IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA No. 66 / 07–0006
Filed May 16, 2008
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF BRANDON J. POWERS AND HEATHER R. POWERS
Upon the Petition of BRANDON J. POWERS,
Appellant,
vs.
And Concerning HEATHER R. POWERS,
Appellee.
On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County,
George L. Stigler, Judge.
Appellee seeks further review of court of appeals decision reversing
district court judgment placing physical care of minor children with
appellee. DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS VACATED;
DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
John J. Wood of Beecher, Field, Walker, Morris, Hoffman &
Johnson, P.C., Waterloo, for appellant.
Andrew C. Abbott of Abbott Law Office, P.C., Waterloo, for appellee. 2
PER CURIAM.
In this further review of a decision by the court of appeals in a
dissolution-of-marriage action, we must decide which parent should be
the primary caregiver of two minor children. We vacate the decision of
the court of appeals and affirm the decision of the district court.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
Brandon and Heather Powers were married on August 1, 1992.
Heather was seventeen years old at the time and had not yet completed
high school. Brandon was twenty years of age. He was a high school
graduate and was employed on a full-time basis. The relationship
between Brandon and Heather was tumultuous at times, resulting in
multiple separations. Brandon was convicted of domestic abuse against
Heather in 1998. Brandon and Heather separated for the last time in
April 2005, when Heather moved from the marital home. A petition to
dissolve the marriage was filed in January 2006, and a trial was held
before the district court in October 2006.
Brandon and Heather had two children during their marriage.
Hayley was born in 1993, and Noah was born in 1999. Heather was the
primary caregiver of the two children during the marriage, prior to the
separation in April 2005. Following the separation, Brandon and
Heather equally shared in the care of the children.
Brandon worked on a full-time basis throughout the marriage,
while Heather generally worked on a part-time basis. Heather was
employed by her mother for many years and was able to take the
children to work with her. Brandon acknowledged Heather was a good
mother to the children.
Much of the evidence at trial focused on the conduct and activities
of the parties and the children during the separation. This evidence was 3
largely detrimental to the respective claims for primary care by the
parties and showed the children have suffered as a result of their
parents’ conduct. Heather generally engaged in financially irresponsible
behavior, was terminated from her employment, and renewed a
relationship with a convicted drug dealer who was facing new drug-
related charges. To her credit, Heather insulated the children from the
relationship. Heather was also arrested for domestic abuse during the
separation after she scratched Brandon during a failed attempt to take a
vehicle from the garage of the marital home.
Brandon began a relationship with another woman during the
separation and was not always supportive of Heather in her relationship
with the children. Brandon’s girlfriend eventually began to reside in the
marital home, along with her three children. The relationship between
Brandon and Hayley became strained, and Brandon would use vulgar
language towards Hayley at times. To his credit, however, Brandon
completed a parenting course during the separation and expressed an
understanding of the need to support Heather in her relationship with
the children and to be more understanding of the needs of the children.
At trial, Hayley expressed a strong desire to reside with Heather,
and Hayley believed Noah also wanted to live with his mother. The
district court found Hayley to be sincere in her testimony.
The district court awarded joint legal custody with primary
physical care to Heather. Brandon was given liberal visitation of the
children.
Brandon appealed. We transferred the case to the court of
appeals. The court of appeals modified the decree to place physical care
of the children with Brandon. We granted Heather’s application for
further review. 4
II. Standard of Review.
Our standard of review is de novo. In re Marriage of Hansen, 733
N.W.2d 683, 690 (Iowa 2007). We give the district court deference as to
matters of fact—especially when determinations of credibility are
involved—as that court had the benefit of viewing the demeanor of the
witnesses firsthand. In re Marriage of Brown, 487 N.W.2d 331, 332 (Iowa
1992).
