UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
INFORMED CONSENT ACTION NETWORK,
Plaintiff, Civil Action No. 23 - 926 (SLS) v. Judge Sparkle L. Sooknanan
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Informed Consent Action Network (ICAN) is a nonprofit organization that seeks to raise
public awareness about vaccine safety. In February 2022, ICAN submitted two Freedom of
Information Act (FOIA) requests to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) seeking records related
to the June 2020 removal of early COVID-19 genetic sequencing data from an NIH-administered
database. NIH has since provided much of the material ICAN requested. But it has refused to
disclose identifying information for the researchers who requested the removal of the relevant
sequencing data and for NIH personnel who administer the database. NIH now moves for summary
judgment, defending those withholdings under FOIA Exemption 6. ICAN disputes the application
of that exemption and cross-moves for summary judgment. For the reasons explained below, the
Court grants summary judgment in NIH’s favor.
BACKGROUND
A. Statutory Background
FOIA “implement[s] a general philosophy of full agency disclosure.” DOJ v. Reps. Comm.
for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 754 (1989) (cleaned up). The statute “requires every federal agency, upon request, to make ‘promptly available to any person’ any ‘records’ so long as
the request ‘reasonably describes such records.’” Assassination Archives & Rsch. Ctr. v. CIA, 334
F.3d 55, 57 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)). Agencies must construe FOIA
requests liberally and can only withhold or redact documents if the information requested “falls
within one of nine statutory exemptions.” People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) v.
NIH, 745 F.3d 535, 540 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1)–(9)). These exemptions
demonstrate that the public’s right to information is “not absolute and that disclosure of certain
information ‘may harm legitimate governmental or private interests.’” Martin v. DOJ, 488 F.3d
446, 453 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Summers v. DOJ, 140 F.3d 1077, 1080 (D.C. Cir. 1998)). The
agency bears the burden of establishing that an exemption applies and ordinarily “must disclose
all reasonably segregable, nonexempt portions of the requested record(s).” PETA, 745 F.3d at 540
(cleaned up).
B. Factual Background
On February 10, 2022, ICAN submitted two FOIA requests to NIH. Defs.’ Statement of
Material Facts (DSMF) ¶ 1, ECF No. 29-1; Pl.’s Statement of Material Facts (PSMF) ¶ 2,
ECF No. 31-2; see also First Request, ECF No. 1-1 at 10; Second Request, ECF No. 1-1 at 18.
Both requests referenced and attached a June 4, 2021, article in Yahoo News by Jerry Dunleavy
entitled “NIH defends deleting Covid-19 genetic data pointing to lab leak origin.” DSMF ¶ 2;
PSMF ¶ 2; see also ECF No. 1-1 at 13. The Yahoo News article discussed a recently published
scientific paper by University of Washington Professor Jesse Bloom noting that “a data set
containing SARS-CoV-2 sequences from early in the Wuhan epidemic” had been “deleted from
the NIH’s Sequence Read Archive.” ECF No. 1-1 at 14.
2 ICAN’s First Request sought (1) “[a] copy of ‘the request to remove the data in June 2020’
referenced in the [Yahoo News article]”; (2) “[a]ll communications regarding ‘the request to
remove the data in June 2020’”; and (3) “[a]ll communications regarding the removal of ‘the data
in June 2020.’” First Request at 1. The Second Request sought “[a]ll documents concerning the
NIH’s ‘review’ of data removed from the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s
(NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) data system, in light of the findings of Jesse D. Bloom,
and his publication titled Recovery of deleted deep sequencing data shed more light on the early
Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic as referenced in the [Yahoo News article].” Second Request at 1. 1
On November 28, 2022, NIH issued final responses to ICAN’s requests. PSMF ¶ 3. NIH
produced sixty-two pages in response to the First Request and seventy-five pages in response to
the Second Request. PSFM ¶ 3. NIH redacted information in both productions that it claimed was
protected from disclosure by FOIA Exemption 6. ECF No. 1-1 at 26, 29. On February 15, 2023,
ICAN appealed NIH’s responses, asserting that NIH “improperly withheld records under FOIA
Exemption 6” and had “failed to conduct an adequate search of the requested records.” PSMF ¶ 4.
On April 4, 2023, after receiving no response to its appeals, ICAN filed this lawsuit. PSMF ¶ 5.
Since this suit began, NIH has produced an additional 1,007 pages of documents and the
Parties have narrowed their disputes regarding NIH’s withholdings. DSMF ¶¶ 6–7; PSMF at 5.
