, 509 F.2d 784, at p. 792, note 3 and accompanying text. Based on our study of the trial record and our consideration of the substantive points raised by appellant in this court, we do not find error demonstrated in the denial of the new trial motion by the district judge.
The judgment appealed from is Affirmed.