III. Physical Care.
The fundamental goal in determining primary physical care of
children in an action for dissolution of marriage is to place the children
in the care of that parent who will likely best minister to the long-range
best interests of the children.1 In re Marriage of Winter, 223 N.W.2d 165,
167 (Iowa 1974). “[T]he basic framework for determining the best
interest of the child” is well established. In re Marriage of Hansen, 733
N.W.2d at 696.2 Generally, stability and continuity of caregiving are
important considerations.3 Id. (citing In re Marriage of Bevers, 326
N.W.2d 896, 898 (Iowa 1982)). “Stability and continuity factors tend to
1The district court ordered joint legal custody of the two children. That determination has not been appealed. Likewise, neither party appeals the distribution of marital assets and debts. Additionally, neither party requests joint physical care. Nor does the arrangement recommend itself, considering each party has committed domestic abuse assault against the other. Accordingly, we only decide which party will have primary physical care of the two children. 2Iowa Code section 598.41(3) (2005) establishes a list of nonexclusive factors for determining the best interest of the child in the child custody context. “Although Iowa Code section 598.41(3) does not directly apply to physical care decisions, we have held that the factors listed here as well as other facts and circumstances are relevant in determining whether joint physical care is in the best interest of the child.” In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 696 (citing In re Marriage of Winter, 223 N.W.2d at 166–67). Both parties acknowledged those factors apply to the question presented here. 3“[P]reservation of the greatest amount of stability possible is a desirable goal”
because “imposing a new physical care arrangement on the children that significantly contrasts from their past experience can be unsettling, cause serious emotional harm, and thus not be in the child’s best interest.” Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 696–97. 5
favor a spouse who, prior to divorce, was primarily responsible for
physical care.” Id. (citing Iowa Code § 598.41(3)(d)). Additionally, “ ‘past
caretaking patterns likely are a fairly reliable proxy of the intangible
qualities such as parental abilities and emotional bonds that are so
difficult for courts to ascertain.’ ” Id.
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA No. 66 / 07–0006
Filed May 16, 2008
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF BRANDON J. POWERS AND HEATHER R. POWERS
Upon the Petition of BRANDON J. POWERS,
Appellant,
vs.
And Concerning HEATHER R. POWERS,
Appellee.
On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County,
George L. Stigler, Judge.
Appellee seeks further review of court of appeals decision reversing
district court judgment placing physical care of minor children with
appellee. DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS VACATED;
DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
John J. Wood of Beecher, Field, Walker, Morris, Hoffman &
Johnson, P.C., Waterloo, for appellant.
Andrew C. Abbott of Abbott Law Office, P.C., Waterloo, for appellee. 2
PER CURIAM.
In this further review of a decision by the court of appeals in a
dissolution-of-marriage action, we must decide which parent should be
the primary caregiver of two minor children. We vacate the decision of
the court of appeals and affirm the decision of the district court.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
Brandon and Heather Powers were married on August 1, 1992.
Heather was seventeen years old at the time and had not yet completed
high school. Brandon was twenty years of age. He was a high school
graduate and was employed on a full-time basis. The relationship
between Brandon and Heather was tumultuous at times, resulting in
multiple separations. Brandon was convicted of domestic abuse against
Heather in 1998. Brandon and Heather separated for the last time in
April 2005, when Heather moved from the marital home. A petition to
dissolve the marriage was filed in January 2006, and a trial was held
before the district court in October 2006.
Brandon and Heather had two children during their marriage.
Hayley was born in 1993, and Noah was born in 1999. Heather was the
primary caregiver of the two children during the marriage, prior to the
separation in April 2005. Following the separation, Brandon and
Heather equally shared in the care of the children.
Brandon worked on a full-time basis throughout the marriage,
while Heather generally worked on a part-time basis. Heather was
employed by her mother for many years and was able to take the
children to work with her. Brandon acknowledged Heather was a good
mother to the children.
Much of the evidence at trial focused on the conduct and activities
of the parties and the children during the separation. This evidence was 3
largely detrimental to the respective claims for primary care by the
parties and showed the children have suffered as a result of their
parents’ conduct. Heather generally engaged in financially irresponsible
behavior, was terminated from her employment, and renewed a
relationship with a convicted drug dealer who was facing new drug-
related charges. To her credit, Heather insulated the children from the
relationship. Heather was also arrested for domestic abuse during the
separation after she scratched Brandon during a failed attempt to take a
vehicle from the garage of the marital home.
Brandon began a relationship with another woman during the
separation and was not always supportive of Heather in her relationship
with the children. Brandon’s girlfriend eventually began to reside in the
marital home, along with her three children. The relationship between
Brandon and Hayley became strained, and Brandon would use vulgar
language towards Hayley at times. To his credit, however, Brandon
completed a parenting course during the separation and expressed an
understanding of the need to support Heather in her relationship with
the children and to be more understanding of the needs of the children.
At trial, Hayley expressed a strong desire to reside with Heather,
and Hayley believed Noah also wanted to live with his mother. The
district court found Hayley to be sincere in her testimony.
The district court awarded joint legal custody with primary
physical care to Heather. Brandon was given liberal visitation of the
children.
Brandon appealed. We transferred the case to the court of
appeals. The court of appeals modified the decree to place physical care
of the children with Brandon. We granted Heather’s application for
further review. 4
II. Standard of Review.
Our standard of review is de novo. In re Marriage of Hansen, 733
N.W.2d 683, 690 (Iowa 2007). We give the district court deference as to
matters of fact—especially when determinations of credibility are
involved—as that court had the benefit of viewing the demeanor of the
witnesses firsthand. In re Marriage of Brown, 487 N.W.2d 331, 332 (Iowa
1992).