Only one disagreement remains: whether NIH properly invoked Exemption 6 when it redacted
(1) identifying information for individuals who submitted data to the BioSample and SRA
databases and later requested withdrawal of that data, and (2) identifying information for NIH
1 See also Jesse D. Bloom, Recovery of Deleted Deep Sequencing Data Sheds More Light on the Early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic, 38 Molecular Biology & Evolution 5211 (2021), available at https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab246 [https://perma.cc/G2KC-NGPB].
3 employees who work on the SRA database. DSMF ¶ 7; see also Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. & Opp’n to
Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. (Pl.’s Mot.) 3, 8, ECF No. 31-1. 2
C. Procedural Background
ICAN filed this lawsuit on April 4, 2023, against NIH and the United States Department
of Health and Human Services (collectively, NIH). Compl., ECF No. 1. On June 17, 2025, NIH
moved for summary judgment. Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. (Defs.’ Mot.), ECF No. 29. On July 17, 2025,
ICAN cross-moved for summary judgment. Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 31. Both motions are
now ripe for review. See Defs.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. & Reply Supp. Mot. Summ. J. (Defs.’
Reply), ECF No. 34; Pl.’s Reply Supp. Mot. Summ. J. & Further Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J.
(Pl.’s Reply), ECF No. 37; Defs.’ Notice & Suppl. Decl., ECF No. 41.
LEGAL STANDARD
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 requires a court to “grant summary judgment if the
movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In a FOIA suit, an agency is entitled to
summary judgment if it establishes that “no material facts are in dispute” and that all information
subject to a request has either “been produced or is wholly exempt from the Act’s inspection
requirements.” Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828, 833 (D.C. Cir. 2001)
2 On February 12, 2026, NIH submitted a Notice and Supplemental Declaration from FOIA Officer Karen Lampe confirming that the only materials that continue to be withheld are names, titles, and email addresses of researchers and certain NIH personnel, as well as “organization names and case numbers that had SARS-COV2 withdrawals.” Lampe Decl. Ex B, ECF No. 41-3. As to the latter information, NIH explained that the “[r]elease of the organization could identify the individual [researcher] as most researchers’ projects are specific and generally don’t overlap with others at their same institution.” Id.
4 Typically, an “agency demonstrates the applicability of a FOIA exemption by providing
affidavits regarding the claimed exemptions.” Shapiro v. DOJ, 893 F.3d 796, 799 (D.C. Cir. 2018).
“If an agency’s affidavit describes the justifications for withholding the information with specific
detail, demonstrates that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption,
and is not contradicted by contrary evidence in the record or by evidence of the agency’s bad faith,
then summary judgment is warranted on the basis of the affidavit alone.” ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of
Def., 628 F.3d 612, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2011). “Ultimately, an agency’s justification for invoking a
FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370,
374–75 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Gardels v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1105 (D.C. Cir. 1982)).
DISCUSSION
The Parties dispute whether NIH appropriately invoked FOIA Exemption 6 to withhold
identifying information for (1) Chinese researchers who submitted and later requested withdrawal
of entries in the BioSample and SRA databases, and (2) NIH employees who work on the SRA
database. Defs.’ Mot. 11–12; Pl.’s Mot. 8. The Court concludes that NIH properly withheld this
information and is thus entitled to summary judgment. 3
A. Exemption 6
FOIA’s Exemption 6 seeks to “protect the privacy of individuals identified in certain
agency records.” ACLU v. DOJ, 655 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011). It does so by allowing agencies to
withhold “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a
clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6); see also Jud. Watch, Inc.
3 NIH also moved for summary judgment with respect to certain withholdings under FOIA’s Exemption 5. Defs.’ Mot. 4–10. But ICAN clarified in its cross-motion that it is not challenging any withholdings under Exemption 5. Pl.’s Mot. 5. Thus, the only issue before the Court is NIH’s reliance on Exemption 6.
5 v. FDA, 449 F.3d 141, 152 (D.C. Cir. 2006). A court reviewing whether Exemption 6 was properly
invoked must answer two questions. First, it must determine whether the records sought are
“personnel,” “medical,” or “similar files.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Second, it must “determine
whether disclosure would compromise a substantial, as opposed to a de minimis, privacy interest.”
Prison Legal News v. Samuels, 787 F.3d 1142, 1147 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (cleaned up). “If a substantial
privacy interest is at stake, then the court must ‘balance’ the individual’s right of privacy against
the public interest in disclosure.” Id. (quoting Horowitz v. Peace Corps, 428 F.3d 271, 278 (D.C.
Cir. 2005)). Additionally, the court must find that the agency “reasonably foresees that disclosure
would harm an interest protected by” Exemption 6. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I).
1. Exemption 6 Coverage
Section 552(b)(6) permits an agency to withhold “personnel and medical files and similar
files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.”
5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). The term “similar files” includes “[g]overnment records on an individual
which can be identified as applying to that individual.” U.S. Dep’t of State v. Wash. Post Co., 456
U.S. 595, 602 (1982) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 89–1497, at 11 (1966)). “The information in the file
need not be intimate,” Shapiro v. DOJ, 34 F. Supp. 3d 89, 94 (D.D.C. 2014) (cleaned up), and
includes “bits of personal information, such as names and addresses, the release of which would
create a palpable threat to privacy,” Jud. Watch v. FDA, 449 F.3d at 152 (cleaned up).
Here, the names, email addresses, and other identifying information of the researchers and
NIH employees fit comfortably within the definition of “similar files” that may be protected from
disclosure by Exemption 6. See id. at 152–53 (FDA “properly used Exemption 6” to redact “the
names of agency personnel and private individuals . . . who worked on the approval of [the abortion
drug] mifepristone”); see also Jud. Watch, Inc. v. HHS, No. 22-cv-3051, 2024 WL 3924563, at
6 *1–4 (D.D.C. Aug. 23, 2024) (NIH properly relied on Exemption 6 to withhold the names and
titles of “two agency employees associated with a research grant involving the use of human fetal
tissue”).
2. Privacy Interest
The next question is whether disclosure of that information “would compromise a
substantial, as opposed to a de minimis, privacy interest.” Prison Legal News, 787 F.3d at 1147
(cleaned up). Here, NIH has established that disclosing the redacted information would
compromise a substantial privacy interest held by the researchers and NIH personnel who could
be identified by that disclosure.
NIH FOIA Officer Gorka Garcia-Malene attested that “[f]or years, NIH colleagues and
third-party researchers have received threats of violence to their person on issues generating
similar passions as those relating to COVID-19 research.” Garcia-Malene Decl. ¶ 27, ECF No. 29-
2. He noted that “[s]cientists, leadership, and staff in any way associated with . . . the pandemic
are regularly targeted with abusive communications, including death threats.” Id. In some
instances, as with Dr. Anthony Fauci, the extent of the harassment faced by these individuals has
raised concerns about their physical safety. Id. ¶ 28. Mr. Garcia-Malene identified specific news
reports about the “violence and harassment committed against scientists, researchers, and health
professionals who work on combatting the spread of COVID-19.” Id. ¶ 29 (citing news and journal
articles as well as a report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
summarizing the depth and breadth of pandemic-related harassment and threats against researchers
and health experts). And he explained that because of these risks, NIH and other agencies
“withhold the names of agency staff and third-party researchers” so that they are not subjected to
the “ongoing, unrelenting harassment” that has been faced by some of their colleagues. Id. ¶ 26.
7 Courts have found that risks like those identified by Mr. Garcia-Malene justify withholding
the identities of agency personnel and others who are at risk of harassment because of their
association with controversial research. For example, in Judicial Watch, Inc. v. FDA, the D.C.
Circuit found that “agency personnel[,] private individuals[,] and companies who worked on the
approval of [the abortion drug] mifepristone” had a substantial privacy interest in not having their
“names and addresses” disclosed because of the risk that they might be subject to “abortion-related
violence.” 449 F.3d at 152–53. And in Judicial Watch, Inc. v. HHS, a court in this District similarly
found that two NIH employees “associated with a research grant involving the use of human fetal
tissue” had a privacy interest in avoiding the “potential risk of harassment, threats, or injuries” if
their identifying information was disclosed. 2024 WL 3924563, at *1, *3.
Here, as in Judicial Watch v. HHS, the declaration provided by NIH is “both reasonably
specific and reliable.” Id. at *3. It “provides specific, concrete examples of past serious threats,
levied against both NIH staff involved in Covid research” and third-party researchers involved in
the same. Id.; see also Garcia-Malene Decl. ¶¶ 27–29. Accordingly, the Court is satisfied that
disclosure of the information in question would compromise a substantial privacy interest.
3. Public Interest in Disclosure
Having found that the researchers and NIH personnel have a substantial privacy interest in
their identifying information, that interest “must be weighed against whatever public interest exists
in having [that information] disclosed.” Jud. Watch v. FDA, 449 F.3d at 153. ICAN, as the
requester, bears the burden of articulating a public interest that warrants invasion of the privacy
interests at stake. See Nat’l Archives & Recs. Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 172 (2004). It has
not carried that burden.