III. Physical Care.
The fundamental goal in determining primary physical care of
children in an action for dissolution of marriage is to place the children
in the care of that parent who will likely best minister to the long-range
best interests of the children.1 In re Marriage of Winter, 223 N.W.2d 165,
167 (Iowa 1974). “[T]he basic framework for determining the best
interest of the child” is well established. In re Marriage of Hansen, 733
N.W.2d at 696.2 Generally, stability and continuity of caregiving are
important considerations.3 Id. (citing In re Marriage of Bevers, 326
N.W.2d 896, 898 (Iowa 1982)). “Stability and continuity factors tend to
1The district court ordered joint legal custody of the two children. That determination has not been appealed. Likewise, neither party appeals the distribution of marital assets and debts. Additionally, neither party requests joint physical care. Nor does the arrangement recommend itself, considering each party has committed domestic abuse assault against the other. Accordingly, we only decide which party will have primary physical care of the two children. 2Iowa Code section 598.41(3) (2005) establishes a list of nonexclusive factors for determining the best interest of the child in the child custody context. “Although Iowa Code section 598.41(3) does not directly apply to physical care decisions, we have held that the factors listed here as well as other facts and circumstances are relevant in determining whether joint physical care is in the best interest of the child.” In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 696 (citing In re Marriage of Winter, 223 N.W.2d at 166–67). Both parties acknowledged those factors apply to the question presented here. 3“[P]reservation of the greatest amount of stability possible is a desirable goal”
because “imposing a new physical care arrangement on the children that significantly contrasts from their past experience can be unsettling, cause serious emotional harm, and thus not be in the child’s best interest.” Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 696–97. 5
favor a spouse who, prior to divorce, was primarily responsible for
physical care.” Id. (citing Iowa Code § 598.41(3)(d)). Additionally, “ ‘past
caretaking patterns likely are a fairly reliable proxy of the intangible
qualities such as parental abilities and emotional bonds that are so
difficult for courts to ascertain.’ ” Id. (quoting Katharine T. Bartlett, Child
Custody in the 21st Century: How the American Law Institute Proposes to
Achieve Predictability and Still Protect the Individual Child’s Best Interests,
35 Willamette L. Rev. 467, 470 (1999)). “As a result, the successful
caregiving by one spouse in the past is a strong predictor that future care
of the children will be of the same quality.” Id. at 697.
In this case, the evidence reveals Heather was the primary
caregiver of the two children during the marriage.4 The evidence, while
not detailed, also reveals Heather was a good mother to the children, and
the children did well under her care during the marriage.
In addition, the law gives weight to a preference expressed by a
child for one parent to be the primary caregiver over the other parent,
depending on the age, maturity, and strength of the preference of the
child. Iowa Code § 598.41. Hayley expressed a strong, unequivocal
desire to live with her mother and believed Noah felt the same. Hayley was thirteen years old at the time she expressed her preference, and the
results of her standardized tests in school showed she functioned above
the national average. Moreover, the district court felt her testimony was
sincere. We give weight to this assessment of her credibility by the
district court on appeal. In re Marriage of Vrban, 359 N.W.2d 420, 423
(Iowa 1984).
4“Stability and continuity concepts have been refined in the recent literature and
expressed in terms of an approximation rule; namely, that the caregiving of parents in the post-divorce world should be in rough proportion to that which predated the dissolution.” Id. 6
Notwithstanding, we recognize, as did the court of appeals, that
Heather frequently engaged in conduct, some very disturbing, that
weighs against a finding that she can best minister to the interests of the
children. Of course, Brandon has done the same. Yet, the conduct by
both parties occurred during the period of separation and should not
necessarily trump the overall parenting characteristics exhibited
throughout the entire marriage. In deciding primary care, it is better to
look to the totality of the circumstances of the parents and attempt to
place specific events during the period of separation, or other such times,
into perspective. In re Marriage of Ihle, 577 N.W.2d 64, 69 (Iowa Ct. App.
1984). Moreover, the deficiencies exhibited by Heather during the
separation largely arose from incidences that were circumstantial in
nature, while the parenting deficiencies exhibited by Brandon largely
revealed a personality trait. The language Brandon directed at Hayley
during arguments cannot be excused or minimized under any
circumstance.
Nevertheless, the decision that must be made in this case is
painfully close. It is clearly capable of two different conclusions, as
shown by the contrasting decisions of the district court and the court of
appeals. In the end, we give weight to the decision of the court that is in
a superior position to make the decision. Iowa R. Civ. P. 6.14(6)(g). The
district court has the distinct advantage over an appellate court to decide
custody issues based on its ability to see and hear the parties and draw
upon senses and perceptions that are unavailable on appeal. Vrban, 359
N.W.2d at 423. While the district court made no specific credibility
findings regarding Brandon and Heather in its written decree, these
findings are inherent in the decision made. See Second Injury Fund v.