8 The public interest analysis requires a court to assess “the extent to which disclosure of the
information sought would ‘she[d] light on an agency’s performance of its statutory duties’ or
otherwise let citizens know ‘what their government is up to.’” Lepelletier v. FDIC, 164 F.3d 37,
46 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (alteration in original) (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Def. v. FLRA, 510 U.S. 487, 497
(1994)). Thus, “[i]nformation that ‘reveals little or nothing about an agency’s own conduct’ does
not further the statutory purpose[.]” Beck v. DOJ, 997 F.2d 1489, 1493 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (quoting
Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. at 773).
Here, ICAN contends that knowing who submitted and withdrew the data at issue and
which NIH employees approved those deletions is “key” to understanding “the origins” of the
COVID pandemic and “how to prevent a public health crisis in the future.” Pl.’s Reply 6. ICAN
also suggests that disclosure might help the public know why the deletions at issue occurred,
“whether such deletions occurred systematically or irregularly,” and whether publicly funded data
repositories such as the BioSample and SRA databases were “compromised.” Id.
It is not “immediately apparent” to the Court, however, how knowing the identities of the
researchers or NIH personnel would further any of the interests that ICAN has identified. Jud.
Watch v. FDA, 449 F.3d at 153. In light of the other responsive records that NIH has produced,
disclosing identifying information about these individuals would seem to have “minimal
‘incremental value’” at best. Jud. Watch v. HHS, 2024 WL 3924563, at *3 (quoting Schrecker v.
DOJ, 349 F.3d 657, 661 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). This is especially true given that ICAN has provided
no compelling evidence that NIH or any of the individuals whose identities might be disclosed
“engaged in illegal activity.” See Spirko v. U.S. Postal Serv., 147 F.3d 992, 999 (D.C. Cir. 1998)
(cleaned up) (noting, in the context of FOIA Exemption 7, that where government misconduct is
alleged as the justification for disclosure, the public interest is “insubstantial” unless the requester
9 puts forward “compelling evidence” of such misconduct (quoting Davis v. DOJ, 968 F.2d 1276,
1282 (D.C. Cir. 1992))); cf. Wash. Post Co. v. HHS, 690 F.2d 252, 261–65 (D.C. Cir. 1982)
(requiring disclosure of grantmaking consultants’ “non-federal employment” information where
the possibility that consultants had “conflicts of interest” was “more than mere speculation” and
supported by internal agency investigations raising similar concerns). As Dr. Jesse Bloom
explained in the scientific article that prompted ICAN’s FOIA’s requests, “SRA deletions do not
imply any malfeasance” because “there are legitimate reasons for removing sequencing runs and
the SRA houses [more than] 13-million runs making it infeasible for its staff to validate the
rationale for all requests.” 4
At bottom, the Court agrees that understanding the origins of the COVID pandemic and
furthering efforts to prevent similar public health crises in the future are of immense public interest.
There is also significant public interest in understanding whether NIH databases are compromised.
But the Court is not convinced that disclosure of the identifying information at issue here would
meaningfully further those interests.
On this point, the D.C. Circuit’s reasoning in Judicial Watch, Inc. v. FDA, is particularly
illustrative. There, the Circuit found that even if the public had an interest in understanding the
“health risks” posed by mifepristone, the “names and addresses” of individuals associated with the
drug’s approval “prove[d] nothing about the nature or even the existence of the risks.” 449 F.3d
at 153. So too here. ICAN has not shown how disclosing identifying information for the
individuals at issue will aid in understanding the origins of the COVID pandemic, advance efforts
to prevent a similar public health crisis, or shed light on whether NIH’s databases are
compromised. Without such a showing, “the private interest in avoiding harassment or violence
4 See Bloom, supra note 1, at 5220.
10 tilts the scales” against disclosure. Id.; see also Jud. Watch, Inc. v. HHS, 2024 WL 3924563, at *4
(“Any minimal public benefit of disclosing the NIH employees’ names and titles does not
outweigh the substantial privacy interests at stake.”).
4. Reasonably Foreseeable Harm
Having found that the privacy interest at issue outweighs any public interest in disclosure,
the Court must also find that the agency “reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm” privacy
interests protected by Exemption 6. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I). NIH meets this requirement.