Braden, 459 N.W.2d 467, 471 (Iowa 1990) (finding credibility 7
determination to inhere in district court ruling when order contained no
specific discussion of credibility).
IV. Conclusion.
We conclude Heather should be awarded physical care of the
children with liberal visitation to Brandon as described in the decree
entered by the district court. We vacate the decision of the court of
appeals and affirm the decision of the district court.
DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT
COURT JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
All justices concur except Wiggins, Hecht, and Appel, JJ., who
dissent. 8
#66/07–0006, In re Marriage of Powers
WIGGINS, Justice (dissenting).
I dissent. The majority is correct when it states the goal in
determining primary physical care of the children is to place the children
in the care of the parent who will likely best minister to the long-range
best interests of the children. In re Marriage of Winter, 223 N.W.2d 165,
167 (Iowa 1974). Although past caretaking patterns may be an indicator
of future conduct, the evidence presented at trial can and should be used
to overcome past caretaking in custody decisions if the evidence
establishes that the parent has created a situation where the parent will
be unable to best minister to the long-range best interests of the
children. In other words, our primary concern is with the children’s
future care and well-being. The evidence in this case establishes Heather
has created a situation making it unlikely she will be able to best
minister to the long-range best interests of the children.
The evidence I find most convincing to deny Heather primary
physical care of the children is her renewed relationship with a drug
dealer previously convicted of selling drugs to minors. Just months
before the dissolution trial, this individual was arrested for possession of
cocaine in front of her residence. Although she denies she has
introduced the children to this drug dealer and professes to have broken
off her relationship with him, she continues to drive his car and use his
cell phone. She remains financially, if not emotionally, dependent on
this individual.
To further complicate the situation, since the separation Heather
has been unable to provide a stable home life for the children. Her
problems began when Heather falsified her time card to receive wages
she was not entitled to receive. When her employer discovered Heather’s 9
conduct, her employer terminated her from employment. Because of her
inability to manage money, she financed the 2000 Volkswagen, a vehicle
she received in the dissolution free and clear of any liens or
encumbrances. She then proceeded to default on the loan payments and
the vehicle was repossessed. In an attempt to manage her financial
difficulties, she cashed out her 401(k) account and kept the parties’
entire $4600 tax refund for herself. All this money is gone. Because
Heather has not been able to manage her finances, she has had to
change the residence of the children numerous times.
Heather’s choice of friends and financial situation are not matters
that will resolve quickly. The children are 9 and 15 years old. They need
a care provider who can provide them with some stability. It is apparent
Heather’s poor choices are affecting the children adversely. The school
has sent notes home regarding the children’s lack of attendance. One
child is receiving a failing grade in chorus based on this lack of
attendance. This child is also failing in math. The fact that Heather has
been unable able to remedy these problems does not bode well for the
future.
Finally, I cannot agree with the majority that under this record
credibility findings in favor of Heather are inherent in the district court
decision. The district court order is devoid of any determination as to the
credibility of any of the parties. Based on my review of the record, I am
convinced that Heather was less than honest regarding her reason for
termination from her employment and her relationship with a convicted
drug dealer.
The majority cites our recent decision in In re Marriage of Hansen,
733 N.W.2d 683 (Iowa 2007), in support of its affirmance of the trial
court. This citation is at least curious as in Hansen, we reversed a trial 10
court order based on our independent de novo review of the record. In
fact, Hansen stands for the proposition that no individual factor,
including past caretaking, is determinative on custody issues and that
courts should engage in a multi-factored analysis in determining the best
interest of the child.
Brandon may not have been the primary care giver during the
marriage, but he understands the importance of providing a stable and
nurturing home for the children. If we give Brandon primary physical
custody, the children will reside in the only residence that has provided
them with some stability, the marital residence. The majority’s opinion
awarding custody to the mother because she was the primary care taker
in the past is not justified under this record. Heather’s post-separation
conduct is not an anomaly; it clearly establishes she has put the
children’s future at risk. The powerful nature of the evidence makes this
one of those cases where Heather’s conduct during the period of
separation should trump her parenting characteristics exhibited during
the marriage.
I am not willing to gamble with the children’s future that Heather
will turn her life around before it is too late for the children to succeed.
She has had her chance and has not succeeded. I agree with the court of
appeals that the evidence establishes Brandon is the parent who will
likely best minister to the long-range best interests of the children.
Accordingly, I would reverse the district court, affirm the court of
appeals, and award physical care of the children to Brandon.
Hecht and Appel, JJ., join this dissent.
This is not a published opinion.