To satisfy the “foreseeable harm requirement,” an agency must “articulate both the nature
of the harm from release and the link between the specified harm and specific information
contained in the material withheld.” Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. FBI, 3 F.4th 350,
369 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (cleaned up). The agency “cannot rely on mere speculative or abstract fears,
or fear of embarrassment to withhold information” nor on “generalized assertions.” Id. (cleaned
up). “[A] court may find the foreseeable-harm requirement satisfied if ‘the very context and
purpose of’ the withheld material ‘make[s] the foreseeability of harm manifest.’” Amiri v. Nat’l
Sci. Found., 664 F. Supp. 3d 1, 21 (D.D.C. 2021) (quoting Reps. Comm., 3 F.4th at 372).
Here, as already discussed, NIH has provided a reasonably detailed and specific declaration
explaining why it anticipates that disclosure would expose the individuals identified by that
disclosure to harassment and threats. That declaration does not rely on “mere speculative or
abstract fears” nor on “generalized assertions.” Reps. Comm., 3 F.4th at 369 (cleaned up). It
“provides specific, concrete examples of past serious threats, levied against both NIH staff
involved in Covid research” and third-party researchers involved in the same. See Jud. Watch v.
HHS, 2024 WL 3924563, at *3; see also Garcia-Malene Decl. ¶¶ 27–29. NIH’s purpose in
withholding the identities of the individuals in question is to protect them from harassment and
11 threats. “The very context of that withholding highlights the foreseeable harm of the risks” to the
privacy interests of those individuals. Jud. Watch, Inc. v. HHS, 2024 WL 3924563, at *4.
B. Segregability
Having found that the withheld information is exempt from disclosure under Exemption 6,
the Court turns to segregability. ICAN argues that even if some of the information at issue is
protected by Exemption 6, NIH has not adequately shown why portions of that information are not
“reasonably segregable” and still subject to disclosure. Pl.’s Mot. 18–19 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(b));
Pl.’s Reply 8. The Court disagrees.
“FOIA § 552(b) requires that even if some materials from the requested record are exempt
from disclosure, any ‘reasonably segregable’ information from those documents must be disclosed
. . . unless the exempt portions are “inextricably intertwined with exempt portions.” Johnson v.
Exec. Off. for U.S. Att’ys, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)). “[T]o
demonstrate that all reasonably segregable material has been released, the agency must provide a
‘detailed justification’ for its non-segregability,” but “the agency is not required to provide so
much detail that the exempt material would be effectively disclosed.” Id. at 776 (quoting Mead
Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1977)).
Here, NIH has provided a sufficiently detailed justification for why no further information
can be reasonably segregated from the records at issue and released. Mr. Garcia-Malene’s
declaration explains that the redactions cover “names, contact information, and descriptive
information sufficient to identify” third-party researchers who submitted and later withdrew
information from the SRA database and NIH employees who work on the SRA database.
Garcia-Malene Decl. ¶¶ 24–25. The supplemental declaration provided by NIH FOIA Officer
Karen Lampe confirms that the only information still withheld other than names, titles, and email
12 addresses are “organization names and case numbers” that, if released, could identify individual
researchers “as most researchers’ projects are specific and generally don’t overlap with others at
their same institution.” Lampe Decl. Ex B, ECF No. 41-3. Ms. Lampe further attests that she
reviewed all the information previously reviewed by Mr. Garcia-Malene, “identified certain
additional information that could be released,” and determined that “no further segregability is
possible.” Lampe Decl. ¶¶ 6–7. In response to Mr. Garcia-Malene’s declaration, ICAN contended
that NIH could have produced additional information like “submitters’ institutions or project
identifiers” or “NIH employee titles.” Pl.’s Mot. 18–19; Pl.’s Reply 8–9. ICAN has not, however,
provided any response to Ms. Lampe’s declaration, despite being given the opportunity to do so.
And the Court, having reviewed Ms. Lampe’s declaration, has no trouble imagining how releasing
what information remains redacted might readily lead to identification of the individuals in
question. The Court thus credits Ms. Lampe’s attestation that no further information could be
reasonably segregated and finds that NIH has fulfilled its “obligation to show with ‘reasonable
specificity’ why [the withheld information] cannot be further segregated.” Johnson, 310 F.3d at
776 (quoting Armstrong v. Exec. Off. of the President, 97 F.3d 575, 578 (D.C. Cir. 1996)).
CONCLUSION
For all the above reasons, the Court concludes that NIH properly withheld the identifying
information of third-party researchers and NIH employees under FOIA Exemption 6. Accordingly,
the Court grants NIH’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 29, and denies ICAN’s Motion
for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 31. A separate order will issue.
SPARKLE L. SOOKNANAN United States District Judge Date: March 3, 2026